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Well-being includes phenomena such as mental health, life satisfaction, positive attitude and feeling happiness. The present study deals with the relationship between language and well-being and claims that well-being factors are expressed in the words of the language. For example, the happiness factor in a language is reflected by certain words such as happy, happiness and satisfied. The theoretical framework of the present study is ecolinguistics. The method is corpus based. The data is extracted from the research of Secretariat of Emotional Intelligence of Tehran Education in 2017. In this study, the well-being status of 1095 high school students, the first and second period, girls and boys, public and private of District One of Tehran have been evaluated. The students' responses to the question about well-being criteria are the base of the present study. The corpus consists of 1161 words with a frequency of 35,455. The content words associated with the five Well-being factors of engagement (occupation and entertainment), perseverance, optimism, connectedness and happiness were extracted in the framework of the semantic map of Jiaqi Wu et al. (2017), by using top-down method. They were analyzed using Excel and SPSS soft-wares. Some examples of the words that represent the well-being factor of happiness are: “relaxation, facilities, happy, healthy, fun, health, happiness, excellent, pleasant, relaxed, happy, satisfied, faith, satisfaction, enjoyed, happiness, joy, and fun”. The research findings show 6845 words of the corpus (about35.7%) are related to well-being, and there is a significant relationship between well-being factors and produced words

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Among the lexical units of a language, all of which can be subjected to semantic expansion according to selection and combination, verbs are quite susceptible to radial and semantic expansion due to their nature. This article tries to use the cognitive approach to investigate the semantic expansion of the simple triad form of the event "Zarb" in the Arabic language. And in a descriptive-analytical way, while enumerating the marginal expansions of this verb, explain how they are produced and also the semantic sharing relationship between the derivatives of the same root. About 80 usages were extracted from the most advanced to the latest Arabic dictionaries for the event "Zarb", which, excluding similar usages, resulted in 32 radial meanings for this event. The result showed that the existence of a semantic relationship between the derivatives of a word can be confirmed in the light of the derivational property of the Arabic language. Therefore, from the most unmarked meaning of "stroke" to its metaphorical expansions, each of them conveys the concept of "pressure and force" in a way. Therefore, the claim that the meaning of "beating" is late in this event is questionable. Also, most of the marginal expansions of the verb "to multiply" are the product of the change in the most frequently used elements accompanying this event, i.e. space scenes. In addition, in the virtual expansion of the event "hit", the necessary-necessary interest and the cause-cause have more frequency in producing the radial meanings of this event.
 

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The present case study had as its aim to uncover the diagnostic and instructional potential of dynamic assessment (DA) in the context of L2 writing during asynchronous computer-mediated communication (ACMC). More precisely, the study investigated the role of ACMC-based DA through e-mail in diagnosing and promoting low-proficiency L2 learners’ writing abilities in an Iranian EFL context. To this end, a case study design was adopted and three low-proficiency students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) were selected to participate for a time span of ten weeks. The error analysis of learners’ performances in the pretest and posttest sessions led to the detection of a number of writing problems including the content, structural organization, grammatical accuracy, lexical appropriateness, and mechanics. A posterior examination of computer-mediated offline interactions led to the detection of a number of mediational strategies namely ask to revise, identify a problem area, specify the problem area, clarify the error kind, offer a choice and provide an explicit explanation as well as reciprocity patterns including unresponsive, growing autonomy and full autonomy which together helped diagnose the students' writing problems and trace their developmental trajectories. On implication side, it is argued that the ACMC-based DA serves as a strong diagnostic tool that makes a genuine understanding of L2 learners' writing abilities.
Keywords: dynamic assessment, sociocultural theory, asynchronous computer-mediated communication, writing
 

