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In order to facilitate the release of floods from the dams and to prevent their damage or collapse, a structure called a spillway is used. Due to the natural and variable flow of the input to the reservoirs of the dams, there are times when the river inflow exceeds the consumption amount in the downstream agricultural lands. In these cases, excess water is discharged over the crest of the weir and flows towards the spillway, which causes high velocities. This high velocity creates low pressure areas on the spillway concrete surface, which can cause major damage to the spillway or even endanger the integrity of the dam structure. Therefore, the dam spillway must safely dissipate the kinetic energy. One of the types of weirs is the stepped spillway to facilitate the passage of the flow over the dams. One of the most obvious practical features of stepped spillways compared to other spillways is the considerable energy dissipation along the spillway. Care should be taken in designing and selecting the type of spillway to prevent potential erosion and reduce kinetic energy as the water flow passes over the spillway. One possible solution is to use a stepped spillway instead of a smooth spillway. In this study, a numeral model of a stepped spillway with different steps and slopes is used. For this purpose, ANSYS software is used for modeling free surface with application of k-ε turbulence model. In the present study, numerical simulation using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was used to investigate the mixing phenomenon of two phases of air and water of the free surface flow. The flow field was continued until the residuals reached 10^-7. Compared to simpler models such as Mixture, which operates solely on the basis of averaging the properties of two phases, the VOF model, is separating the phases and considering the effects of the interface. The VOF model, is capable of more accurate simulation of phenomena such as fluid mixing, turbulent flows, and heat transfer in multiphase flows. A number of hydraulic specifications which are considered in designing the stepped spillways are the pressure on the surface of the steps, velocity distribution and energy dissipation. The results from the numerical models were compared with experimental studies. They showed acceptable agreement with physical simulations. Results show that discharge and spillway slope increment reduces the amount of energy loss. In the spillway with 5 steps, for a discharge of 0.063 m³/s, the amount of energy dissipation at a slope of 26.6 degrees changes from 85 to 82% at a slope of 45 degrees, which shows a decrease of 3%. With the increase in discharge, the flow depth increases and reduces the effect of the roughness of the steps on the upper layers of the flow. Increasing the height of the steps increases the rate of energy dissipation and also increases the occurrence of negative pressures in stepped spillway. In this case, the contact surface between the main flow and the eddy currents increases. With the increase in the height of the steps, the dimensions of the rotating vortices also increase and cause a larger radius of rotation on the steps. The presence of these large rotating vortices separates the flow from the bottom of the steps and reduces the pressure on the surfaces. The number and dimensions of steps can alter the energy dissipation rate. Increase in the number of steps in a spillway with constant height, reduces the energy loss as the result of steps dimensions being shrunk

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Aim: Investigating factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors in women with osteoporosis is necessary. This study aims at determining the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in women in Fasa using the Health Belief Model (HBM) during 2014. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 401 women (aged 30-50 years) covered by the health centers in Fasa city were randomly chosen. Construct of HBM and the function of feeding and walking were determined to prevent osteoporosis in women. Findings: The mean age of women was 40/9±6/2 years. The variables of perceived susceptibility (p=0.007), motivation (p=0.009) for walking behavior and variables of perceived sensitivity (p=0.020) for feeding behavior were predicted. Conclusions: This study confirmed the power of HBM in predicting feeding and walking behavior for prevention of osteoporosis. Hence, this model can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for prevention of osteoporosis in women.

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Aim: Substance abuse is a substantial threat and problem to public health. The goal of drug abuse treatment is to return people to a productive normal situation in the family, workplace, and community. Treatment dropout is one of the major problems, encountered by the treatment programs. The maintenance of treatment is associated with retention in treatment, and many factors are associated with retention. The main purpose of this study is to examine the factors that play important role in retention of addiction treatment. Methods: This is a qualitative research with conventional content analysis method. Purposive sampling was applied and continued until data saturation was achieved. The participants were 22 volunteers, including outpatients, physicians and psychotherapists. The method of data collection was semi-structured face to face interview (30- 40 minutes). All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Findings: By content analysis, two categories were obtained, including emotional and informational support. The main common theme of categories was social support, which was the major requirement to retain the treatment among drug abuse outpatients. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that social support is one of the essential services to stop or reduce substance abuse. Recognizing this factor could improve interaction between the family, clinical staff and patients in addiction treatment retention.

