Search published articles
Showing 23 results for Alamdar
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Today, the environment is considered as one of the most important pillars of sustainable development, and the development of other economic and social sectors depends on its sustainability and proper functioning. Environmental pollution has become one of the main challenges of countries. Environmental health is currently one of the most critical concerns of people and officials round the world. Almost all managers and decision makers believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the current generation but also for future generations, since the pollutants caused by industries are highly costly and detrimental to health.
Active industries are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. One of the necessary conditions for economic progress and the introduction of extensive structural changes in economic and technological fields is industrialization and industrial development. In the production process, using production inputs whose main source is the environment, in addition to desirable outputs such as consumer goods, undesirable outputs such as environmental pollutants are also produced. If the number of outputs is not controlled and disproportionate, the losses from undesirable outputs will be greater than the benefits of desirable products in such a way that damages to the environment would be irreparable and sustainable development less likely to be achieved.
One of the most important concerns related to industrialization is the effects and environmental consequences of industrial activities. Therefore, achieving the necessary solutions to control such consequences is vitally important. Minerals are essential for human survival, but their extraction and processing are not environmentally friendly practices which contribute to problems such as soil erosion, air and water pollution. On the other hand, mineral sector is one of the largest energy consumers which has active contribution to air pollution and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of Gol Gohar mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, it is intended to determine the type and amount of pollutants released from this complex, and also to determine the amount of the green tax of the complex as a solution to reduce pollution and examine the social welfare resulting from reducing pollution.
Methodology
In this study, the economic effects of environmental pollutants of Gol Gohar Iron Mine in Sirjan (Southeastern Iran), is investigated using the input distance function model from 2001 to 2022. Through calculating the shadow price of pollutants, a criterion for determining the green tax is determined, and then the amount of social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants is calculated.
The shadow price of the undesirable output is the cost that the producer must bear if they plan to reduce the production of the undesirable output. In fact, it can be interpreted as the marginal cost of reducing pollution for each producer. Therefore, the shadow price of the desirable output is considered positive and equal to the market price of that output, but the shadow price of the undesirable output must be estimated to be less than zero.
Findings
The products of Gol Gohar Iron Ore Complex in Sirjan, include granulated iron ore, iron ore concentrate and pelletized in the production process. The most greenhouse gases and air pollutants are related to carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (Sox), nitrogen oxides (Nox) and particulate matter (SPM). According to the obtained results, the average shadow price for air pollutants in Gol Gohar complex for CO2, Sox Nox, and SPM was calculated as 11.15, 3,074.5, 5,529.62, and 1,875.62 rials per kilogram respectively. Moreover, the average total social costs resulting from the production of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex was calculated as 92,710 billion Rials according to the amount of pollution produced over the period.
Discussion and Conclusion
The estimation of environmental costs is actually an introduction to providing solutions for internalizing and reducing environmental costs, using the input distance function model and the shadow price of environmental pollutants in the industrial and mineral complex of Gol Gohar, Sirjan. The title of the largest producer of iron ore in the country was calculated, and the social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants was also evaluated. Finally, in this study, solutions and mechanisms for reducing environmental costs have been proposed.
Considering that the ability to absorb pollutants by the environment is limited, the shadow price of pollutants, which represents their real social cost, should be taken into consideration. The damages should also be determined based on the shadow price of the pollutants. In other words, the amounts of pollutant emission should be calculated and while taking into account the allowed limit of pollutant emission and shadow prices, based on a legal plan, the environmental costs should be reimbursed. Taking such measures would surely require more studies and capable executive management system
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
In the Magnetically Assisted Chemical Separation (MACS) process, tiny ferromagnetic particles coated with solvent extractant are used to selectively separate radionuclides and hazardous metals from aqueous waste streams. The contaminant-loaded particles are then recovered from the waste solutions using a magnetic field. In the present study, Cyanex272 or C272 (bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid) coated magnetic particles are being evaluated for the possible application in the extraction of Uranium (VI) from nuclear waste streams. The uptake behaviour of U(VI) from nitric acid solutions was investigated by batch studies.
Adsorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution onto adsorbent was investigated in a batch system. Adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic studies of uranium (VI) onto nanoparticles coated Cyanex272 were carried out in a batch system. The factors influencing uranium (VI) adsorption were investigated and described in detail, as a function of the parameters such as initial pH value, contact time, adsorbent mass, and initial uranium (VI) concentration. Magnetically Assisted Chemical Separation (MACS) process adsorbent showed best results for the fast adsorption of U (VI) from aqueous solution at aqueous phase acidity value of 0.5 molar. In addition, more than 80% of U (VI) was removed within the first 2 hours, and the time required to achieve the adsorption equilibrium was only 140 minutes. Langmuir and Frendlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium. Equilibrium data agreed very well with the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 48 mg.g-1. Adsorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the chemical adsorption was the rate-limiting step.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
The importance of the sea and its role in world economics and politics are indisputable and it is necessary to pay attention to it. The political history of the world testifies that countries that have a maritime strategy have been powerful and developed. Due to its long beaches in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the country has a privileged geographic location in the country, with its other neighbors. Unfortunately, the regions of eastern and southeast Iran due to geographic isolation have always been neglected in national politics. To this end, one of the best strategies for promoting development and security in the region is the connection of the eastern parts to the Chabahar port and the coast of Makran. This research tries to explore the role of the Makran coastlines and the strategic sea politics of Iran on the development of the eastern axis using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. Initial studies show that if the Islamic Republic of Iran adopts a maritime strategy, Iran will witness the processing of its geopolitical, geo-economical and geostrategic advantages for the country. With the realization of the maritime policy, the Makran region is considered as a transit axis for the development of the south-east. In the face of the ostracism of a sea-based strategy based on the southeastern oceanic capacity of Iran, other Indian Oceanarians will use this potential. Therefore, it is suggested that, with a realistic and operational view, more attention be paid to maritime policy
Volume 3, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: Accessory colonization factor is located immediately adjacent to and downstream of TCP cluster. These genes (acfA, B, C, D) are involved in bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the ACF cluster prevalence rate and gene content in clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae.
Materials and Methods: All of the 21 V. cholerae isolates used in this study were collected during 2011-2012 outbreaks in Iran. All of the isolates were screened by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific PCR for 16srRNA-23srRNA intergenic space. The gene content of ACF cluster in the isolates was analyzed using 4 primer pairs with overlapping sequences and then subjected into Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay.
Results: Among the 21 V. cholerae isolates, all of them (100%) were identified as V. cholerae O1 Inaba, 20 (95%) isolates were determined with El Tor biotype specificity, and 1 isolate (5%) appeared as Classical biotype. A total of 18 strains (85.8 %) contained a complete set of ACF-associated genes, 3 strains (14.2 %) were negative for ACF cluster, and all of the strains showed similar RFLP pattern to each other and to V. cholerae ATCC 14035.
Conclusion: The results showed that O1 Inaba was the dominant serotype and positive for ACF cluster in pathogenic V. cholerae isolates collected during 2011-2012 in Iran. The presence of some ACF negative strains with potentially pathogenic characteristics proposed that other colonization factors might have been involved in causing pathogenicity and diarrhea in these strains.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (7-2021)
Abstract
Abstract:
Research subject: Leaching and recovery parameters controlling the releasing of selenium from Sar-Cheshmeh copper anode slimes are studied and determined.