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In this research,nanocomposite coatings based on epoxy containing pristine graphene oxide and starch-modified graphene oxide are prepared and characterized by Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, andtheir crosslinking behavior is studied using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry.These nanocomposites, because of having platelet-like nanomaterials inside and their organic origin, can be applied as coating on metal surface in diverse industries.The reason behind using starch was its natural basis and abundance of hydroxyl groups in its structure which can take part in crosslinking reaction with epoxide. Neat epoxy systems having amine curing agent, and nanocomposites containing epoxy, amine curing agent, andpristine or starch-modified graphene oxide nanosheets were cure at different heating rates to assess their curing behavior. Change in hearing rate of test caused change in onset and peak temperature of the exotherm curves and consequently heat of reaction changed. It was observed that the presence of the graphene oxide nanosheets hindered the crosslinking reactions, while surface modification of them with starch natural polymer compensated for such a hindrance via catalytic role of starch, and increased crosslink density of system. 

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In this paper, a new propagation model based on UTD for multiple diffraction paths in cellular mobile radio communications in urban environments is proposed. Moreover, the most rigorous novel UTD-based expressions for multiple diffractions by buildings and excess path losses are d - rived and analyzed. For this purpose, building rows are supposed to have rectangular cross-sections with the same heights and spacings. In addition, in this analysis actual electrical roperties of buildings are regarded. Previous studies have been concentrated on the simplified models that approximated building rows as absorbing half-screens or perfectly conducting half screens (knife-edges) or 90 degrees wedges. In this work, buildings are assumed flat-roofed parallel rows of dielectric blocks and their actual relative permittivity and conductivity are applied.

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Religious pluralism is a suitable successor for two approaches including religious exclusivism and inclusivism. More compatibility of religious pluralism with the modern world’s requirements is led to more welcoming to it. This approach, however, is unacceptable based on its foundations, principles and especially results. Some significant reasons that it can’t be acceptable are as follows: 1. It causes people to neglect other religions’ facts; 2. It does not pay attention to some vital differences within religious traditions; 3. Welcome to religious pluralism is led to vain the question and asking for religious truth and human beings' salvation; 4. Accepting it is caused by epistemic relativism and meaningless of seeking for religious truth; 5. Attaching it led to vain divine revelation and the philosophy of Prophethood; 6. Believing in religious pluralism is caused to destroy differences between intellectual and imitative religiosity; 7. Debasement religiosity and religious creeds are as welcoming to religious pluralism; 8. Accepting it leads to violation in divine attributes and insult to divine dignity of God; 9. Welcome to religious pluralism is caused by religious immorality, and 10. Destroying the religious identity of believers. Now, considering unacceptable results of religious pluralism, and some problems of religious exclusivism and inclusivism, I suggest the Gradual Approach to religious truth and salvation, in the sense that these divine graces have been distributed gradually and hierarchically and longitudinally in all religions, although the final salvation is depended on human being’s struggling and effort.

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The monotheistic tradition, especially in Abrahamic religions, emphasizes the belief in an omnipotent, omniscient, purely benevolent, just and wise God. Such a view is threatened by various forms of evil-beliefs, and if logical and convincing answers cannot be given to it, it is a serious threat to the tradition of monotheism. In this article, it is shown that due to the presence of the infinite God's activity on one side of the equation of the problem of evil, the most logical solution is to use the total of possible answers in a combined and unified way, because the combination of the existing ways brings closer to the answer and is more convincing in this context. Therefore, while paying attention to the differences between the metaphysical, natural and moral evils from each other, combining answers such as the relativity of evil, evil as a necessity of human free will, seeing evil as a punishment for human sins, evil as the cause of human spiritual excellence, and seeing the world of the hereafter and the importance of the eternal perspective are needed as the final manifestation of the evil philosophy.
 

