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Background: Clindamycin inducible resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) isolates can cause failure in treatment with this antibiotic. Biofilm production via polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) contributes in the colonization of S. aureus, resulting in the initiation of different diseases. The aim of this study was to detect icaADBC genes among isolates of S.aureus with inducible resistance to clindamycin. Materials and Methods: A total of 209 clinical S.aureus isolates werecollected and identified by conventional phenotypic tests. Isolates with inducible resistance to clindamycin were detected by double disk diffusion test (D-Test) using clindamycin (2 μg) and erythromycin (15 μg). Oxacillin was used to detect Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the icaADBC genes. Results: The rate of clindamycin inducible resistance was 4% (n=8). All the isolates were susceptible to methicillin. Four isolates (50%) contained the whole icaADBC genes. The prevalence of icaA, icaB, icaC and icaD genes were 5 (62.5%), 4 (50%), 6 (75%) and 5 (62.5%), respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that the prevalence of  icaADBC genes among clindamycin inducible resistant strains was low, and also these strains were susceptible to methicillin.

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections with a wide spectrum of illnesses ranging from benign skin infections to bloodstream infection leading to mortality. Antimicrobial resistance especially methicillin resistance in S. aureus (MRSA strains) is currently problematic. The emergence of MRSA infections has developed in both the healthcare and the community settings.  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA and SCCmec types in Iran according to the previously published studies.    
Methods: For this review, the terms of MRSA, Iran, methicillin, mecA and SCCmec types were searched in searching engines including Google scholar, PubMed, SciVerse, and Scopus. Data from veterinary sources were excluded. Data were analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 6 considering meta-analysis section.
Results: Among several studies and approximately of 1810 results, the prevalence of MRSA was determined as approximately 56.5%. In the year of 2015 and 2016, results exhibited a higher prevalence of MRSA (62.2%) compared to 2013 and 2014, although not exceeded from 46% in healthy individuals. Moreover, among the SCCmec types, the SCCmec Type III has been reported as the predominant type (60.48%) followed by Type IV (21.2%), Type I (17.72%), Type II (17.12%), and Type V (0.56%). 
Conclusion: According to previous data, the prevalence of MRSA is increasing in Iran. However, it may be different for each year depending on several reasons. Moreover, the SCCmec Type III is the predominant type in the country. The SCCmec Type IV has also emerged in CA-MRSA isolates.

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Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are among predominant agents causing nosocomial and community acquired infections. The majority of strains encode numerous virulence factors including fimbrial adhesions, secretory proteins and toxins, siderophores, and capsule. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of virulence encoding genes and carbapenem resistance-encoding genes among imipenem-resistant E. coli isolates collected from patients hospitalized in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study (April 2015-December 2017), 50 non-duplicated carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates were collected from clinical specimens (stool, urine, blood, and wound) of hospitalized patients in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined against 15 antibiotics on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) as per CLSI guidelines version 2016. The PCR was used to detect virulence and antibiotic resistance encoding genes.
Results: From a total of 50 carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates, the highest resistance rate was observed to ceftazidime (100%), tetracycline (88%), amoxicillin (100%), sulfonamide (60%), and the least resistance rate was observed against amikacin (14%), gentamicin (22%), and fosfomycin (0%). The genes mediating resistance were as follows: beta-lactams OXA-48 (8%), IMP (16%), VIM (0%), NDM-1 (0%),  fosA3 (0%), quinolones (qnrA 48%), and colistin mcr-1(0%). Furthermore, the prevalence rates of of fimA, hlyA, cnf1, vat, pic, crl, and papH were 88, 36, 28, 10, 12, 54, and 88%, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, all imipenem-resistant E. coli isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, and all were  fosA3 negative. Among carbapenemase genes, IMP and OXA-48 type enzymes associated with higher MIC levels (8 to 32 µg.mL^-1) were detected. In this study, data suggest the role of these carbapenemases in resistance to carbapenems. Furthermore, the presence of multiple drug resistant strains encoding adhesive and secretory virulence factors is a concern for the infections treatment. 

