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Translation is responsible for transferring knowledge from the source-language text to the target-language text. This process of transfer is sometimes difficult due to the specific complexities of the structure and style of the source language. It becomes more important when the Qur’an, which has an independent linguistic culture on the one hand and is a sacred (non-human) text on the other, be the case. A problem occurring in most of the Persian translations is how to find a true equivalent for the Qur’anic phrase “’an yadin wa hum sāghirūn” (Tawbah (9): 29), resulting to issue special jurisprudential rulings. Applying the analytical-descriptive method, this paper tries to evaluate the opinions of commentators, jurists and translators for finding the meaning and translation of the verse, and then present its exact Persian equivalent. Findings show that based on this verse, many commentators and jurists as well as most of the translators emphasize the humiliation of the People of the Book in paying jizya (tribute), while it contradicts the literal meaning of sāghir and its semantic range in the Qur’an, Islamic hadith and Sunnah. In conclusion, it is proved that the meaning of the phrase, in harmony with the words, verses and traditions, will be “to pay jizya as much as possible while accepting a low status”, which is not observed in most of the translations examined here.

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A bioassay-guided fractionation on repeated silica gel column chromatography was used to identify natural antifungal agents in the ethanol extract of Kelussia odoratissima leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction of the extract has significant inhibitory activity against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, whereas the water fraction showed no effect. The main compound responsible for antifungal activity was determined by NMR and Mass Spectrometry techniques and identified as (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide. It exhibited the highest mycelial growth inhibition with IC₅₀ = 270 mg/L. Additionally, it inhibited the microsclerotia production and dark pigments formation. (Z)-ligustilide was identified as a moderately active compound with 62% inhibition. These findings revealed the crucial role of natural phthalides as sources of bioactive compounds that might be used in natural pesticide discovery.


 

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Alpha-synuclein protein (α-syn) is the main factor known in Parkinson's disease. The expression of this protein has challenges. One of these challenges is the presence of protein in bacterial pellet. Studies have shown that the expression of proteins with tags such as small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) increases the expression in the soluble phase, therefore the expression of α-syn with this sequence was investigated to increase the protein in the soluble phase. It has also been shown in studies that SUMOylation has an inhibitory effect on fibrillation, also in this study the effect of the SUMO on alpha-synuclein fibrillation was investigated. The α-syn gene was cloned with SUMO-tag. Nickel sepharose column was used to purify the protein, and dialysis was performed and fibrillation was checked by fluorescence emission of Thioflavin for 72 hours and was observed that the protein with SUMO sequence has a higher expression level, and 95% of the protein is in the soluble phase. On the other hand, it was shown that the SUMO sequence has an inhibitory effect on the process of amyloid fibril formation. The results obtained from previous studies showed that the binding of the SUMO sequence increases the expression and solubility of recombinant proteins. This study revealed that the presence of this sequence contributed to the protein expression level and the protein's presence in the solution phase. On the other hand, observations showed that this sequence has anti-fibrillation properties for proteins with amyloid properties, and in this study showed that SUMO prevents α-syn aggregation.
 

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The useful shelf life of belly pepper fruit is very short by the loss of visual and tissue quality as well as contamination with microorganisms. The most common microorganisms are effective in the spoilage of pepper are Botrytis, Alternaria and soft fungi and bacterial rottenness. These problems reduce exports and increase waste during post-harvest and transportation phases. At present, a set of chemicals is used to maintain the freshness and quality of crops that can have adverse effects on the consumer. Therefore, in order to reduce post-harvest lesions of belly pepper, in the present study, the effect of ozone gas treatment on storage and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pepper as a factorial experiment and in a completely randomized design during 40 days of storage in a warehouse with a temperature of 8 degrees Celsius was studied. The results showed that ozone treated pepper fruits at a concentration of 1 ppm compared to untreated and treated fruits at a concentration of 5 ppm, had lower weight loss, soluble solids and surface mold-yeast rot and higher hardness. In general, it can be concluded that continuous ozone treatment at 1ppm concentration increases shelf life and preserves the quality of sweet pepper fruits.

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Today, packaging in the modified atmosphere is used as one of the newest types of packaging to increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Sweet peppers, as a rich source of vitamin C, are one of the most perishable vegetables that require proper transportation and care for shelf life and quality. The shelf life of pepper is limited due to the rapid loss of water during long storage, and the sensitivity to frostbite and common spoilage by Botrytis and Alternaria microorganisms. Therefore, by optimizing the durability of this product, it can be possible to lower a large amount of its waste.
In this study, the effect of packaging in a modified atmosphere with three gas combinations containing a combination of conventional gas (which contains 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide and 78% nitrogen), the primary gas composition consists of 10% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide And 85% nitrogen and secondary gas composition consisting of 5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide and 85% nitrogen in polyethylene film and maintaining at 8 °C and 95% relative humidity on some properties of belly pepper was evaluated.
The effects of these treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design with factorial experiment and three replications on traits such as weight loss, texture hardness, pH and solids content during 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after harvest. The results showed that, after each storage period, 5% oxygen treated and 10% carbon dioxide treated treatments were better suited for maintaining quality characteristics for pepper, due to more carbon dioxide and lower respiration, and generally keeping the product in packaging with Modified atmosphere, preserving quality and prolonging its shelf-life

