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Research subject: Using microwave and ultrasonic waves is a novel method in the petroleum industry that has been investigated for various purposes. Due to polar elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, oil molecules are affected by the electric field of microwave waves and create dipole moments that generate hotspots, increasing the temperature of the oil and breaking down heavy compounds such as asphaltene. Ultrasonic waves eliminate intermolecular forces by creating tiny bubbles and bursting them. It also leads to the breakdown of heavy molecules such as asphaltene.
Research approach: In this study, crude oil was exposed to microwave and ultrasonic radiation, and changes in its properties were investigated. The effects of changing parameters such as power and time on crude oil properties were also examined. Changes in the specific gravity and API can indicate the extent of the breakdown of heavy molecules such as asphaltene and improvement in crude oil quality.
Main results: Using microwave and ultrasonic waves can reduce the viscosity of crude oil by 12.4% and 6% and increase the API by 2.8 and 1.2 degrees, respectively. Asphaltene reduction due to microwave and ultrasonic waves is 9.3% and 4.3%, respectively, indicating the breakdown of these compounds and the conversion to smaller compounds soluble in oil, resulting in improved crude oil quality. The EDS results show an increase in the weight percentage of carbon and the reduction of elements such as oxygen and sulfur, which confirms this issue. Examining crude oil structure under microwave and ultrasonic radiation showed that microwave waves, in addition to affecting straight-chain hydrocarbons, also reduced aromatic compounds. However, ultrasonic waves had a more significant effect on straight-chain hydrocarbon structure.

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To evaluate genotype × environment interaction (GEI) of grapevine, 20 genotypes of grapevines with Russian origin were evaluated at one location in Urmia and four locations in Takestan (two locations under full irrigation and two locations under drought stress). This research was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and three vines in each plot, in 2012-2013 season. Data on fruit yield (kg/vine) of the grapevine genotypes grown at different test locations were recorded and subjected to stability analysis by nonparametric methods. Result of the combined ANOVA revealed that variances due to genotypes, environments, and genotype-environment interactions were highly significant. Significant genotypic variance indicated genetic diversity among genotypes yield. The highest S_i⁽¹⁾ and S_i⁽²⁾ mean absolute rank was observed for genotypes Ramfi TCXA, Apozoski Ramfi, X45 and Anapiski Ramfli, indicating the high instability of these genotypes. Among the individual Z values, it was found that genotypes Ramfi TCXA, Uzbakestan Moscat, Bli Ramfi, Apozoski Ramfi and Anapiski Ramfli were significantly stable relative to the others, of which the Z_i⁽¹⁾ and Z_i⁽²⁾ values were greater than the table χ²_{(0.05, 1)}(3.84). The genotypes Skieve and Gezgiski Ramfi ranked the first and second, respectively, according to S_i⁽³⁾, while, according to S_i⁽⁶⁾, genotypes Skieve and Uzbakestan Moscat ranked the first and second, respectively. Genotypes Uzbakestan Moscat, Bli Ramfi and Kishmish Ramfi Azos, respectively, had the highest stability and lowest changes in different environments and were recommendable as stable genotypes in different areas. But, it should be noted that yield of these genotypes was moderate. Genotype Muscat had a high yield and moderate stability. As a result, these genotypes (Uzbakestan Moscat, Bli Ramfi, Skieve, Muscat and Kishmish Ramfi Azos) indicated greater resistance to environmental fluctuation and, therefore, increasing specificity of adaptability to low yielding environments.