Research approach: Copper anode slimes is produced during the production of cathodic copper at the bottom of electrolyte cells, which is composed of insoluble anode components in the electrolyte. The copper anode slimes are made up of those components of the anodes, which are not soluble in the electrolyte. They contain varying quantities of precious metals like gold, silver, selenium and tellurium, and other precious metals in the anodic copper. They are being extracted as a by-product in the copper production process. Due to the fact that the main source of selenium is sulfur deposits such as copper and nickel. Copper anodic slimes is currently the only source of selenium in the world. In this study, the extraction of selenium from anodic copper slimes has been feasible. To do this, acid leaching has been used. Copper anodic sludge is the raw material for the production of more than 90% of the world's selenium and is the main source of selenium production.[1-3]
Main result: In this paper, the effect of operational parameters such as acid concentration, temperature, process time and liquid to solid ratio on selenium recovery through copper slimes leaching was investigated. The optimum conditions of batch leaching For maximum selenium extraction from anodic copper slimes are attained at 3 mol L-1 of HNO3 concentration, 0.01 (W/V) solid to liquid ratio for 60 min contact time at 70 ºC. Under the optimized conditions, the selenium leaching efficiency was 99%. The thermodynamic data showed positive values of both ΔH and ΔS which indicates that the leaching process is indeed endothermic and random while the obtained negative values of ΔG show that selenium dissolution process is spontaneous in nature.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (7-2021)
Abstract
Research subject: With the rapid development of science and technology, cerium and cerium oxide are widely used in various fields, including in the manufacture of aluminum, aluminum alloys, some steels and in permanent magnets, catalysts, Polishing powder, Glass, Cinema, and Ceramic Technology. Solvent extraction is one of the effective techniques for extraction, separation, and purification of cerium.
Research approach: The extraction of cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions using Cyanex 921 in kerosene was investigated. The different parameters affecting the extraction process of cerium(IV) such as pH of aqueous solutions, reagent, metal ion concentration, contact time as well as temperature, are separately investigated. Experiments in the pH range of 0.5 to 5.5, at 25±1 oC, using Cyanx 921 in the concentration range of 0.06 to 0.4 mol L-1, and a mixture of Cyanx 921 and D2EHPA was performed in different ratios.
Main results: From the temperature study, the extraction reaction for Ce(IV) was found to be exothermic in nature. The results indicated that the effective extraction of cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions cannot be achieved in a single equilibration because the solubility of Cyanex 921 in aliphatic diluents is limited at ambient temperature. To rectify this issue, the possibility of using a synergistic mixture of Cyanex 921 and D2EHPA as extractant system to recover cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions was investigated. Mixtures of Cyanex 921 and D2EHPA resulted in synergistic extraction of cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions. The results indicated that, under experimental conditions, the maximum synergistic coefficient was obtained at the molar ratio of (0.6M D2EHPA/0.2M Cyanex 921) 3.0, and cerium(IV) was extracted into organic phase in the form of Ce(SO4)(HSO4)2.Cyanex 921.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (2019 2019)
Abstract
Aims Sacred architecture is a reflector of divine beauties, and it is an illustrative example of the combination and association of symbolic forms with our deep beliefs and this connection can be expressed in the deepest mysterious layers of the altar. The altar is the most important part of the religious building. In the history of architectural decorations in Islamic art, altar has always embedded the best and most valuable examples in terms of style and in terms of motifs as well as calligraphy values. The Aljaito altar, in terms of the art of Stucco used in it, is in the rank of the most beautiful works of the Ilkhani era. In this research, the study of the herbal designs of the altar, the characteristics, and generalities of the motifs and the patterns governing them are the aim of the research.
Instruments & Methods Through library and field studies, we have identified the decoration of the altar of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses architectural software.
Findings & Conclusion The following results were obtained by examining the designs and decorations of Aljaito altar: 81 patterns of herbal design were extracted from the altar designs, with a range of 28% horizontal rectangle, 22% circle, 21% pentagon, 15% vertical rectangular, 7% star, 6% square, and 1% Shamseh; the majority of it included horizontal rectangle. Also, the dominant line in Aljaito altar designs adhered to 100% of the curve pattern, and 85% were completely non-symmetrical and 15% was vertical to the axis in the herbal designs.