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The effect of simultaneous application of probiotic and digestive enzyme on the intestinal digestive activity of the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was evaluated. For this purpose, the juvenile shrimps were fed for 30 days with a dietary probio-enzyme (containing a combination of six exogenous enzymes and four probiotic bacterial strains) at four concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g kg^-1 feed. Shrimps (5.04±0.39 g ind^-1) were randomly distributed in 12 aquaria (4 treatments × 3 replications); each aquarium contained 15 individual shrimps. Results indicated significantly (p≤0.05) higher growth performance, amylase and lipase activity at 0.5 g kg^-1 treatment as compared to other treatments. Protease activity was, however, significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher at 1.0 g kg^-1treatment as compared to other groups. Results also indicated that increase in the concentration of probiotic and enzymes supplementation was not associated with increase in all the digestive enzyme activity. In other words, probiotics and enzymes onlywithin specific range can have positive effect on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of L. vannamei, above or below.

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Biofilter is one of key components of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) that affect initial investment, executing cast and success or unsuccess of system. Hence in this research, performance of barley straw, wood chip, sponge (as cheap and available media) and PVC pure pipe (to compare) based biofilters was surveyed in Common carp recirculating aquaculture system. To conduct this research 12 pilot recirculating aquaculture systems designed and 50 common carp individuals (mean weight: 4/8 g) were stocked in each system. After activation period (about 1 month), waste removal efficiency of biofilters and growth performance of Common carp were surveyed. Results indicated that sponge based biofilters had the best performance. Barley straw and wood chip based biofilters showed acceptable waste removal efficiency, while PVC pure pipe biofilters had poor performance. The highest feeding and growth performance of fish were observed in systems involved barley straw based biofilter. In conclusion barley straw, wood chip and sponge because of having low cast, being available, having relatively high specific surface area and showing acceptable waste removal efficiency, can be used in RAS and semi reuse systems.

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Controlled delivery technology of protein/peptide drugs from biodegradable particles has emerged as one of the eminent areas to overcome problems related to macromolecules formulation. The goal of the present study was to develop protein-loaded micro-particles using biodegradable polymer, polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydrogel from beluga cartilage. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model for protein/ peptide molecules such as GnRH. The double emulsion (W/O/W) technique was selected as one of the most appropriate methods for preparing a drug delivery system for soluble proteins in water. The first emulsion was prepared using ultrasonic and the mechanical agitator was used for achieving the second emulsion. The hydrogel prepared by enzymatic digestion was used in the first aquatic solution. At the present investigation, three groups were considered as the drug delivery system: G1; (PCL/hydrogel/BSA), G2; (PCL/BSA) and G3; (PCL/Alginate/BSA). Findings showed that the morphology of particles was spherical and non-conglomerated in all groups. The comparison of average particle size among groups was also indicated that the particles.

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In the present study, the goldfish kisspeptin peptide was synthesized using the solid phase synthesis method according to the nucleotide sequence of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) kiss1 gene. Next, an acetyl group was added to the amino group of Tyr1 to increase the biological activity. The synthesized peptide (referred to as ACKiss1) was purified by RP-HPLC and its structure was confirmed using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. To determine the biological activity, ACKiss1, native Kiss1 and commercial GnRH hormone were injected to goldfish, some important parameters of the reproductive physiology were studied. Kiss1 and ACKiss1 were injected with a dosage of 100 μg/kg fish body weight and GnRH was injected with dosages of 100 and 200 μg/kg body weight. 6 hours after injection, blood was taken from the caudal vein and sex hormones were measured in plasma. 24 hours after injection, reproductive indices were measured in a series of fish. In another series of fish, 24 hours after injection, ovarian and brain tissues were separated for histological studies and expression of the reproductive-related genes (cyp19b, gpr54a, and kiss1). The results revealed that significant changes in biochemical parameters and gene expression were recorded in both brain tissue samples and ovarian tissue in ACKISS1 treatment. It was also found in ovarian histology that under the influence of kisspeptin and GnRH, the number of mature oocytes increased significantly.
 

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Aerospace Launch Vehicles (ALVs), used for launching artificial satellites and space stations to Earth orbits, usually encounter with failure in navigation systems . In these cases, survival of an ALV during accurate payloads injection in orbits is one of the most critical issues for Guidance and Control systems.An important challenge for safety of Aerospace Launch Vehicle (ALV) is their reliability against all types of faults. There is a requirement for on-board fault detection without deteriorating the performance of ALV. In this paper, a new software sensor is proposed for fault detection and compensation based on symmetrical behavior of the yaw and pitch channels of an ALV. For this purpose, using identification techniques on the yaw channel, a new software sensor is developed as an online rigid dynamic predictor for the pitch channel. The proposed software sensor is employed to generate the residual of estimation error as an indicator of predefined faults. The main novelty of this software sensor is online tuning of the virtual sensor against unforeseen variations in the parameters of the vehicle. Robustness of the new control system in the presence of asymmetric behavior is investigated. The efficiency of the proposed fault tolerant method is illustrated through simulations.