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Age structure, growth and mortality index of 661 specimens of spirlin, Alburnoides eichwaldii, from Shirood River in Mazandaran Province were studied during April 2011 to March 2012. The average total length, weight and age of the specimens were 68.33 ± 16.92 mm, 4.9 ± 3.2 g and 1.32 ± 0.86 years, respectively. The fish were in the age range of 0⁺ to 3⁺, of which the 0⁺ year specimens dominanted the age groups in the river. The largest specimen was 111.4 mm in length and a weight of 15.5 g. Comparing total length and weight of fish showed significant differences various ages (P < 0.05). Based on Pauly formula, population growth pattern was negatively allometric (b = 2.94). Based on von Bertalanffy growth equation using the FiSAT program, L_∞, K and t₀ were 12.08, 0.55, and -0.47, respectively. The growth performance index was up to 3.65.  Mortality indices for the fish were calculated as 2.41, 1.19 and 1.22, respectively for the total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F). Considering the ecological, biological and ornamental value of spirlin as well as its vulnerabilty to serious environmental degradation, such studies may be useful in the protection of the species.

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Investigating and studying the political relations of countries in the international arena, especially the countries of a particular region, is of particular importance. Such studies investigate issues related to the interactions between states and factors affecting political relations between them from different perspectives. Geopolitical studies are among such studies which provide national interests and national security for countries to identify political and geographical factors and variables affecting the political relations of states and accordingly, to investigate the regional and global impacts of these relations. By looking at the political relations between Iran and Syria, as two important non-bordering Middle East countries with special geopolitical and geostrategic importance in the axis of Islamic Resistance, which plays an essential and decisive role in regional interactions and geopolitics which is significantly impacted by these relations, we can observe fluctuations due to the influence of geopolitical, political and economic factors in the interactions between them. The current study tries to examine the impact of major geopolitical factors between the two countries and finally answer the following question: What predictable prospect exists for Iran-Syria relations in the future"? In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical research method, we will test the hypothesis that "the future of Iran-Syria relations depends on the future of Syria and its future positioning." This research investigates other aspects of the future effect of the two countries' relations on the region and, like any other research studies, there were limitations and obstacles.

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The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the effect of Job - Family Conflict on intention of nurses to quit their jobs in public and private hospitals (A comparative Study), by job burnout as mediator. Statistical society of this research was formed by Emam Khomeini, Firouzgar, Day & Hasheminejad hospitals. 275 nurses was selected randomly among those hospitals. Data analyzing performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson Correlation test, Conformity Factors Analysis and Structural Equestrians Modeling. The findings showed that Job-Family Conflict has a meaningful (direct and indirect) effect on nurses' intention to quit. We also found that Job-Family Conflict can increase nurses' job burnout. With 95 percent confidence, differences between Job-Family Conflict in public hospitals and private ones was meaningful and Job-Family Conflict occurrence in public hospitals was greater than private hospitals. There was no meaningful difference between public and private hospitals in job burnout level and intention to quit.  

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China has launched the Silk Road Rehabilitation Project, a "one-way belt project," as a comprehensive regional project. The main goal of this project is to enhance the level of development of the countries between the eastern and western borders of Eurasia by facilitating regional cooperation and developing the infrastructure of the transit countries. The project has two routes: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21^st Century Maritime Silk Road. The one-way belt project has various geopolitical, economic, political and commercial dimensions. Areas of non-economic cooperation within the framework of this project include: ensuring the security of trade routes, strengthening counterterrorism cooperation at the regional level, designing mechanisms for resolving disputes over land and sea disputes, developing marine resources, and cooperating in the field of environmental protection and increasing in cultural exchanges. This study using the descriptive- analytic method explains the geopolitical position of Chabahar port in China’s Maritime Silk Road in the 21^st Century.

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Research subject: Selectivity and permeability are the major parameters of polymeric membranes in gas separation process. Hence, nowadays in order to improve aforementioned parameters, modification and enhancement issues for such membrane have been highly noticed.
Research approach: In this study, in order to improve the performance of polymeric membranes, the two-component blend membranes containing Pebax^®1657 and PVA were synthesized for CO₂ separation. The effect of different PVA concentrations within the Pebax matrix on structure, morphology and gas separation properties of resultant membranes was investigated. The chemical bonds, crystallinity and cross-sectional morphology studied through, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and were utilized.
Main results: The results of the thermal analysis indicated an increase in crystallinity and also glass transition temperature in presence of 5 – 15 wt.% PVA, while the membrane crystallinity decreased by increasing the PVA content up to 20 wt.%. FESEM images demonstrated a uniform cross-section without any cracks and defects for neat Pebax membrane but by adding PVA to Pebax matrix, appeared cracks and cave structures on the cross- section of blend membranes. The CO₂/CH₄ separation performance of membranes was measured using a constant volume set up at 30°C and feed pressure of 2, 6 and 10 bar. The obtained results revealed that the CO₂ permeability in blend membranes improved as the PVA content increased within the membrane. The best obtained CO₂ permeability was 204.64 Barrer which gained by Pebax/PVA (20wt.%) at feed pressure of 10 bar. Moreover, the highest selectivity of CO₂/N₂ for blend membrane with 15 wt.% of PVA was about 100.21 at 10 bar and 30°C.
 

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Theme as the central thought and the main word of the artist is interpreted in the text and content. Theme is the main essence of literary work that illuminates the direction of thought and idea of its author. Couplet is one of the most pleasing Persian poetry forms with chiliad written history. Perhaps its oral history is even older. This form, along with the Persian traditional poetry, has grown in different languages of Iran. One of these languages, namely “Mazandarani” has a remarkable literature itself.In this article, the themes of two hundred folk couplets of Savadkouh (a city in Mazandaran) have been analyzed. The findings indicated that most of the themes are socially-oriented.the study analyzes seven themes in two-hundred couplets.the themes are: pain of love, sorrow of nostalgia, curse, complaints of young ladies for imposed marriages, as well as dissatisfaction with the fortune and luck, compulsory military service and the complaint of lover from beloved. Most of the couplets are monologues, which have been composed for the regret and reminiscence of the past days. Some of the important factors leading these couplets are analogy, rivalry, treason, financial poverty, illiteracy, hard work in strange lands, system of lord and vassal or mastery system, denial of other cultures, and cultural hybridity.

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The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass could be considered as an appropriate and economic option to remove environmental disasters and improve energy security. In fact, lignocellulosic material is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin works as the adhering prevents the bioconversion of cellulose into sugars and ultimately to ethanol. To address the problem, various chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological methods have been suggested. Enjoying convenient operating conditions, production of non-hazardous wastes, and having no harmful side effects, make the biological methods a potentially proper option. Unfortunately, the biological methods are slower and less efficient in comparison with the other processes. In the present study, an attempt is made to resolve this problem in an enzymatic degradation of lignin of a rice straw sample. Several peroxidase enzymes were produced by a white rot fungus, and their effects on lignin removal from the biomass samples were investigated in shaking flasks. Lignin concentration and enzymes' activity were measured by the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin spectrophotometric method and optical density method using special reagents, respectively. The results revealed that the enzymatic treatment could remove at least 30% of the lignin content of the lignocellulosic biomass. To achieve the maximum activity of the enzymes, The chemical composition of the culturing medium was optimized for the concentration of important metal ions including Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ through Box Behnken response surface methodology. The enzymes' activity at the obtained optimal conditions increased four times for Manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase.

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Nowadays, ethics and ethical issues are considered as one of the most important issues in the workplaces. Respecting ethics not only provides many benefits for organization, but also it is considered as one of the criteria of organizational success. Regarding to importance of ethical issues and their role in the organizational success, the purpose of this study is to study the relationship between ethics institutionalization and quality of work life, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. This study is a practical research from purpose view and is a descriptive-survey from methodological perspective. The statistical population of this study includes all of the technical and official employees of Isfahan Sepahan Lole-Porofil Company. A sample of 142 employees was selected from this population through convenience sampling method. A questionnaire has been used for collecting the research data. In order to examine validity of the questionnaire, its face and content validity has been examined and also Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient has been used for examining reliability. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has been used for analyzing research data and testing the hypotheses. The results of this study revealed that there is a significant relationship between ethics institutionalization with quality of work life, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.        

