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Black stem is one of the most important fungal diseases of sunflower which is caused by Phoma macdonaldii. This research was conducted to clarify the interactions between a few breeder lines and wild-type accessions of sunflower with seven isolates of Phoma macdonaldii, the causal agent, under controlled conditions. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of 30 seedlings. Twenty micro liters of spore suspension was deposited at the intersection of the cotyledon petiole and hypocotyl of four-leaf-stage sunflower seedlings as well. Three, five and seven days after inoculation, seedlings were scored on a 1-9 scale for percentage of necrotic area. Highly significant differences were observed among genotypes, isolates and their interactions for disease severity 7 days after inoculation based on AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) values. Two models of GGE biplot including Isolate-based and genotype-based models were used to study the pathogenicity of the isolates and susceptibility of sunflower, respectively. Isolate-focused biplot revealed that there was a considerable difference between virulence of isolates. Based on genotype-focused biplot model, accessions including 665 Iowa, 1012 Nebraska, 211 Illinois and 1016 Nebraska were more resistant to studied isolates of P. macdnaldii. Results revealed that GGE biplot approach could lead to good understanding about interactions between sunflower genotypes and Phoma macdonaldii isolates.  

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Aims: Home businesses have a historical background. With the advent of the virtual space, many people have started to create a business in their home environment for various reasons. This change has had many visible and invisible effects not only in the home and family, but also in the city. The upcoming research is focused on determining the ranking of the components and social dimensions of sustainable development under the influence of home businesses in order to determine their priority.
Methods: Descriptive-analytical research method with quantitative method and qualitative results and the results are based on the opinions of 35 experts based on the results of a specialized questionnaire. In conclusion, the 25 components and 9 indicators of the social subcategory of sustainable urban development based on the 2030 sustainable development document, using a structured questionnaire and its analysis with EXCEL and SPSS software, tries to make changes related to division and prioritization.
findings: The components “Social Empowerment, literacy  , Quality Education , Social Responsibilities , Manpower Development, Social Confidence, Amount of Crimes, Neighborhood Development, Social Streaming” and the indicators “Education, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Social Security , Social Capital” are heavily influenced by home businesses .
Conclusion: The main results showed that home businesses, both online and offline, directly and indirectly have a significant impact on the social dimension of sustainable urban social development, And it is suggested to planning for sustainability goals of countries.

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This study was conducted to evaluate genetic variation among 70 sunflower recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the crosses PAC2 × RHA266 together with parents based on seed morphological traits by using a rectangular lattice design with two replications. Seed morphological such as kernel length, kernel width, kernel diameter, 100-kernel weight, percentage of hull, percentage of dehulled kernel and seed yield per plant was measured. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines for the studied traits. The highest coefficient of phenotypic variation was observed for seed yield per plant (23.42) and the lowest one was observed for percentage of dehulled kernel (1.37). The highest heritability was observed for 100-kernel weight (0.995) and kernel width (0.990) and the lowest one was observed for the yield per plant (0.521). The highest correlation coefficients were observed between kernel diameter and kernel width (0.908). Principal component analysis reduced the seed characteristics traits to 2 components explaining 81% accumulative variance. By using Ward clustering method based on seed morphological traits the 72 studied sunflower lines were classified into six groups.

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This study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships between yield and related traits in oily sunflower lines. 152 sunflower lines collected from different parts of the world were investigated at completely randomized design with nine replications on Urmia University in 1391 under pot conditions. 14 agro-morphological traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, head diameter, 100 seed weight, head dry weight, , seed yield per plant, number of days from planting to flowering, and number of days from planting to maturity, dehulled kernel to whole kernel and harvest index were measured. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits. Among the traits, the highest coefficient of phenotypic variation was observed for seed yield per plant (56.30), harvest index (44.4) and head dry weight (35.44). The results of correlation analysis showed that there is significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant with most of the studied traits. Results of sequential path analysis revealed that the variables such as number of leaves, dehulled kernel to whole kernel, head diameter, and plant height were arranged as the first-order variables. Cluster analysis subdivided the genotypes into 4 groups. The maximum distance were observed between the genotype from groups 3 and 4 (28.30).