Instruments & Methods Through library and field studies, we have identified the decoration of the altar of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses architectural software.
Findings & Conclusion The following results were obtained by examining the designs and decorations of Aljaito altar: 81 patterns of herbal design were extracted from the altar designs, with a range of 28% horizontal rectangle, 22% circle, 21% pentagon, 15% vertical rectangular, 7% star, 6% square, and 1% Shamseh; the majority of it included horizontal rectangle. Also, the dominant line in Aljaito altar designs adhered to 100% of the curve pattern, and 85% were completely non-symmetrical and 15% was vertical to the axis in the herbal designs.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Issue 1 (Tome 44)- 2006)
Abstract
Motivated and efficient human resources have a very significant role in increasing the effectiveness of an organization. Knowing the rate of employees’job satisfaction may help the managers to improve human resource productivity. Based on different studies, there are a lot of Factors inFluencing job satisfaction. The rate of influence of each factor is different depending on the size, culture, awarding system, promotional system, kind of production and other environmental factors of an organization. In this research, based on scientific hypotheses and tests, it was tried to obtoin the main determinants of job satisfaction in public sectors. According to a case study in Interior Ministry, it was found out that which factors for the dependent variable of job satisfaction have a predictor role and which of the independient variables such as appraisal system, leadership style, level of income and promotional system has a significant relation with it.
N. Alamdar , B. Rasekh, F. Yazdian ,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface tension reducing compounds produced by a wide range of microorganisms. These compounds are caused to facilitate the absorption insoluble substrate by microbial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoparticles of Fe/SDS on the biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture is molasses.
For this purpose were used different concentrations of nanoparticles 1, 500 and 1000 mg/L. As a result the concentration of 1mg /L of Fe/SDS nanoparticles has the best effect on the growth of bacteria and biosurfactant production. This concentration increased 23.21% cell growth and 20.73% biosurfactant production compared with control samples. By increasing the concentration of nanoparticles reduced growth rate and biosurfactant production was observed. This indicates that the nanoparticles having negative effects of higher concentrations.
The results showed that low concentrations of nanoparticles Fe/SDS has positive effects on bacterial biosurfactant production and therefore a good alternative to chemical surfactants for use in the petroleum industry.
For this purpose were used different concentrations of nanoparticles 1, 500 and 1000 mg/L. As a result the concentration of 1mg /L of Fe/SDS nanoparticles has the best effect on the growth of bacteria and biosurfactant production. This concentration increased 23.21% cell growth and 20.73% biosurfactant production compared with control samples. By increasing the concentration of nanoparticles reduced growth rate and biosurfactant production was observed. This indicates that the nanoparticles having negative effects of higher concentrations.
The results showed that low concentrations of nanoparticles Fe/SDS has positive effects on bacterial biosurfactant production and therefore a good alternative to chemical surfactants for use in the petroleum industry.
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
The extrusion process is widely used in making aquatic feeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extrusion on biochemical analysis, removal of phenolic compounds and protein and carbohydrate digestibility of wheat flour in common carp. In treatments 1, 2 and 3 wheat flour was mixed with tap water at the rate of 250, 100 and 200 ml per kg of flour and then extruded by a single-axis extruder under the temperature of 120, 135 and 120 °C, respectively. Treatment 4 (control) was not subjected to the conditions of dough preparation and then extrusion. Extruding had no significant effect on the amount of crude protein and ash of wheat flour (p>0.05) but it significantly decreased the content of crude lipid, total phenolic compounds and non-tannin phenolic compounds and increased the digestibility of carbohydrate and protein (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the amount of crude protein, crude lipid, ash and non-tannin phenolic compounds in the extruded treatments, but significantly the lowest amount of total phenolic compounds was recorded in treatments 1 and 2. Significantly, the highest carbohydrate digestibility was obtained in treatments 1 and 2, and the highest protein digestibility was observed in treatment 2. In total, treatment 2 (135 °C and 100 ml tap water per kg flour) was recognized as the best extruded wheat flour for common carp.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (Autumn 2013 2013)
Abstract
According to trade theories, economic integration results in increasing trade and income among trade partners. This paper tries to test the major factors affecting the exports of agricultural products in ECO members using spatial econometric approach. For this purpose, the exports statistics of ECO members has been used in the form of panel data during 1992-2008. Agricultural exports function has been estimated using the Static (fixed and random effects) and Dynamic (generalized method of moments (GMM)) methods in panel data with classic and spatial econometric approaches. The estimated results indicate the existence of spatial dependence among the countries, so the using this estimation procedure is justified. GDP, Exchange rate and spatial variables (such as proximity) have positive effects and Population has negative effect on agricultural exports. Finally, it is suggested that the estimation equations should consider the proximity between the countries and with the increase in the exchange rate and GDP, increase exports in order to provide the necessary basis. Population control policies may also apply.