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In this research, the plunging motion of an airfoil by a numerical method based on finite volume in different Reynolds numbers is simulated and the thickness effect, amplitude and reduced frequency on the aerodynamic coefficients are investigated. In this process, SIMPLEC algorithm, implicit solver, high order scheme and dynamic mesh method is used in unsteady simulation and the flow is supposed viscous, incompressible and laminar. Simulations are in three Reynolds 1000, 11000 and 50000, respectively, in accordance with the flight of the insects, small birds and pigeons are done in two amplitudes and three reduced frequencies. The simulation results are compared with published data to confirm the validity of research. This comparison shows comprisable agreement. Pressure distribution and Vortex shedding around airfoils show that the thickness of the airfoils delays vortex shedding and changes time-averaged thrust coefficient. Reduced frequency and amplitude of oscillation are two important parameters in this simulation, but the reduce frequency is more effective than amplitude. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the plunging airfoil. Optimization shows that airfoil with 0.29% thickness, 3.08 reduced frequency and 0.5 dimensionless oscillating amplitude produce maximum trust coefficient.

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Flexible solar panels of a satellite during a maneuver get excited and vibrate. Such vibrations will cause some oscillatory disturbance forces that affect the satellite rigid body. Vibrations cause cracks in flexible solar panels and these cracks, because of fatigue, make panels fracture. Moreover, satellite rigid body which does accurate works like capturing picture of earth surface or sending information to earth will be disturbed as a result of vibration. Therefore it needs to be prevented against resonance. In this paper, dynamic equations of a satellite including cubical rigid body are extracted, then with combination of ANSYS and ADAMS softwares, the model is simulated and its responses has been compared with analytical model. New control strategy for reducing the vibration of flexible bodies of the multi body system, includes rigid and flexible bodies, is proposed. With eliminate oscillation from rigid body angular velocity, vibrations amplitude of flexible parts will be reduced. For this purpose, an adaptive control system and a notch filter is used to eliminate the oscillation of measurement procedure caused by the vibration of flexible solar panels. Adaptive control system responses with considering resonance and without resonance, is shown and merits of this method is evaluated.

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Defamation is prohibited in the international system of human rights and in domestic legal systems. Prohibition of defamation in domestic legal systems is explicit, but not in the international documents of human rights. Given that defamation causes damage to the reputation of people, and international instruments including the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights have emphasized to respect the rights or reputation of others in the enjoyment of human rights, especially the right to freedom of expression, no body hesitated in banning defamation. Unfortunately, we see differences on the components of this legal concept, which can obscure the concept and range of defamation, and thus pave the way to abuse of libel laws. This disagreement also can be seen in the choice between criminal and civil laws dealing with libel. It is hopeful that the international system and domestic legal systems have accepted almost the same defenses against libel charges. Acceptance of these defenses is such that prevent, unauthorized damage to the rights and reputation of others and, at the same time, prevents violation of the right to freedom of expression. These defenses, especially, ensure the rights of those accused of libel against public officials and governmental bodies.

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Hate speech that can briefly be defined as advocacy of hate and hatred based on nationality, race or religion, possesses a special situation in international law. Even a specific type of these speeches that leads to genocide is one of the few international crimes along with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Some events of the recent decades indicate that the racist movements, with the hate speeches as their main motive, are expanding in the world and even in the Europe that is supposed to be the pioneer of the human rights movement. This indicates the need for and the importance of discussion about this issue. This necessity has led that, besides the general prohibitions on the freedom of expression in the international instruments of human rights, some of the documents, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination have specifically mentioned the prohibition of these speeches. However, the international instruments have been divided in defining this concept. This difference that especially is between the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on the one side and other international instruments on the other has increased the importance of this concept's understanding.

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The consumption expenditure is a key element of macroeconomic analyses, which accounts for considerable share of aggregate demand in Iran. Any effort for forecasting the future consumption trend is of special importance for policy-makers. In this paper, we specify a consumption model relying on theoretical basics in order to obtain desirable forecasts. On the basis of Duesenberry and Friedman consumption theories, we use genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to simulate Iranians consumption during 1973-2009. Then we select the superior model in terms of prediction power criteria and forecast consumption until 2025. According to the results, the PSO algorithm is efficient and accurate in forecasting consumption; and consumption behavior of Iranians is consistent with Duesenberry theory. In addition, the simulations by exponential consumption model indicate increasing average propensity to consume until 2025.  