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The effects of mucal proteins of sea anemone, Stichodactylahaddoni,on different stages of embryonic development of zebra fish (D. rerio) were examined. The sea anemone samples were collected from the intertidal areas of the Hormuz Island (Persian Gulf), and were frozen at -160 °C. Protein and peptide components were extracted by 100% methanol. Following the total protein assessment by ELISA, three concentrations (2.1, 3.7 and 7.4 mg/ml distil water) were prepared. From each concentration, 2 ml was added to the microplates containing 150 zebra fish eggs each, with 2 replications; microplates with normal aquarium water was also used as control group. The eggs were incubated for 72 hrs and the process of embryonic development was observed every 6 to 12 hours. Results showed that the embryonic development was normal in the control group, while the eggs treated with 3.7 and 7.4 mg/ml ofmucal proteins degenerated and blackened in less than 12 hours. Also a delay in the phase of growth in embryonic development was observed in the group with 1.2 mg/ml of protein. Our results showed that the mucal proteins from this sea anemone can affect embryonic development rapidly, causing delayed growth at low concentration, and cell lysis and embryonic degeneration at high concentrations.

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The evolution of urban regeneration was the story of interaction and sometimes conflict of economical and cultural priorities and this subject has happened to change the paradigms, theories and pattern which are dominanted on political-economical systems and social transitions. During the last decades, the role of culture in urban regeneration in related to other factors has been changed scientifically. In recent decades, cultural emphasis has been the main approach to urban regeneration.Meanwhile, today in the context of social-economical changes, the theory of creative city which has globalization in its main content, on the one hand has special attention to human, social, and cultural capitals and on the other hand in dealing with spatial features try to create economic competitiveness, social cohesion and cultural diversity reaching to unique image of city. Therefore, addressing capacity of the creative city theory in urban regeneration field can has the new visions on the strategies and policies in this field in our country. This study explains creative city theory and describe its position in culture led urban regeneration ,for this purpose , the theory of creative city and its urban strategies with descriptive-analytical research method has been studied. The results show that the theory of city creative with emphasis on culture and economic(competiveness) in physical context , sets to culture led urban regeneration direction and such a communication mechanism is presented in the form of a conceptual model. This conceptual model can offer strategies in operating this theory as an intervention approach in obsolescent and historical contexts. The evolution of urban regeneration was the story of interaction and sometimes conflict of economical and cultural priorities and this subject has happened to change the paradigms, theories and pattern which are dominanted on political-economical systems and social transitions. During the last decades, the role of culture in urban regeneration in related to other factors has been changed scientifically. In recent decades, cultural emphasis has been the main approach to urban regeneration.Meanwhile, today in the context of social-economical changes, the theory of creative city which has globalization in its main content, on the one hand has special attention to human, social, and cultural capitals and on the other hand in dealing with spatial features try to create economic competitiveness, social cohesion and cultural diversity reaching to unique image of city. Therefore, addressing capacity of the creative city theory in urban regeneration field can has the new visions on the strategies and policies in this field in our country. This study explains creative city theory and describe its position in culture led urban regeneration ,for this purpose , the theory of creative city and its urban strategies with descriptive-analytical research method has been studied. The results show that the theory of city creative with emphasis on culture and economic(competiveness) in physical context , sets to culture led urban regeneration direction and such a communication mechanism is presented in the form of a conceptual model. This conceptual model can offer strategies in operating this theory as an intervention approach in obsolescent and historical contexts The evolution of urban regeneration was the story of interaction and sometimes conflict of economical and cultural priorities and this subject has happened to change the paradigms, theories and pattern which are dominanted on political-economical systems and social transitions. During the last decades, the role of culture in urban regeneration in related to other factors has been changed scientifically. In recent decades, cultural emphasis has been the main approach to urban regeneration.Meanwhile, today in the context of social-economical changes, the theory of creative city which has globalization in its main content, on the one hand has special attention to human, social, and cultural capitals and on the other hand in dealing with spatial features try to create economic competitiveness, social cohesion and cultural diversity reaching to unique image of city. Therefore, addressing capacity of the creative city theory in urban regeneration field can has the new visions on the strategies and policies in this field in our country. This study explains creative city theory and describe its position in culture led urban regeneration ,for this purpose , the theory of creative city and its urban strategies with descriptive-analytical research method has been studied. The results show that the theory of city creative with emphasis on culture and economic(competiveness) in physical context , sets to culture led urban regeneration direction and such a communication mechanism is presented in the form of a conceptual model. This conceptual model can offer strategies in operating this theory as an intervention approach in obsolescent and historical contexts The evolution of urban regeneration was the story of interaction and sometimes conflict of economical , social and cultural priorities and this subject has happened to change the paradigms, theories and pattern which are dominanted on political-economical systems and social transitions. During the last decades, the role of culture in urban regeneration in related to other factors has been changed scientifically. In recent decades, cultural emphasis has been the main approach to urban regeneration.Meanwhile, today in the context of social-economical changes, the theory of creative city which has globalization in its main content, on the one hand has special attention to human, social, and cultural capitals and on the other hand in dealing with spatial features try to create economic competitiveness, social cohesion and cultural diversity reaching to unique image of city. Therefore, addressing capacity of the creative city theory in urban regeneration field can has the new visions on the strategies and policies in this field in our country. This study explains creative city theory and describe its position in culture led urban regeneration ,for this purpose , the theory of creative city and its urban strategies with descriptive-analytical research method has been studied. The results show that the theory of city creative with emphasis on culture and economic (competiveness) in physical context , sets to culture led urban regeneration direction and such a communication mechanism is presented in the form of a conceptual model.