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Drought is known as an important factor limiting growth and product of field crops in most parts of the world and Iran. In the present work, the genetic diversity of 100 inbred lines of sunflower was investigated based on agro-morphogical characters with simple lattic design with two replications under normal and drought stress conditions. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines for most of studied traits. Uneder normal condition, the highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for stem diameter and the lowest one observed for relative water content. In drought stress condition, the highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for seed yield per plant and the lowest one observed for days to flowering. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant with most of the studied traits in both stress conditions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that under drought stress condition 73.9 percent of seed yield per plant variation was expailed by heed diameter, leaf width and petiol length and in normal condition 73.6 yield grain per plant variation explained by head diameter and plant height. Cluster analysis grouped lines into 4 clusters in each one of normal and drought conditions but the distruption of lines within groups were differents depending to stress environment that present the genetic variability for drought tolerance in sunflower lines.

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One of the newest methods in plant breeding programs is mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) with molecular markers. In order to identify QTL associated with some chemical traits such as chlorine, nicotine, sugar concentrations and ash in oriental tobacco, a population of 55 recombinant inbred lines coming from the cross Basma seres 31 × SPT406 were evaluated for above mentioned traits. QTL mapping was performed using linkage map developed on 103 recombinant inbred lines by 64 molecular markers including 14 SSR, 24 ISSR and 26 retrotransposone. The linkage map is composed of 7 linkage groups (LGs). Composite interval mapping revealed 5 QTLs associated with studied traits. Phenotypic variation explained by identified QTLs varied between 0.34 and 0.70. Any QTL was not detected for sugar concentration in tobacco leaves. Common markers between some of studied traits can be due to linkage or pleiotropic effects. The common markers lead to increase the efficiency of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs via simultaneously selection for several traits.

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Calpastatin (CAST) is a specific inhibiter of calpains, playing a role in meat tenderization and myogenesis. In the present study, the polymorphism of the CAST gene of Makoei sheep was investigated by polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism technique (PCR–SSCP). Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected from 100 sheep. A 622 bp CAST exon 1 segment was amplified by standard PCR, using the locus specific primers. PCR products were subjected to a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Four SSCP patterns, representing four different genotypes, were identified. The frequencies of the observed genotypes were 0.31, 0.04, 0.63 and 0.02 for AA, BB AB and AC, respectively. Allele frequencies were 0.6313, 0.3586 and 0.01 for A, B and C, respectively. The Observed heterozygosity (Hobs) value for CAST gene was 0.4728. The chi-square test showed significant (P< 0.01) deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this locus in Makoei sheep population.

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The Sunn pest is a serious pest of cereals causing severe damage to cereals especially of wheat. Its life cycle has two different phases, one is growth and development phase and the other is diapause phase which takes place in adult stage. In this study the effects of juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen, ecdysone analogue methoxyfenozide and mixture of pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide on diapause termination of

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The major objective of seedless grape breeding program is production of grapes with high quality. Breeding of seedless grapes is difficult because the embryos are aborted after fertilization. Embryo rescue technique is utilized to obtain plants from crosses between seedless cultivars. In the present study, the effect of paternal genotypes and different IAA concentrations in presence of BA applications were investigated on embryo rescue in Askari cultivar in randomized complete block design with three replications. Sprays with BA were performed two times at 18 E-L and 27 E-L stages. Hybrid embryos were produced from the cross between Askari cultivar as a female parent and Ruby Seedless, Bidane Sefid, and Bidane Ghermez as male parents. Forty days after pollination (at 29 E-L stage), ovules were cultured on NN medium with three different concentrations of IAA (1, 1.75, 3 mg L^-1). The results showed that male genotypes and different concentrations of IAA on the media had a significant effect on embryo germination. BA treatment did not affect the embryo germination solely. But, the effect of BA and different concentrations of IAA was significant on embryo germination. The best concentration of IAA with BA treatment was 1 mg L^-1 and without BA was 3 mg L^-1. The highest embryo germination rate was observed in 'Askari×Ruby Seedless' cross that was pretreated with BA and cultured on medium with 1 mg L^-1 IAA concentration.

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Basal stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important diseases of sunflower. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) implicated in partial resistance to two isolates of S. sclerotiorum (SSU107 and SSKH41) were investigated using F₉ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between sunflower parental lines PAC2 and RHA266. Experiments were conducted in completely randomized design with 3-6 replications under controlled conditions. The reaction of genotypes to basal stem rot disease was evaluated by measuring the percentage of necrosis area three days after inoculation. Combined analysis of experiments showed significant interactions between sunflower genotypes and S. sclerotiorum isolates suggesting that partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum should be isolate-specific in sunflower. QTLs were mapped using an updated high-density SSR and SNP linkage map. The map consisted of 210 SSRs and 11 gene-derived markers placed in 17 linkage groups (LGs). The total map length was 1,653.1 cM with a mean density of 1 marker per 7.44 cM. A total of 14 QTLs were detected for partial resistance to two isolates. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (R²) ranged from 0.10 to 9.85. The sign of additive gene effects showed that favorable alleles for partial resistance to isolates came from both parents. Six QTLs were common between two isolates on LGs 1, 8 and 17, whereas the others were specific for each isolate. Co-localized QTLs on LG 1 were linked to the glutathione S-transferase gene (GST). The co-localized QTLs for partial resistance to basal stem rot isolates could be good candidates for marker assisted selection (MAS).

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Broomrape is a debilitating holoparasiting weed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) fields with devastating effects on its production. In this study, the reaction of 89 tobacco genotypes was evaluated against broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in randomized complete block design with three replications during two years. In each year, genotypes were planted in both non-inoculated and inoculated conditions where the soil of pots was mixed with 0.06 g of broomrape seed. Considering the average data of two years, studied genotypes did not show infection to broomrape at non-inoculated condition, whereas in inoculated condition, the majority of genotypes showed infection to broomrape. Two genotypes including ‘TB 22’ and ‘Kramograd NHH 659’ did not show any infection to broomrape in inoculated condition. In a molecular experiment, the fingerprint of tobacco genotypes was prepared with 26 SSR loci. Using model-based Bayesian approach, the studied association panel was divided into three subgroups. The D¢ was used to test the LD between pairs of SSR loci using the software package TASSEL. 7.08% of possible SSR locus pairs showed significant level of linkage disequilibrium (P<0.01). By using mixed linear model, 5 SSR loci from linkage groups 2, 10, 11 and 18 of tobacco reference map were identified as DNA markers to be linked to gene(s) controlling broomrape resistance in tobacco.

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Nowadays, the use of tissue culture technique in the production of plant secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, as a natural food additive has become very widespread in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapevine Rasha and Qzel Ozum cultivars that were produced by tissue culture under in vitro condition. For this purpose, the terminal buds of grape cultivars were cultured in Murashige - Skoog Medium to produce complete seedlings. Then the methanolic extract was prepared from healthy grapevine leaves and to perform polyphenol composition tests using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, functional groups using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, total phenol content, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids, acid content, ascorbic acid, free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl  (OH⁻). The results showed that the amount of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanin and total carotenoids of methanolic extracts of Rasha cultivar were 50.35±0.10, 29.72±0.05, 10.41±0.20, and 1.82±0.50 mg/g, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum cultivar were 23.06±0.31, 20.76±0.15, 7.28±0.15, and 94.94±0.42 mg/g, respectively. Ascorbic acid, DPPH and OH⁻ free radicals scavenging activity in methanolic extracts of Rasha leaves were 1.83±0.04, 25.38±1.52, and 75.04±2.74 %, respectively, and in Qzel Ozum leaves were 0.85±0.01, 18.71±2.05 and 68.96±3.61 %, respectively. As a general result, the results showed that the grape leaves of the Rasha cultivar were more than the grapevine leaves of Qzel Ozum cultivar in terms of all studied characteristics (p <0.05). This study also showed that grape leaves are rich in phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants and have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental constraints that reduce plant growth and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various NaCl concentrations on the physiological properties of grape cultivars. NaCl was added at three levels (0, 25, and 50 mM) to Murashige and Skoog medium under in vitro conditions to assess various effects on 21 grape cultivars. Effects of salinity stress were investigated on ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, as well as malondialdehyde, protein, proline, chlorophyll A and B contents, of all samples. The results showed that with an increase in salinity, the amount of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and protein increased in cv. Rasha, suggesting that it was more tolerant than the other cultivars. Malondialdehyde and Electrolyte leakage accumulation also increased in all cultivars, but this increase was higher in salinity-sensitive cultivars, such as hybrids and wild cultivars than resistant cultivars. During salinity stress, chlorophyll content decreased, and the lowest decrease in chlorophyll content was recorded in cv. Rasha, compared to other cultivars. This research demonstrated that the resistance of cv. Rasha, H6 and H4 to salinity stress was due to its ability to adjust proline, protein content, and antioxidant enzymes.