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Reaction wheels are angular momentum exchange devices used to stabilize the position of the satellite and maneuvering. This actuator can change the momentum of the satellite to change the attitude of the system. During the process of operation, noise and disturbances arisen from the unbalancing of the wheels lead to inconvenient performance of the reaction wheels. Several works have been presented for active noise cancelation in these devices. But, the practical tools of signal processing such as filter banks and wavelets which used for offline de-noising are samples of very useful noise cancellation methods. If these toolboxes are employed for online de-noising these signal processing approaches are applicable for noisy systems such as reaction wheels. The main challenge of this strategy is delay arisen from the signal processing and this is inevitable. In this paper, a strategy of online wavelet de-noising is designed and proposed for noise cancellation in a reaction wheel. In this regards, for considering the delay compensation the method of Smith predictor is used to lead the delay of the process out of the closed loop control system. The accuracy of this algorithm requires an estimate of the system dynamics and the understanding of the delay system. According to the use of the FIR filter delay can be fully calculated. The recursive least squares used for identification reaction wheel as an estimate of the system.

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Exchange rate in Iran has been facing fluctuations for many years, and has been affected the economic structure. Therefore, studying the changes in Exchange rate is of great importance. In this regard, the present paper studies the effects of exchange rate shocks on investment and employment within a systematic multi-regional computable model using GTAP.8 in 2007. To assess the impact of these changes, two scenarios of a 10% increase and reduction in the exchange rate are considered. The results confirm the same movements of price and exchange rate. Increase in the exchange rate in agriculture, industry and mining sectors has caused a reduction in production and employment, but has caused an increase in both variables in the service, oil and gas sectors. The decline in the exchange rate has resulted in fall of production and consequently and employment in the service, oil and gas, sectors, but it has caused an increase in both variables in agriculture, industry and mining sectors. The total investment in all areas examined is in line with exchange rate changes. Therefore, positive exchange rate shocks can increase overall employment rate. The issue is important because the share of employment in the service, oil and gas sectors is more than its share in agriculture, industry and mining ones. In addition, the positive exchange rate shock results in an increase in investment, regarding the structure of exports and imports.  

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This paper investigates the effects of underground economy on the Iran’s imports demand for intermediate, consumption and capital goods during 1971-2011. In this study, the size of the underground economy of Iran has been estimated by using fuzzy logic and demand for imports has been analyzed within intermediate, capital and consumption goods separately. Our findings show that the average size of the underground economy of Iran is 20.64 % of Gross Domestic product(GDP) for 2001-2011 period, and the effect of the underground economy on the demand for imports of intermediate goods is negative, but underground economy affects positively the demand for imports of capital goods and consumption groups. In addition, import demand for intermediate goods with respect to the underground economy is less elastic and negative-signed, while import demand for capital goods and consumption goods with respect to the underground economy is less elastic and positive-signed.

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                    Freedom of  religion and belief is one of the most fundamental human rights, and it can said that even the general idea of human rights was due to the protection of religious minorities. This right, which has been reflected in the first domestic laws on human rights, like “French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” and “First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution", has also been under consideration from the outset of the world movement for human rights, and the most important international human rights instruments such as Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights have emphasized on it.         

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In this article, a form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations (Lagrange’s equations in terms of quasi-coordinates), different from the latter’s standard form and avoiding its structurally inherent complexity, is derived based on which a general algorithm for the dynamics modeling of open-chain terrestrial and space robots with an arbitrary number of rigid elements is presented. This form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations is shown to be particularly advantageous in terms of not requiring the determination of the kinetic energy as a function of generalized coordinates and quasi-velocities, representing generalized forces in terms of body basis vectors and offering a panoramic view of the dynamics of the systems. In the act of developing the algorithm, three highly useful kinematic identities are derived via a comparison between the single rigid body equations derived from both the standard and the proposed form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations. These identities are then used to greatly simplify the final dynamics model of both systems. Finally, the equations of motion for a two-link terrestrial robot is derived using the proposed algorithm and simulation results in MATLAB are compared with the model of the system in ADAMS to validate the model.