Volume 10, Issue 1 (2019)
JMBS 2019, 10(1): 159-164 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Jahangard Y, Moradi A, Mowla S. Exosomes: Characteristics, Function, and Clinical Aspects. JMBS 2019; 10 (1) :159-164
URL: http://biot.modares.ac.ir/article-22-13355-en.html
URL: http://biot.modares.ac.ir/article-22-13355-en.html
1- Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Tarbiat Modares University, Nasr Bridge, Jalal-Al-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1411713116 ,sjmowla@modares.ac.ir
2- Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Tarbiat Modares University, Nasr Bridge, Jalal-Al-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1411713116 ,
Abstract: (11688 Views)
The development and function of mammalian cells, like other multicellular animals, requires cell to cell interactions, which are carried out directly via cellular junctions or indirectly by secretion of secretory molecules such as hormones. During the last two decades, exosomes have been introduced as the third mechanism for cellular interactions. Exosomes are small vesicles with membranes and 30 to 100 nm in size that exist in blood, urine, saliva, semen, and serum. Exosomes play an important role in a variety of biological processes such as immune response and inflammation, pregnancy, tissue generalization, blood coagulation, and angiogenesis. Exosomes are also involved in pathologic process such as neurological disorders, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Because of their small size, exosomes are able to cross the cell membrane and protect the proteins from degradation. They also have the potential of transferring different compounds into the cell. Due to their receiver specificity, lack of inducing immune system, and more importantly having the capacity to be engineered as drug carriers, exosomes have been introduced as new agents for the transfer of genetic material and disease treatment.
Article Type: Review |
Subject:
Agricultural Biotechnology
Received: 2017/06/30 | Accepted: 2017/09/25 | Published: 2019/03/16
Received: 2017/06/30 | Accepted: 2017/09/25 | Published: 2019/03/16
References
1. Février B, Raposo G. Exosomes: Endosomal-derived vesicles shipping extracellular messages. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004;16(4):415-21. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.003]
2. Bloom BR, Widdus R. Vaccine visions and their global impact. Nat Med. 1998;4:480-4. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/nm0598supp-480]
3. Raposo G, Tenza D, Mecheri S, Peronet R, Bonnerot C, Desaymard C. Accumulation of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in mast cell secretory granules and their release upon degranulation. Mol Biol Cell. 1997;8(12):2631-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1091/mbc.8.12.2631]
4. Heijnen HF, Schiel AE, Fijnheer R, Geuze HJ, Sixma JJ. Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: Microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood. 1999;94(11):3791-9. [Link]
5. Fauré J, Lachenal G, Court M, Hirrlinger J, Chatellard-Causse C, Blot B, et al. Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2006;31(4):642-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2005.12.003]
6. Wolfers J, Lozier A, Raposo G, Regnault A, Théry C, Masurier C, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes are a source of shared tumor rejection antigens for CTL cross-priming. Nat Med. 2001;7(3):297-303. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/85438]
7. Baranyai T, Herczeg K, Onódi Z, Voszka I, Módos K, Marton N, et al. Isolation of exosomes from blood plasma: Qualitative and quantitative comparison of ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography methods. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0145686. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0145686]
8. De Toro J, Herschlik L, Waldner C, Mongini C. Emerging roles of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions: New insights for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Front Immunol. 2015;6:203. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00203]
9. Kaur A, Leishangthem GD, Bhat P, Mahajan V, Singh ND, Banga HS. Role of exosomes in pathology - a review. J Pathol Toxicol. 2014;1:7-11. [Link]
10. Ha D, Yang N, Nadithe V. Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: Current perspectives and future challenges. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2016;6(4):287-96. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.apsb.2016.02.001]
11. Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200(4):373-83. [Link] [DOI:10.1083/jcb.201211138]
12. György B, Szabó TG, Pásztói M, Pál Z, Misják P, Aradi B, et al. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: Emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(16):2667-88. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00018-011-0689-3]
13. Borges FT, Reis LA, Schor N. Extracellular vesicles: Structure, function, and potential clinical uses in renal diseases. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2013;46(10):824-30. [Link] [DOI:10.1590/1414-431X20132964]
14. Pan BT, Johnstone RM. Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: Selective externalization of the receptor. Cell. 1983;33(3):967-78. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90040-5]
15. Subra C, Laulagnier K, Perret B, Record M. Exosome lipidomics unravels lipid sorting at the level of multivesicular bodies. Biochimie. 2007;89(2):205-12. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.014]
16. Kowal J, Tkach M, Théry C. Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2014;29:116-25. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.004]
17. Gruenberg J, Van Der Goot FG. Mechanisms of pathogen entry through the endosomal compartments. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006;7(7):495-504. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/nrm1959]
18. Conner SD, Schmid SL. Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature. 2003;422(6927):37-44. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/nature01451]