Volume 13, Issue 15 (Third Special Issue 2014)
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) is one of the techniques for heat transfer enhancement. In current study, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer inside a vertical tube is experimentally investigated under applying a strong electrical field (EHD). For this purpose, a wire electrode with positive polarity is used along the pipe axis while the inner surface of tube is connected to the ground. EHD disturbs the thermal boundary layer by generating ionic wind which flows from wire electrode to inner side of tube and causes the heat transfer enhancement. In this study, the effects of wire electrode diameter and also electrical field on heat transfer enhancement are investigated. Obtained data are reported as local Nusselt number along the pipe axis and mean Nusselt number. The results show that decreasing the wire electrode diameter increases the heat transfer of tube. In addition, increasing of electrical current due to strong electrical field, increases the Nusselt number. At the lowest wire electrode diameter, the highest Nusselt number was observed which was 2.03 times more than the case that no electrical field was applied.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (January & February 2024)
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to provide a new and practical definition for idioms and collocations, based on syntactic criteria, not merely semantic. One of the important criteria for distinguishing these two types of phrases (idioms and collocations) is the flexibility of their constituent elements. Idioms and collocations have not yet been studied within a syntactic approach. According to Construction Grammar, idioms were analyzed based on four syntactic tests: "passivization", "clefting", "dislocation" and "interrogation". Construction Grammar is a set of cognitive grammars that considers construction as a symbolic unit consisting of form and meaning poles. Two hundred idioms were analyzed. These idioms were collected from two main sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Abolhassan Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Hassan Anvari, 2019). The four constructions of each idiom were judged syntactically by 15 people as research participants. The meanings of some of these constructions showed that the syntactic flexibility of all idioms is not the same. Some idioms were flexible to syntactic changes and therefore behaved similarly to collocations. The flexibility of idioms led to the introduction of a new definition of these types of phrases based on syntactic criteria. Thus, such phrases were considered a kind of collocation, not an idiom. In other words, those lexical phrases were called idioms which were inflexible to these syntactic constructions.
1. Introduction
One of the important distinctions between idioms and collocations has always been its semantic aspect. Another important distinction between them is related to the lack of syntactic changes in idioms. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of idioms is the immutability of their constituent elements. In relation to the syntactic changes of idioms, Mel'čuk points to four syntactic changes including passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation which can cause the displacement of the constituent elements of idioms (2014). In this article, using the linguistic intuition of Persian speakers, we seek to investigate whether these syntactic changes occur in all Persian idioms or only in a limited set; and if we observe the occurrence of this phenomenon, whether our definition of idioms is the same as the previously known definitions or we should go to a new definition of them. It seems that we are not faced with an idiom in its general sense, but we will have a new form of a collocation where a lexical element will play the role of a pivot and another lexical element will play the role a function. The main goal of the current research is to analyze idioms from a new perspective and evaluate the structural differences of idioms and collocations. Actually, by using the above 4 syntax tests, we are trying to recognize two types of expressions in Persian.