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The building sector is responsible for one-third of global final energy consumption and thus environmental damage, carbon dioxide production. Some reasons for ever increasing building energy consumption : climate change, increase in household electricity load , the growth of real estate, fast-growing household electrical appliances, changes in industrial structure, huge energy consumption of the existing buildings, and the lack of strict government supervision. The world's total energy requirements are mostly used in sectors such as transportation, industry, residence, commerce, etc.. Although most of the energy consumption during the period 1973 to 2009 belonged to the industrial sector, it can be said that the proportion of residential buildings is very high and is increasing rapidly.. World Statistics published by the Department of Energy, United States of America in March 2010 shows that most houses widely use energy for heating and hot water and then cooling and lighting. Therefore, the revision of quality architectural design of buildings, based on the climatic principles , will be very effective in optimizing fuel consumption so that the energy consumption can be controlled wisely and optimally. On the other hand the use of renewable energy technologies can provide energy surplus of buildings and eliminate the problems associated with fossil energy in great extent.Adopting conservation measures on a large scale does allow reducing both electricity and total energy demand from present day levels while the building stock keeps growing. They simulate climate-dependent hourly building energy demands at user-defined scales, typically an individual state or utility zone. Due to the effective role of energy in economic development and its increasing consumption in parallel with the growth of human communities , considering resource constraints and preventing from facing with an energy crisis, the need for conservation through management application is necessary which demands new strategies and approaches in both environmental and architectural revisions for design and building. In particular, the high energy consumption especially in buildings is a major problem in developing countries which has economic and environmental impacts of prime importance while it is considered to be the most significant cornerstone of growth in different dimensions. Buildings , it is statistically shown, account for a third of total global energy consumption. Energy consumption in buildings is increasing due to several factors including climate change, increasing electrical energy consumption in households, real estate development, diversity of modern appliances, changes in industry structure, very high energy consumption in existing buildings and the lack of adequate supervision of the state.. Therefore, efforts must be focused on the control and management of energy consumption . The purpose of energy management is reducing energy consumption in a way that is logical and economical and can cause no negative effects on welfare and thermal comfort. So, a focus for building energy consumption efforts is of great importance. The occupant behavior and building manner can both increase the building energy consumption, especially residential ones.In the building quality part, there are many techniques affects on building energy consumption, which divide to passive and active. The passive ones are the techniques that related to the body and design of a building as material, utilization of solar radiation on the bodies, length and width of building, insulation, window, and so on without electrical or other energy portfolio, but the effect of these parameters was not equal. Therefore, this study presents an approach to determine the effect of main parameters of some of the building techniques on energy consumption. In this study, these parameters were identified and evaluated and finally were Prioritized. Not all of the parameters has equal role on energy consumption, which the mentioned weights indicated. The remainder of the paper organized as follows. Firstly, the parameters were identified by research and interview. The effective parameters recognized as the alternatives of the mentioned hierarchy3 step trees, which can be listed as follows: occupants; built area; Step No.; Proximity degree; Window to wall ratio; Length to width ratio; Side. Secondary, the questionnaire performed and completed by experts as architects, mechanical engineers and energy engineers. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications in surveys related to buildings were presented. Up to now, the AHP method has been widely applied in the general policymaking in buildings. Next, the effective parameters on energy consumption evaluated, and in next section the AHP for the approach concernedexplained and resultsoffered. Finally, the last Section includes the concluding remarks. The weights and priorities of the effective parameter are illustrated. As a result, considering weight of factors in building designing process, the different parameters of BO can be classified and evaluated: First, the main effective parameter is window to wall ratio. Depends on the weight of this parameter (0.36), the window area and materials are important for building designers. Another main parameter is side no., if a building has 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 side, its energy consumption differs fundamentally. Choosing the main direction, side and the side no. are all associated. One of the main results is about the building area depending on energy consumption, which considers having the main role, but in present survey concluded that the third effective parameter is area. The least effective parameter is occupant number, due to energy load of building space and quality, not building occupant. Urban designers and Architects considering Building Orientation (BO) and its parameters can design buildings that are energy efficient. If building orientation )BO( is considered, solar radiation absorbed by the surface structure of the building will become more favorable, and consequently the energy consumption will be reduced. However, if the building orientation (BO) is considered along with climatic factors, there will be direct effect of increased energy costs. In addition , urban designers must greatly pay attention to building sides while determining the building blocks as the transmitting surfaces are from outdoor to indoor in summer and vice versa in winter. Architects must also pay attention to different ratios of windows to create the proper ratio of heat transfer in the buildings. The materials used in the buildings are of great importance.