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Drought stress reduces growth and productivity of crops in arid and semiarid regions, such as Iran. Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) is involved in regulating plants growth and their immune responses. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MeJA on growth and some physiological responses of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) plant under drought stress condition. Treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress including stress free conditions, mild stress and severe stress, and four concentrations of MeJA (0, 75, 150, and 225 μM). The results showed that drought stress and MeJA application had a significant effect on morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. In drought conditions, some growth parameters, namely, relative water content and essential oil yield decreased and antioxidant activity, proline content, and essential oil percentage increased. The results suggest that MeJA application under drought stress can improve growth parameters as well as relative water content, proline content, antioxidant activity, and essential oil percentage and yield. The best protection appeared to be obtained from plants treated with MeJA at 75 μM.

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In the present study, the effect of drying methods on the bioactive compounds of the two salvia spieces,Salviaofficinalis  andsalvia nemorosa,was investigated. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment with two factors in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was two species of salvia and the second factor was drying method in 4 levels of shade drying for 144 hours, drying under the sun irradiation for 78 hours and drying in oven at 40 and 70°C for 37 and 6 hours, respectively. With concidering two levels for the first factor and four levels for the second factor, 8 treatments were studied in the experiment. The results showed that the highest extract yield (11%) was obtained from samples which dried in the oven with 70°C and in both species with a higher rate inS.nemorosa. The percentage of weight loss was not affected by drying methods but it affected by species andS.officinalis had the highest weight loss compared to another specie. High value of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total tannin and antioxidant properties of two speiceswere found in samples dried in shade, and the lowest value of these traits were recorded in plants which dried in the oven at 70°C. High contents of phenolic acids including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and salvainolic acidwere recorded  in both species which dried at shade condition and the lowest amount were found in samples dried in oven at 70°C. Also, salvainolicacid and rosmarinic acid was recorded at high level of phenolic acids in samples dried at shad condition.By comparing breeded (S. officinalis) and native species (S. nemorosa), it was found that the native species can have outstanding features for domestication, improvement and further research.
 

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Employing machine tools with more than three degrees of freedom, is one of the effective methods for increasing the flexibility and accuracy of the machining parts. The milling machines with parallel mechanisms and higher degrees of freedom, have great stiffness and flexibility and also have great capability in the machining of the complicated parts. The calibration of this type of device, allows for increasing the accuracy and repeatability of the produced parts. In this article, a 4DOF milling machine with a parallel mechanism is introduced and necessary tests are performed to detect the movement errors of its rails. Again, the movement errors of the device have been measured by means of a dial indicator on a fixed part of the device using a magnetic base for positioning and linear movement of the device, and the measurement of errors after calibration has shown that the errors of the device have been significantly reduced. And it has increased the accuracy of the movement axes of the milling machine. Furthermore, the straightness of the axes is measured using a dial indicator and the error compensations are done. It is shown that the straightness of each axis with the adjustment of limit switches are improved very well.

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Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. is a perennial medicinal plant from Apiaceae family. There is some evidence in Iranian traditional medicine about the anticonvulsant and anthelmintic properties of D. ammoniacum gum resin exudating from its root and stem. In this study, D. ammoniacum was collected from southwestern part of Iran and their Essential Oils (EOs) content and compositions were investigated by gas chromatography techniques. The EO yield of D. ammoniacum root, stem, leaves, flower and gum were 0.4, 0.2, 0.24, 0.46, and 1.0 v/w%, respectively. Although there were some variations among different organs EOs, some similarities could be easily observed. The major compounds in the gum EO were (2E, 6E)-farnesol (12.2%), cuparene (11.5%), (2Z,6Z)-farnesol (8.7%), β-bisabolene (6.1%). The root oil had thymol (14.7%), heptacosane (12.8%), tridecanol (12.7%) and 4-methylene-5-hexenal (6.8 %) as the major compounds. Endo-Fenchyl acetate (13.1%), elemicin (10.5%), p-cymen-8-ol (6.8%) and thymol (5.6%) were identified in the stem oil. The major constituents of the leaves oil were n-hexadecanol (9.1%), cuparene (8.2%), Di-n-butyl phthalate (6.6%), n-eicosane (6.6%), bicyclogermacrene (5.4%) and β-bisabolene (5.2%). The major compounds in flower oil were tridecanol (13.2%), δ-elemene (11.2%), n-eicosane (8.2%), and heptadecanoic acid (7.8%). According to different applications, nine different extracts were also prepared from all organs and their Antioxidant Activity (AA), Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference among all extracts of D. ammoniacum in AA, TPC and TFC (P≤ 0.01). Results showed that the highest radical scavenging activity was observed in M₂F (second Methanolic extract of Flower) and M₂L (second Methanolic extract of Leaves) samples with IC₅₀ of 40.3 μg mL^-1 and 43.6 μg mL^-1 compared to BHT (26.0 μg mL^-1). The highest TPC in M₂F and M₂R (second Methanolic extract of Root) samples were 36.4 and 35.7 mg GAE g^-1 DW of extracts, respectively. The highest TFC belonged to M₂L with 26.4 mg QE g^-1 DW of extract. Results also showed that D. ammoniacum organs extracts contained moderate to high amounts of AA and TPC.