Introduction: Cities are the most important man-made phenomena in the land that play a major role in the development or non-development of regions and areas. According to the statistics provided by the United Nations, more than 50% of people live in cities and the urban population growth rate is 4 times. The population is rural. Based on this, the study of cities is important because they are places where people and activities are loaded. Demographic changes in recent years in the country have caused the growth of the urban population to be uncoordinated at different times and the distribution of its growth in different cities of the country is uneven and the growth trend is increasing and fast. The growth of the country's urban population and the lack of attention to the urban network and the distribution of urban centers and centers in the territory on the one hand and the rapid growth of urbanization on the other hand have led to fragmentation and incoherence in the spatial structure of the country. Migration and the growing trend of urbanization and economic-social and political developments in recent decades of Tehran province have been the most important factors in creating an unbalanced pattern of the urban network. Nowadays, the population growth of cities along with their socio-economic issues is a new form of city and urbanism and It has created urbanism. Organizing and balancing the space is one of the key issues in the field of urban planning. Bigger cities exert their dominance over smaller cities by absorbing and concentrating more surplus. The continuation of these conditions causes the formation of imbalance in the spatial distribution of cities and the emergence of problems caused by congestion and congestion in cities and the evacuation of other places. This article aims to provide solutions for balancing by examining and analyzing the urban network in Tehran province. to present.
Research method: Therefore, the method used in this research is descriptive-analytical, using rank-size models, Lorenz curve and entropy coefficient, as well as for quantitative and qualitative analysis using Excel software to investigate and analyze the urban network of the province. Tehran has paid.
Findings: The results of the findings show that many industrial and service activities are concentrated in Tehran province, especially Tehran metropolis, due to its administrative, political, economic situation and the lack of spatial justice and land development policies in Iran. The amount of concentration in the country is higher in Tehran province and among the cities of Tehran province, in Tehran metropolis. The presence of concentration causes migration, and urbanization in Tehran province has gained wider dimensions with the spread of Tehran metropolis and the creation of Tehran metropolitan area. So that this province has medium, small and rural cities. While in 1355 it had only 6 small cities. Transformation in metropolitan areas is a product of decentralization, which can be called the movement of rupture. The basis of the formation of the metropolitan area is directly related to the level of communication technologies such as railway lines and highways. Because by facilitating travel to and from Tehran along its communication axes, they have been created in the form of a cluster with the center of Tehran metropolis. Therefore, the spatial structure of the urban network of Tehran province is based on the center-periphery development pattern, and the lack of proportional distribution of population and services at the level of the region has created an unbalanced network system and has created a kind of divergence and lack of integration in the region. Because none of the cities in the metropolitan region of Tehran, even the metropolitan city of Tehran, have a suitable position in the field of production competition at the national and especially international level. While this type of city accumulation and urbanization has brought many natural and human risks and is an obstacle to sustainable development. The increase in urban population in Tehran province originates from the scattered surface of Tehran metropolis, and the concentration of urban population in the western part of the province is more in accordance with the communication routes than in other directions. Although medium-sized cities have repaired the spatial discontinuity in the urban network of the province to some extent, according to the rank-size model, the distance between the metropolis of Tehran and other cities of the province is still very large and there is no balance in the urban network of the province. In addition, the urban population has settled not in a uniform manner but in a cluster around the metropolitan city of Tehran and in the next order of medium cities.

“Pey e ŝirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan” is one of the ancient Iranian proverbs whose some of the forms have been quoted in primary resources of Arabic proverbs. By the way, its concept is also applicable to the Quranic verse. It is not so practical today, but in the past, it has been used in many texts, in agreement with the subject and in various fields. We have identified it in Persian literature of the 4th century by investigating different types of sources. Furthermore, we have found the proverb containing the same elements as “ŝir” (lion) and “rân e gur” (the thigh of Zebra), whose meaning is different from the meaning of this proverb. Subsequently, we have introduced another proverb centered on "crow" whose meaning is the opposite of the present proverbs.

Aims: The increasing rate of divorce has turned it into an important social dilemma, and this necessitates the need to pay attention to the factors related to adjustment after divorce. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between social exclusion and post-divorce adjustment in women.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 474 divorced women in Rasht City participated. Sampling was performed in a convenience and Snow Ball method. Data collection tools were a three-part questionnaire including demographic information form, social exclusion questionnaire, and post-divorce adjustment questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests at a significant level (p<0.05).
Findings: The highest and lowest scores of social exclusion were related to exclusionary marital status (3.50±0.66) and discriminative marital state (3.9±0.6), respectively. The highest and lowest adjustment scores were related to the areas of self-worth (3.34±0.40) and anger (2.90±0.43), respectively. The areas of horror (β=-0.067; p=0.008) and discriminative marital state (p=<0.001; β=-0.188) were predictors of adjustment. Also, lack of history of physical illness (p=0.024; β=0.145) and increased number of children (p=0.07; β=0.053) had a positive and direct effect on the adjustment.
Conclusion: There is a statistically significant inverse correlation between social exclusion and post-divorce adjustment of women, and therefore the study and development of educational-counseling intervention programs to increase social support can increase women’s adjustment after divorce.

​Genome editing using targetable nucleases is an emerging technology for precise genome modification in many organisms with hight ability and capability. All targeted genome engineering relies on the introduction of a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) in a pre-determined genomic locus by a rare-cutting DNA endonuclease. Subsequent repair of this DSB by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) generates the desired genetic modifications such as gene disruption, gene insertion, gene correction, etc. Three types of endonucleases, namely ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases), TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), and the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic regions) associated (Cas9) system have been predominantly utilized for gene editing. Targeted genome engineering or editing enables researchers to modify genomic loci of interest in a precise manner, which has a turning point in medicine, biological research, and biotechnology. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with ZFN-mediated CCR5 gene disruption is one of the indicator examples of the ability of ZFNs in genome editing. The emergence of TALENs in 2010 has enabled the genome modification of non- model organisms, while the emergence of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in 2013 as a revolutionary genome-editing tool has allowed us to anticipate the forthcoming new era of genome editing research. Soon, it is likely that tgenome editing also will provide the possibility of treating genetic diseases. Genome editing is also hoped to be available for use in the generation of crops and livestock with useful traits. An example would be the production of edible fungi resistant to browning by inactivation of the genes encoding polyphenol oxidase in 2016 under the non-GMO genetically edited crop plants and production of herbicide-resistant rice and rapeseed using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In this article, we review essential genome editing tools, summarize their applications in crop improvement, as well as, next-generation crop breeding and their computational resources will be discussed.