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In most of prose genres, in qajar era, there is a critical thinking which has caused the genres evolution. This Critical thinking is global, and we can recognize it in the first works in the beginning ages of Qajar era, after that, this approach more forcefully, has continued until Mashrooteh and it has fade gradually. Some of the prose genres and their changes, in this era, have been evaluated before, and some of them have been studied in this essay. The results are gathered, and compared. Critical approach has caused the evolution on the prose genres. Some of them have been abandoned; some of them have been changed significantly, so their relation with the previous cases has been cut. Some of them have been brought into being, and formed by this thinking, as independent ones, and after this era resume with rare changes. This fact proves that critical approach is the mainstream of prose genres evolution in the Qajar period.

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The development and function of mammalian cells, like other multicellular animals, requires cell to cell interactions, which are carried out directly via cellular junctions or indirectly by secretion of secretory molecules such as hormones. During the last two decades, exosomes have been introduced as the third mechanism for cellular interactions. Exosomes are small vesicles with membranes and 30 to 100 nm in size that exist in blood, urine, saliva, semen, and serum. Exosomes play an important role in a variety of biological processes such as immune response and inflammation, pregnancy, tissue generalization, blood coagulation, and angiogenesis. Exosomes are also involved in pathologic process such as neurological disorders, cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Because of their small size, exosomes are able to cross the cell membrane and protect the proteins from degradation. They also have the potential of transferring different compounds into the cell. Due to their receiver specificity, lack of inducing immune system, and more importantly having the capacity to be engineered as drug carriers, exosomes have been introduced as new agents for the transfer of genetic material and disease treatment.

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In the economic literature, inflation is one of the most important factors influencing income inequality. Since Iran as a developing country has frequently been facing with high and volatile inflation rates, the study of the effect of inflation on income inequality is of considerable importance. Despite the importance of the issue, the few studies that have dealt with this subject have not derived same result, so the effect of inflation on income inequality remains paradoxical. However, the economic studies in recent decades confirm the nonlinear relationship between inflation and income inequality. Inspired by these studies, we investigate the nonlinear effect of inflation on income inequality during 1971-2006. Likewise, we examine the Granger causality relationship between inflation and income inequality by using “Toda & Yamamoto” and “Error correction” procedures during 1971-2007.

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Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel is one of the ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.2) that produced 8.5 percent of industry value-added in Iran in 2007. Isfahan, Tehran, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Markazi provinces accounted for 90 percent of the value added in this sector. To determine competitive advantage in this sector, the regional input- output technique is used and AFLQ (Adjusted Flegg Location Quotient) is employed for making regional input- output tables. But this method is misleading, because it defines weak provinces as key sectors. This article presents new method (MFLQ) that provides better result than AFLQ. Isfahan (as a developed province) is not key sector in AFLQ method but it is key sector by MFLQ method.