Research Question(s)
The research questions of this study are as follows:
1. Based on what criteria can idioms and collocations be separated?
2. In which area or areas of grammar can the criteria for distinguishing idioms and collocations be explained?
2. Literature Review
Construction Grammar (CxG) is a cover term for a number of grammatical theories and models within the field of cognitive linguistics. The most basic unit of study in this grammar is construction, not the syntactic units or those rules that combine these syntactic units together. According to CxG, the basis of language communication is a set of fixed expressions in the mind of language speakers, which are memorized like a formula. From this point of view, linguistic expressions as pairs of form and meaning are considered the main and formal unit of language (Goldberg, 1995 & 2003; Sinclair, 2004). Constructions in CxG, just like words, are a combination of form and meaning. These constructions are basically considered symbolic units (Croft, 2007, p. 472). They are associated with syntactic, morphological, phonological and pragmatic meaning. According to Goldberg, C is considered a construction if and only if C is a pair of form and meaning in such a way that some aspects of Fi or some aspects of Si cannot be entirely predicted from the components of construction C (1995, p. 4). In this definition, the symbol F stands for the word ‘form’ and the symbol S stands for the word ‘semantics’. Therefore, the pair shows a symbolic unit. Indexes also show the symbolic relationship between form and meaning.
3. Methodology
In the present research, the most up-to-date available sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Anvari, 2019) have been used. First, the data, which consists of 200 idioms, were extracted from the relevant sources. Then, those idioms were listed according to the previously mentioned definition. In the next step, the changes and displacements of the elements present in the idioms, i.e. passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation were investigated. In this way, at least 15 Persian speakers as research participants were used to judge the well-formed data resulting from the syntactic changes. In fact, by using the above 4 tests, we tried to give a new definition of idioms.
4. Results
Out of the total of 200 idioms that were examined, about 40 idioms were used in the passive construction and produced sentences that had the same meaning as the idiom. Approximately 50, 60, and 50 idioms also produced meaningful sentences in clefting, dislocation, and interrogation constructions, respectively. The result of the final analysis of these 200 idioms shows that on average, a quarter of these idioms show flexibility against these four syntactic constructions. The above result indicates that the constituent elements of some idioms can be displaced and used in different constructions like collocations. Therefore, such expressions are collocations, not idioms.
.
1. Introduction
One of the important distinctions between idioms and collocations has always been its semantic aspect. Another important distinction between them is related to the lack of syntactic changes in idioms. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of idioms is the immutability of their constituent elements. In relation to the syntactic changes of idioms, Mel'čuk points to four syntactic changes including passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation which can cause the displacement of the constituent elements of idioms (2014). In this article, using the linguistic intuition of Persian speakers, we seek to investigate whether these syntactic changes occur in all Persian idioms or only in a limited set; and if we observe the occurrence of this phenomenon, whether our definition of idioms is the same as the previously known definitions or we should go to a new definition of them. It seems that we are not faced with an idiom in its general sense, but we will have a new form of a collocation where a lexical element will play the role of a pivot and another lexical element will play the role a function. The main goal of the current research is to analyze idioms from a new perspective and evaluate the structural differences of idioms and collocations. Actually, by using the above 4 syntax tests, we are trying to recognize two types of expressions in Persian.