19. Munich S, Sobo-Vujanovic A, Buchser WJ, Beer-Stolz D, Vujanovic NL. Dendritic cell exosomes directly kill tumor cells and activate natural killer cells via TNF superfamily ligands. Oncoimmunology. 2012;1(7):1074-83. [Link] [DOI:10.4161/onci.20897]
20. Mulcahy LA, Pink RC, Carter DR. Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014;3. [Link] [DOI:10.3402/jev.v3.24641]
21. Tian T, Zhu YL, Hu FH, Wang YY, Huang NP, Xiao ZD. Dynamics of exosome internalization and trafficking. J Cell Physiol. 2013;228(7):1487-95. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jcp.24304]
22. Zhou W, et al. NIH public access. 2015;25(4):501-15. [Link]
23. Sharma A, Khatun Z, Shiras A. Tumor exosomes: Cellular postmen of cancer diagnosis and personalized therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016;11(4):421-37. [Link] [DOI:10.2217/nnm.15.210]
24. Muller L, Hong CS, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically-active exosomes from human plasma. J Immunol Methods. 2014;411:55-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.007]
25. Li P, Kaslan M, Lee SH, Yao J, Gao Z. Progress in exosome isolation techniques. Theranostics. 2017;7(3):789-804. [Link] [DOI:10.7150/thno.18133]
26. Khatun Z, Bhat A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Elucidating diversity of exosomes: Biophysical and molecular characterization methods. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016;11(17):2359-77. [Link] [DOI:10.2217/nnm-2016-0192]
27. Koritzinsky EH, Street JM, Star RA, Yuen PS. Quantification of exosomes. J Cell Physiol. 2017;232(7):1587-90. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jcp.25387]
28. Chia BS, Low YP, Wang Q, Li P, Gao Z. Advances in exosome quantification techniques. 2017;86:93-106. [Link]
29. Johnstone RM, Mathew A, Mason AB, Teng K. Exosome formation during maturation of mammalian and avian reticulocytes: Evidence that exosome release is a major route for externalization of obsolete membrane proteins. J Cell Physiol. 1991;147(1):27-36. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/jcp.1041470105]
30. Théry C, Duban L, Segura E, Véron P, Lantz O, Amigorena S. Indirect activation of naïve CD4+ T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(12):1156-62. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/ni854]
31. Raposo G, Nijman HW, Stoorvogel W, Liejendekker R, Harding CV, Melief CJ, et al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med. 1996;183(3):1161-72. [Link] [DOI:10.1084/jem.183.3.1161]
32. Andre F, Schartz NE, Movassagh M, Flament C, Pautier P, Morice P, et al. Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. Lancet. 2002;360(9329):295-305. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09552-1]
33. Szajnik M, Czystowska M, Szczepanski MJ, Mandapathil M, Whiteside TL. Tumor-derived microvesicles induce, expand and up-regulate biological activities of human regulatory T cells (Treg). PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11469. [Link] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0011469]
34. Andreola G, Rivoltini L, Castelli C, Huber V, Perego P, Deho P, et al. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis by tumor cell secretion of FasL-bearing microvesicles. J Exp Med. 2002;195(10):1303-16. [Link] [DOI:10.1084/jem.20011624]
35. Clayton A, Mason MD. Exosomes in tumour immunity. Curr Oncol. 2009;16(3):46-9. [Link] [DOI:10.3747/co.v16i3.367]
36. Excellence QA, Care H. Registries for evaluating patient outcomes: A user's guide. [Link]
37. Lachenal G, Pernet-Gallay K, Chivet M, Hemming FJ, Belly A, Bodon G, et al. Release of exosomes from differentiated neurons and its regulation by synaptic glutamatergic activity. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011;46(2):409-18. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.004]
38. Aharon A, Brenner B. Microparticles, thrombosis and cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2009;22(1):61-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.beha.2008.11.002]
39. Qin J, Xu Q. Functions and application of exosomes. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 2014;71(4):537-43. [Link]
40. Skog J, et al. NIH public access. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;10(12):1470-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/ncb1800]
41. Sabapatha A, Gercel-Taylor C, Taylor DD. Specific isolation of placenta-derived exosomes from the circulation of pregnant women and their immunoregulatory consequences. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006;56(5-6):345-55. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00435.x]
42. Laulagnier K, Grand D, Dujardin A, Hamdi S, Vincent-Schneider H, Lankar D, et al. PLD2 is enriched on exosomes and its activity is correlated to the release of exosomes. FEBS Lett. 2004;572(1-3):11-4. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.082]
43. Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhao M. Exosome-based cancer therapy: Implication for targeting cancer stem cells. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:533. [Link]
44. Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Binetti G. Exosomes: The Trojan horses of neurodegeneration. [Link]
45. Kol S. The vanishing follicle in women aged over forty: premature, mechanical, LH-independent luteinization may reflect oocyte-follicle low quality?. Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(6):1227-8. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.12.002]
46. Danzer KM, Kranich LR, Ruf WP, Cagsal-Getkin O, Winslow AR, Zhu L, et al. Exosomal cell-to-cell transmission of alpha synuclein oligomers. Mol Neurodegener. 2012;7:42. [Link] [DOI:10.1186/1750-1326-7-42]
47. Copyright © 2014 by the American Physiological Society. 2014. [Link]
48. Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Betts C, Lakhal S, Wood MJ. Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(4):341-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1038/nbt.1807]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |