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The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the structure and function of an osteocalcin derived peptide on hydroxyapatite nanocrystal formation. For this purpose, , a natural motif sequence consisting of 13 amino acids present in the first helix of osteocalcin was selected based on its calcium binding ability and synthesized in both acidic and amidic forms using solid phase method. Circular dichroism (CD) and electron microscopy were performed to examine the structure and function of synthesized peptides. Moreover, the effect of these peptides on the viability of osteoblast cells was evaluated. Electron microscopy analysis showed the formation of plate-like HA nanocrystals in the presence of amidic peptide. In contrast, amorphous calcium phosphate was formed in the presence of acidic peptide. CD spectra analysis confirmed the random coil structure with lower molar elipticity for amidic peptide. In addition, the amidic peptide significantly increased the proliferation of osteoblast cells. It is concluded that increased bioactivity, which only occurred in amidic peptide is attributable to C-terminal amidation. It is also proposed that peptides with the ability to promote HA formation have the potential to be utilized in hard tissue regeneration high bioactivity and biocompatibility.

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Research subject: In this study, EDTA-functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ magnetic nanocomposites with core-shell structure were synthesized to remove divalent cadmium ions from aqueous solutions.
Research approach: During the first step, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanosphere core-shell is synthesized using nano Fe₃O₄ as the core, TEOS as the silica source and PVA as the surfactant. This strategy relies on the covalently bonding of ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid to bis(3-aminopropyl)amine and cyanuric chloride functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. In the next step, characteristics of surface functional groups, crystal structure, magnetic properties, size and surface morphology of these nanoparticles were investigated, identified and analyzed using physico-chemical characterization techniques including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer.  The adsorbent, due to its magnetic property, could be simply separated from the reaction mixture by a permanent magnet and reused in five consecutive cycles without considerable loss in its activity.
Main results: To probe the nature of the adsorbent, various experiments were investigated like adsorbent dose and contact time were optimized. Kinetic studies and the effect of different amounts of adsorbent to remove divalent cadmium ions from aqueous solutions show a maximum adsorption of 94% at ambient temperature. Moreover, the recyclability of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-EDTA was investigated in order to remove the divalent cation for successive adsorption-desorption cycles. All the results of studies show that the synthetic nanocomposite Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-EDTA is an effective, recyclable adsorbent with excellent performance for the removal of divalent cadmium.

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Research subject: This study demonstrates a synthetic strategy for the preparation of porous SiO₂ for adsorption applications using natural and waste materials from rice husks which are functionalized with polymer dendrimer molecules and surface amino groups as the source of biosilica and were investigated to remove divalent cadmium ions from aqueous solutions.
Research approach: Porous silica nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 45 nm were successfully fabricated from rice husk (RH) biomass via a multistep method. During the first step, sodium silicate is extracted from rice husks. Then, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, HCl, and acetic acid were added to the sodium silicate solution, and the resulting mixture was sonicated. After the hydrothermal reaction, the collected samples were calcinated to obtain silica nanoparticles. These synthetic nanoparticles were identified using various techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis and dynamic light scattering analysis. Then, the adsorption kinetics and the effects of synthetic nanoadsorbents dosage on the removal of divalent cadmium ions were investigated. The effect of contact time on cadmium adsorption and recyclability of adsorbent was also investigated.
Main results: The results show that there is no significant reduction in the performance and activity of this nanosorbent in the adsorption of metal ions after 6 times of recycling and reuse. The excellent performance of this nanosorbent in the removal of metal ions is due to its high porosity, active surface amine groups and high surface-to-volume ratio.

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The higher frequency transient signals generated as a result of a power system fault or disturbance provide the basis for an alternative approach to power system containing connectors and cables result in unsuitable operation of the system. However one major challenge is the need to ensure that the transients to be neutralized by electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues and cabling routes. This paper proposes novel method for optimal cable routings and connectors; a combinatorial design Algorithm, to choose the best path when two or more physical paths are available. The best path from EMC point of view can be chosen based upon various criteria such as monetary cost minimization, voltage drop and quality (electromagnetic compatibility) parameters. This paper initially provides a numerical 2D and 3D resolution of the problems of radiation generated by current sources. The approach is based on the finite element method (FEM) associated with absorbing boundary conditions. The presented model makes it possible to consider wave propagation and their effects in heterogeneous mediums in transient which can be applied in EMC for the simulation of radiation. First, the formulations of the electromagnetic problem are detailed. The simulation results are used for the cabling routes with respect to undesirable field distribution in the specified regions. Finally by the use of AHP optimal routes for cabling based upon the above mentioned criteria are chosen. The proposed method is successfully implemented on two different types of power systems, "high voltage substation and current injection system".

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Despite successful lime witches'-broom (LWB) phytoplasma transmission by Hishimonus phycitis to the lime trees and Bakraee seedlings, there is no published document regarding LWB transmission by H. phycitis to lime seedlings. To study the possibility of vector-based transmission to lime seedlings, the feral leafhoppers were collected in LWB-infected lime orchards and caged on one-year old Mexican lime seedlings. Six months after inoculation, 50% of inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms of LWB and were strongly positive in PCR assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of Ca. P. aurantifolia to Mexican lime seedlings by H. phycitis under greenhouse condition.
 
 

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Emergence of different approaches in the field of Organizational Development has raised the question that which approach Fits which organizational conditions for achieving Organizational Development. In order to answer this question Organizational Development approaches are divided into three categories. The first category is composed of those approaches in which radical and top-down changes along with using information technology are emphasized. Business Process Reengineering is the typical approach in this group. Those approaches that focus on partial moderate changes and give importance to quality of production and services fall in the second category. Total Quality Management can be labled as a typical in this group. The third category includes the approaches in which gradual change through organizational learning makes an organization prepared to meet environmental changes. Learning Organization can suitably referred to as a typical approach in this group. Having applied the technique of Critical Success Factor (CSF) to the corporate’s states of financial, market and customer satisfaction, we proposed a model to fit situational factors to effective organizational approaches. This model was emprically tested in serveral Iranian enterprises.

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              Nowadays, due to the ever-increasing trade arrangements in international arena and the impossibility of reviewing all terms and conditions of each contract, traders are left with no choice but to use standard forms, which are inclusive of contractual terms and provisions. It is problematic to use such forms when the parties go on to perform the contract, disregarding the discrepancies existent in the forms. The question arises now is that whether such a contract can be deemed concluded? In case the answer is affirmative, one should see based on whose form’s terms and conditions the contract should be entered into? CISG has no explicit provision with respect to this phenomenon known as “battle of forms”. Scholars are in disagreement as to whether one can infer the answer from the CISG’s provisions. Iranian law is also silent in this connection. Apparently, considering that a non-conforming acceptance is not looked at as a new or a counter-offer and whereas no contract has been concluded, it is negated to decide that the terms of which form prevail. Obviously, in such a situation, the relations of the parties are regulated and analyzed by recourse to the general principles of contracts regarding null and void agreements.          

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Abstract:High death rate as a result of the Road Traffic Collision (TRC) in Iran, and the concomitant financial and economic damages, is alarming and requires an immediate attention and proper solution. Taking the culture of safety into consideration, this research aims to offer a model for enhancing road safety. In order to achieve this goal, I have done a comparative study of successful methods adopted by several countries, in dealing with this problem. Based on these findings, I have developed a model and designed Delphi Panel In three Periods Dimensions, components, and the required indicators were found and their importance in Hierarchical analysis was determined. The panel members are composed of specialists and authorities in the area of road safety. Findings of this research show that adoption of any and each of the above mentioned components would enhance the road safety culture. Adopting a flexible approach in each circumstance constitutes the most important aspect of my model. This is because, under each particular circumstance, by enhancing certain factors, we will be able to achieve our goal of enhancing the culture of safety

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The increase in the urban population and the change in the consumption pattern in recent decades has caused the per capita volume of produced waste to increase significantly. The introduction of a large number of urban waste materials along with thousands of tons of dangerous toxic substances and hospital and industrial waste materials into the environment creates many problems that have harmful effects on other existing systems. urban and including their environmental system is remarkable. Finding a suitable place for waste disposal is one of the most important study steps in parallel with landfill design, whose management plays a significant role in environmental positioning because of the lack of attention to environmental and management studies in the planning process. Urban planning, especially in terms of landfill location, leads to problems such as flooding, leachate infiltration into underground water, soil and surface water pollution, placement on unstable land, and topological problems. In the Bandar Abbas, about 500 tons of waste is produced daily, which is collected in an unsanitary manner, collected, transported and buried in front of the railway station, which causes the spread of pollution in the region. For this reason, in the present study, an attempt has been made to locate the best landfill site to achieve this approach, 4 environmental criteria (6 sub-criteria), ecological (5 sub-criteria), structural (11 sub-criteria) and Physical (7 sub-criteria) was used. These criteria were weighted by ANP. After preparing the Euclidean distance map and combining it with fuzzy operators for each sub-criterion, the resulting map was multiplied by the ANP fuzzy weight. Then, fuzzy operators AND, OR, SUM, Product and gamma of 0.9, 0.7 and 0.5 were used to overlap the layers. OLS regression was used to select the best superimposed map. Finally, the TOPSIS was used to rank the selected sites and the best site. The results showed that the ecological criterion with a fuzzy weight of 0.443 has the greatest effect on the location of landfills. After that, structural, environmental and physical criteria were placed in the next ranks with 0.278, 0.182 and 0.095, respectively. In ecological sub-criteria, the distance from the sensitive habitat of Mount Gnu with 0.438; In structural sub-criteria, the distance from settlements with 0.155; In the environmental sub-criteria, the distance from the canal with 0.283 and in the physical sub-criteria, the distance from the river with 0.310 have the greatest effect on the location of landfill. Among the fuzzy overlay operators, the SUM fuzzy subscription operator has the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the landfill. Five landfill sites were identified in Bandar Abbas, and with the TOPSIS ranking model, District 4, located west of Bandar Abbas and Tel Siah village and east of Bandar Abbas, a 15 km2 of land was selected for landfilling of urban and industrial waste.