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The effects of some micronutrients (iron, zinc and silicon) and macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were evaluated on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and plant growth parameters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Negin) in two independent trials. Each of iron, zinc and silicon micronutrients was used at 5 mg/kg of soil, as iron sequestrene (Fe-EDDHA), zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and sodium siliconate (Na₂O₃Si), respectively. Furthermore, nitrogen at 60, 120 and 180 mg/kg, phosphorus at 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg and potassium at 12.5, 25 and 37.5 mg/kg of soil were used as urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. At four-leaf stage seedlings, 8000 nematode eggs and juveniles (2 egg and juveniles/gr soil) were added around the roots. After 60-days, data analysis indicated silicon + iron, significantly reduced the number of galls/g of root by 55 and 42% compared to control, in the two experiments, respectively, but none of these treatments resulted in significant positive effects on the growth or yield of the studied cucumber cultivar. When macronutrients were evaluated, results showed that N₁₂₀P₂₅K₂₅ (120 mg/kg of Nitrogen, 25 mg/kg of phosphorus and 25 mg/kg of potassium) and N₁₂₀P₅₀K₂₅ (120 mg/kg of nitrogen, 50 mg/kg of phosphorus and 25 mg/kg of potassium) significantly reduced the number of galls by 96 and 81% (experiment 3) and 79 and 70% (experiment 4) when compared with control, respectively. These both treatments also improved cucumber growth parameters such as shoot dry and fresh weights, root fresh weight and fruit yield.

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It is possible to increase the efficacy of herbicides by adding vegetable oils to the spray tank. In order to evaluate and study this fact a greenhouse study was conducted. Three vegetable oils (coconut, sesame and almond oils at 0.3% (volume/volume)) were applied to compare their influence on enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl in 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized design with six replications in a factorial arrangement for each herbicide. The treatments were two herbicides, three adjuvants + untreated or control. The two herbicides were pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl that were divided into six doses (0, 6, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 percent of recommended doses) and applied with and without vegetable oils to control littleseed canary grass. Moreover, dose–response experiment was carried out for any applied herbicides. The results of experiment revealed that by adding all vegetable oils haloxyfop-R-methyl ester weed suppressing influence was increased more when it is compared to pinoxaden that was attributed to a positive relationship between oil receptivity and the high octanol–water partition coefficient of haloxyfop-R-methyl ester herbicide. Among evaluated vegetable oils, coconut oil owned highest ability to enhance the efficacy of two herbicides which is probably due to high saturated / unsaturated ratio of fatty acids. In addition to, the comparison of vegetable oils’ effects on efficacy of herbicides demonstrated that better performance of coconut oil is probably related to the existence of short-chain fatty acids in coconut oil particularly, Caprylic, Capric and Lauric.
 

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In this study, a robust controller is designed for fuzzy network control systems (NCSs) using the static output feedback. Delay and data packet dropout affect on the stability of network control systems, and therefore, the asymptotic stability condition is established considering delay and data packet dropout. Delay is time-varying while the lower and upper bounds for delay is defined, and the number of data packet dropout is unknown. Data drift is also an important phenomena that may occur when data is transmitted from sensors to the controller and from the controller to actuators. This phenomenon is modeled as a stochastic variable with a probabilistic distribution. For stability analyses, Lyapunov–Krasovskii functions, which depend on the limits of delay and data packet dropout, are used. Results of controller design are derived as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is adopted to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.    

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Using Muskhelishvili and Kolosov complex potential functions, an elastic solution is presented in this study in order to investigate stress components around circular tunnels reinforced by concrete lining with constant thickness. It was assumed that rock mass and concrete behave as isotropic linearly elastic materials. The rock mass undergoes an in situ stress field. It was also supposed that rock and concrete interface is in no-slip condition so that they have common displacement. Due to complexity of the problem for concrete reinforced layer, conformal mapping functions were utilized in order to find a solution. Supposing plane strain condition, the problem was solved, and a closed-form solution was obtained. The solution was compared to Kirsch solution, in which the lining thickness was reduced to zero, and also ABAQUS finite element software results, which showed a good agreement, except for ABAQUS software predictions around crown of tunnel lining periphery where some discrepancies were found; also it was demonstrated that this solution predicts stress components at inner lining periphery much more accurately than ABAQUS software. Finally, a sensitivity analysis based on rigidity and thickness of liner was conducted and some propositions were made on design of concrete liner. The advantage of this solution lays in the fact that it has quicker and more accurate calculation process compared to numerical methods.

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Awareness of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids regard to a significant development for use in research,it is necessary with regard to the inability of the analytical and experimental models that presented in most cases, it experimentally thermal conductivity can be measured. In this paper, the design and performance of thermal conductivity of fluids and nanofluidics measurement device without using a Wheatstone bridge is tested. Wheatstone bridge short transient hot wire method has previously been used for construction that requiring complex electronic systems and high power consumption. In this paper, a new method is provided so that no current or voltage is kept constant, but the method of measuring the relative resistance of the copper-clad lacquered with a diameter of 40 microns was used probe is easy to is within reach. The difference between the results of the design references, 1.17% is obtained. In this regard, changes in the magnetic fluid thermal conductivity is studied experimentally. Magnetic fluids are a new class of nanofluids are affected by magnetic fields and their properties can be changed. Fe3O4 magnetic water-based tests for different volume percentages.

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This numerical study forced convective heat transfer ferrofluid within a circular copper tube includes portions of the electromagnetic isolation under an alternating magnetic field is performed. Laminar flow through a tube under uniform and thermal flux passes. Intensifying transfer of particles and velocity increase in the boundary layer using nanoparticles to increase the effect of magnetic field onto more heat transfer, the main goal is. Convection regimens resulting from complex interactions between magnetic nanoparticles were studied under different conditions, with the concentration and volume of different the heat transfer process under different frequencies of the applied magnetic field were studied. Magnetic field effects on the convective heat transfer coefficient at different Reynolds numbers and volume percentages have been studied. Also when the electromagnetic is insulated pipe parts of have been studied and have been compared with the modes without insulation. Increase the frequency and volume fraction of magnetic field, resulting in increased heat transfer were better. Magnetic field at low Reynolds numbers have shown a greater impact. For prove the numerical results evaluated in this research work has been studied experimentally. The results showed that the modeling data were in very good agreement with experimental data.

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Metal bipolar plates are key components in fuel cells that are considered as the best alternative to replace graphite plates. Material selection in bipolar plates depends on its weight and corrosion resistance. Metallic bipolar plate can be considered as the best alternative instead of graphite and composite plates. One of the new processes in order to produce this plat is gas blow forming process. In this study, forming of AA8111 bipolar plates with 200 µm thickness in concave groove dies is investigated by gas blow forming process at various pressures (20, 30 and40 bar) and temperatures (300 and 400 ° C). The filling percent of die at various wall angles and depth to width ratios are examined. According to the dimension of channels, maximum and minimum thinning percentage at high temperature and pressure are investigated. Results show that at wall angle of ∝=0, and the depth to width ratio of h/w=0.5, rupture occurs at pressure of 20bar and at temperature of 300° C and at pressures of 20 and 40 bar at temperature of 400° C. The best channel filling with lowest thinning obtained at ∝=15 and h/w=0.5.

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In this article, indicators of annual energy intensity 13 residential complexes with different characteristics were evaluated and compared. These features include the type of facade, heating and cooling systems, windows, and separate or shared type gas meters are units available in the complex. Introducing selected complexes, specifications hull, heating and cooling systems as well as the energy used in the study and analysis of energy flows in the complex have been discussed. The data processing methodology for calculating the energy consumption rate index have been studied conglomerate. The indices are calculated energy intensity of buildings and structures with different properties in terms of energy intensity compared. Compare energy intensity indicators show that the use of new energy Mtalh like metal siding board (decorative panels) instead facade, windows UPVC windows instead of metal, instead of single-wall and double glass instead of heaters and boilers as well as the use of semi-centralized heating systems or room in the building's energy intensity has considerably decreased. Also, instead of using a separate gas meter gas meter joint, by influencing the behavior of the occupants of the building and create a financial incentive to reduce energy use saves natural gas consumption and decreasing energy intensity building.