Research Question(s)
The research questions of this study are as follows:
1. Based on what criteria can idioms and collocations be separated?
2. In which area or areas of grammar can the criteria for distinguishing idioms and collocations be explained?
2. Literature Review
Construction Grammar (CxG) is a cover term for a number of grammatical theories and models within the field of cognitive linguistics. The most basic unit of study in this grammar is construction, not the syntactic units or those rules that combine these syntactic units together. According to CxG, the basis of language communication is a set of fixed expressions in the mind of language speakers, which are memorized like a formula. From this point of view, linguistic expressions as pairs of form and meaning are considered the main and formal unit of language (Goldberg, 1995 & 2003; Sinclair, 2004). Constructions in CxG, just like words, are a combination of form and meaning. These constructions are basically considered symbolic units (Croft, 2007, p. 472). They are associated with syntactic, morphological, phonological and pragmatic meaning. According to Goldberg, C is considered a construction if and only if C is a pair of form and meaning
3. Methodology
In the present research, the most up-to-date available sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Anvari, 2019) have been used. First, the data, which consists of 200 idioms, were extracted from the relevant sources. Then, those idioms were listed according to the previously mentioned definition. In the next step, the changes and displacements of the elements present in the idioms, i.e. passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation were investigated. In this way, at least 15 Persian speakers as research participants were used to judge the well-formed data resulting from the syntactic changes. In fact, by using the above 4 tests, we tried to give a new definition of idioms.
4. Results
Out of the total of 200 idioms that were examined, about 40 idioms were used in the passive construction and produced sentences that had the same meaning as the idiom. Approximately 50, 60, and 50 idioms also produced meaningful sentences in clefting, dislocation, and interrogation constructions, respectively. The result of the final analysis of these 200 idioms shows that on average, a quarter of these idioms show flexibility against these four syntactic constructions. The above result indicates that the constituent elements of some idioms can be displaced and used in different constructions like collocations. Therefore, such expressions are collocations, not idioms.
.
Volume 18, Issue 7 (Supplementary Issue - 2016)
Abstract
Export is an important factor in economic development and the creation of regional agreements is one of the ways to facilitate trade and exports; but measuring the success rate of these agreements is one of the challenges of this field. In this study, we compared the factors affecting agricultural exports and imports in the ECO and European :union: countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of countries’ trade policies on the other countries that are in the same trade zone. To achieve this objective, we used spatial econometric techniques on data regarding the years between 1992 and 2013. The results showed that spatial effects were present in both trade zones. The comparison of coefficients of these variables in the import and export functions, led to the introduction of a new index which can be used as a criterion to evaluate the level of agricultural development in different trade zones.
Volume 18, Issue 112 (May 2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flushing of CO2 / N2 gases at different ratios and gas treatment duration on physicochemical and microbiological properties of raw milk using a combined design. In this research acidity, pH, freezing point, total count, total yeast and mold count and total coliform count were performed on 15 raw milk samples between 9 and 15 minutes after injections. Statistical analysis showed that the combined treatment of nitrogen and carbon dioxide had significant effect on the acidity and pH of raw milk (p˂0.05), so that with increasing the amount of carbon dioxide to 100%, the pH decreased and acidity increased. The combined effect of both gases on the freezing point of raw milk was significant (p˂0.05). Increasing the treatment time of raw milk from 9 to 15 minutes had significant effect (p˂0.05) on reducing the microbial load, but no significant reduction was observed due to the combination of gases. According to ANOVA results, in 100% nitrogen and duration of 15 minutes, the best results in terms of microbiology and chemistry were obtained. The effect of milk treated with a mixture of CO2 and N2 gases on yogurt properties, as a food model, has also been investigated. Yogurt samples were investigated for chemical, microbial, and organoleptic properties during 22 days storage time. The results showed that the raw milk treated with gas mixture did not have an adverse significant effect on the sensory and physicochemical properties of yogurt (p> 0.05). However, yogurt acidity, pH and synthesis were significantly affected during storage time (p˂0.05). Therefore, the application of raw milk treatment with 100% nitrogen gas for 15 minutes can be considered as a bacteriostatic agent in the preservation of raw milk in industrial scale.