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Ellipsis is a frequent event, which occurs in different linguistic levels. Even though it does not usually affect communication, there are times when ellipsis leads to ambiguity and misunderstanding. In TV football reports, because of the context and previous familiarity with such a match, the reporter continuously omits linguistic units. This study deals with the nature and amount of ellipsis in TV football reports. The corpus includes the last 15 minutes of 12 TV football reports of four famous reporters. Data analysis includes studying the nature and amount of ellipsis in these reports based on Safavi (1390). On the other hand, ellipsis of linguistic categories is studied based on the model proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1987). In this study, ellipsis is categorized in 4 types: ellipsis leading to ambiguity, ellipsis with no effect on communication, which Safavi (1390) calls semantic reduction, ellipsis that distinguishes speech from writing, and ellipsis of optional linguistic units. The study shows that over half of the instances of ellipsis do not lead to any misunderstanding, and because of the nature of football reports, they result in some sort of semantic reduction. On the other hand, studying the types of ellipsis on the syntactic level shows considerable difference from Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1987) who categorize ellipsis in three types of verb phrase, noun phrase and clause ellipsis. Finally, the study shows that classic view towards ellipsis, which categorizes it in two types of text-based and context-based ellipsis, cannot explain instances of ellipsis in TV football reports. The present research categorizes the ellipsis types in TV football reports, and shows failure of the classic view in explaining these instances of ellipsis.