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In this study, we investigated the replacing of white sesame flour with milk powder at different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%), formula vegetable oil (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5%) and the amount of Panisol gum (0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65%) using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design(CCD), α = 2 and 5 central points and two replicates in the other points. The optimization of the formulation was done to maximize overrun (%) and adhesiveness (g. sec), optimum texture hardness (g) and lowest melting rate (g/min) and apparent modulus (g/sec) of ice cream. Two optimum formulas were including optimal formula1 (0% replacing white sesame flour, 6.1% vegetable oil and 0.49% Panisol gum) and optimal formula2 (64% replacing white sesame flour, 8.4% vegetable oil and 0.56% Panisol gum). Therefore, it is recommended to use white sesame flour in vanilla ice cream formula as a substitute for milk powder to improve textural properties.

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The aim of this study was to evaluation of probiotic lactic butter production and effect of strain and storage time on probiotic viability, physicochemical (fat content, pH, dry matter, peroxide value and acidity (lactic acid %)), organoleptic (color and appearance, taste, texture, odor and general acceptability), and microbiological properties (the counts of mold and yeast, coliform and total count). In this study, at first, cream was heat treated at 85 ° C for 10 minutes and then allowed to cool to 30-35 ° C. In one sample of cream only starter culture was added. In the other sample, starter culture and Bifidobacterium lactis were added and in the last one, starter culture and Lactobacillus acidophilus were added. The inoculation level of Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus was 2% (v/v). The results showed that the storage time had a significant effect (p <0.05) on the most of the mentioned characteristics.Viability was reduced for both bacteria. Also, the highest probiotic viability was related to Lactobacillus acidophilus. The lowest total count was in the sample containing starter and there were no significantly different results among butter samples containing probiotic during storage period (P > 0.05). In sensory analysis, the sample containing of Lactobacillus acidophilus had the highest score at the end of the storage period. Also, the sample containing Lactobacillus had the highest acidity and the lowest pH value and the control sample had the highest peroxide value. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the dry matter values and the fat content of butter samples during storage. Therefore, the results showed that lactic butter with high probiotic properties and viability and optimal sensory properties can be prepared using two bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis. The best treatment in this study was lactic butter containing Lactobacillus acidophilus.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The combination of ribavirin and peg-interferon, as standard treatment for HCV infection, seems very promising. Many studies have revealed that despite following standard HCV treatment, a high proportion of HCV genotypes 1 and 4 poorly attain (42% to 46%) the SVR condition, whereas it is somehow easier for HCV genotypes 2 and 3 (76%-82%). Overall, genotypes 1 and 4 antiviral therapies must be continued up to one year to achieve SVR, whereas in individuals infected with genotypes 2 and 3 must continue therapy for six months. Since 2011, direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) have been introduced that target the HCV-encoded proteins which are vital for replication of the virus. The first generation of DAA, telaprevir, in combination with peg-interferon and ribavirin, more efficiently inhibits replication of genotype 1. Although the level of DAA SVR rate is high, the new treatment has some undesirable adverse effects. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs), as the new HCV drug approach, open a new insight into the treatment of non-responder HCV patients. Altered expression of miRNAs is involved in the aspects of HCV infection and HCC. In the current review, we attempt to better understand the HCV life cycle, liver miRNAs, and their role in this viral infection.

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Adoption of multiple climate change adaptation strategies is the most important solution to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change. Therefore, in the present study, economic and social characteristics that affect the intensity of adaptation strategies in the Bakhtegan-Tashk Basin, Iran, were examined using an ordered probit model. A total of 300 farmers were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The results showed that household income level, access to the credit, availability of irrigation water, number of crops, and farmer membership in agricultural extension classes had significant positive effects on the intensity of adaptation to climate change. Therefore, it is suggested that the government facilitates the use of different climate change adaptive strategies by increasing financial incentives. Also, changing the cropping pattern by planting less water demanding crops that are appropriate for the region is recommended.