Volume 21, Issue 3 (5-2019)
Abstract
Control of environmental impacts which remain from agricultural activities is always a concern for communities. In Iran, wheat transportation takes place on roads that are dependent on fossil fuels and results in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, applying control policies for internalization of the external effects of releasing these pollutants seems necessary. One way to control this type of pollution is the use of tax instruments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the economic effects of pollution tax on wheat market actors. This tax is proportional to the shadow value of pollution that happens due to energy consumption in the distribution sector. For this purpose, a Dynamic Spatial Equilibrium Model has been used to model the wheat market and Input Distance Function has been used to estimate carbon dioxide emission tax. The results showed that application of the tax payment policy would reduce wheat trade in the country by about 24 percent, while only 16.2 percent of the wheat price was considered as tax. Therefore, carbon dioxide emission will be significantly reduced. On the other hand, due to increased transportation costs, economic surplus for customer declined and economic surplus for producers and government revenues increased. Hence, internalization of the external effects of carbon dioxide emission will increase the welfare of the society.
Volume 21, Issue 4 (Winter 2017)
Abstract
Recognizing the boundary of criminal intervention and non-criminal intervention in individual liberty is a question with is considered in debate of Principle on Criminalization. In crimination of cybercrimes specifies those acts which could be criminal in cyberspace. This procedure is based on some issues, such as principle of harm and The principle of individual independence, which limit incrimination and justification scopes. Some of them, such as the principle of general interest and the principle of the rule of law, are supporting incrimination as well, these principles as a rule and pattern determine those acts which should be excluded from state’s authority. This paper seeks to respond this question that how much are affected both Iranian and German criminal legislation systems, of incrimination of cyber wrongdoings? How much German concerned findings could be used in Iranian system? Findings of this research show that, German legislators, in a liberal manner which is based on human liberation and Individualism, which is mostly affect by principle of harm, provided that, the harm was sever and other preventive ways were impossible or useless. But Iranian legislator, along with using the principle of ham, with a different interpretation, considers harm to morality and Islamic worth, and this Iranian legislator’s notion is justified by the principle of rule of law and principle of general interest.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (1-2020)
Abstract
Water is the most important input used in agriculture. Due to the scarce water resources and dry and semi-arid climatic conditions of Iran, water demand management has special importance in the whole economy, including the agricultural sector, because this sector has the largest share in water consumption. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water demand function and to analyze the cross and symmetrical relationships between water and other inputs. For this purpose, the Ordinary, Allen, and Morishima's substitution elasticity were calculated, and the substitution and complementary relationship between water and other inputs were determined. These elasticities determine the amount and sign of cross relationship of water. In order to achieve the objectives of research, the translog cost function, along with the input share equations were estimated using iterative seemingly unrelated regressions. The information was related to crops and period (2007-2015) in Qazvin. The results showed that water was a low-elasticity input and its value was -0.75. Also, the cross elasticity with pesticide, labor, machinery and land was calculated as 0.71, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.89, respectively, which implied the substitution relationship. Investigating symmetry of elasticities also implies the asymmetry of Ordinary and Morishima elasticities and symmetry of Allen's elasticity with other inputs. In this regard, the cross elasticity of inputs of pesticide, labor, machinery, land and water were calculated as 0.28, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, indicating the asymmetry of this elasticity. Differences between levels of cross elasticities depend on the cost share of the two inputs and the sign of estimated coefficient.
Volume 22, Issue 4 (2-2019)
Abstract
Nowadays, the expansion of competition and the increasing complexity of the environments affecting business activities are significantly evident. Accordingly, application of appropriate business models has been of great importance for managers to determine the optimal performance of the organization activities in competitive conditions. Therefore, identification of various business models and familiarity with their main features are essential. In this study, it has been attempted through use of quantitative content analysis approach. It conducted by reviewing various studies on business from 1990 to 2017 to identify various business models under the major categories of the study. It lead o describe their features and factors to design and implement each model under minor categories. Through this research, various business questions have been answered and trends of the past studies of various business models, the most recent and most important models, as well as the most important factors in designing and implementing them, have been presented. This components in the results is hoping to be an effective step in helping executives of organizations and industries of the country to deploy or improve the business models.