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Aim: Hypertension (HTN) is considered to be the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although lifestyle modifications such as increase in physical activity (PA) are effective for lowering blood pressure (BP), it can often be difficult for hypertensive (HTN) individuals to modify their lifestyle and maintain such modification. So this study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of trans-theoretical model (TTM)-based intervention on PA in HTN patients.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 78 hypertensive patients (39 in the experimental group (EG) and 39 in the control group (CG)) from January 2015 to September 2015 in the city of Shiraz in southern Iran. The EG received TTM-based intervention about PA for four weeks. The study outcomes included PA stages of change, processes of change, exercise self-efficacy (ESE), decisional balance and PA, which were measured at the onset and at one week post-intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
Findings: At one week post-intervention, PA increased significantly in the EG (1218.35±917.95) compared to the CG (810.28±785.21) (p=0.04). A significantly larger percentage of the EG (80.6%, n= 25) progressed to the stage of action compared with the CG (16.1%, n=5). Also one week post-intervention, the EG demonstrated higher ESE (p=0.004), higher decisional balance (p<0.001), and greater process of change (p=0.001) compared with the CG.
Conclusion: The present study showed that the TTM-based intervention effectively increased PA. So the use of TTM-based interventions can be effective in increasing the commitment to PA in HTN patients.

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The effect of ice-storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on qualitative properties of its surimi powder was assessed by analyzing proximate composition, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid. Increase in ice-storage duration increased the density and thiobarbituric acid of surimi powder(p<0.05); proximate composition, color indices, protein solubility, oil adsorption and gel forming decreased significantly (p<0.05); emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability decreased with storage duration, although no regular trends were detected (p<0.05).  The present study indicated that long-term ice-storage of silver carp led to reduction of qualitative properties of the surimi powder.

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The effects of frozen storage (-20°C) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) for periods of 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 months on the qualitative properties of surimi powder was investigated. Qualitative characteristics were assessed through  analysis of proximate composition, sensory evaluation, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, water holding capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity and stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid value. Most of the qualitative indices decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatments, including the water holding capacity and the percentage of protein solubility that, respectively, decreased from 13.4ml/g and 7.42% in the control to 10.46 ml/g and 4.82% after 6 months of frozen storage.  Besides, the treatments didn’t show foam. The density and thiobarbituric acid increased significantly with time (p<0.05). Based on the analyses as well as sensory assessment, quality of silver carp surimi powder was maintained in -20°C frozen storage up to four months.

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The chloroplast gene matK, formerly known as ORF509, has been identified as one of the most rapidly evolving genes at the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid levels. This gene is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome, and placed between the 5’ and the 3’ exons of trnK (tRNA-lysine) within a group II intron. The matK RNA and protein levels are affected by light and developmental stages, suggesting functional roles for this putative maturase that affect in photosynthesis indirectly. The matK has been considered as one of the most useful genes for resolving phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships at a range of taxonomic levels, from closely related species to the generic, familial, and even supra-familial levels among land plants, especially Angiosperms. The matK as a DNA barcode for land plants showed high levels of discrimination among angiosperm species that can be used single or in combination with other genes.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socioeconomic factors on the constructs of the modified Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in relation to reproductive health in adolescents.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 578 female students aged 12-16 years, recruited through a multistage random cluster sampling method, in Tehran, Iran. A self-administered TPB-based constructed questionnaire was designed and used for data gathering. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between family size, number of siblings, birth rank, and family closeness, source of information, and reproductive health behavior.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 14.1 years. None of the participants obtained a perfect score in relation to reproductive health. In addition, they achieved average scores less than half the rates. Number of siblings, family size, birth rank, mother education and information source were factors associated with TPB the constructs (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize that Socioeconomic factors can have an effective role in students' sexual and reproductive health behaviors.

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Improving the quality of life has always been considered as one of the human purposes. “creating and maintaining balance between natural and built environment” has a significant role in improving the quality of life. Before industrial revolution, man and nature always was in balance but after formation of industrial revolution this balance was faded and lost ,over the years. This imbalance, reached the highest level in the second half of the last century. During the second half of the last century, the world’s urban population has increased tremendously. Migration to cities has primarily occurred, and will continue to happen, in the so-called less developed countries as the result of increased economic and social opportunities offered in urban areas and the degradation of rural economies and societies. The extremely rapid urbanization has led to extremely serious environmental, social, political, economic, institutional, demographic and cultural problems. The tremendous increase in the world’s population and in urbanization is the main reason for the continuous increase of energy demand and consumption in most countries. Building sector and transportation sector are the major consumers of energy in many cities. To responding energy demand of these sectors, the use of fossil fuel is rising. One of the consequences of this rising, is increasing pollutant like greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is leading to climate change. According to IPCC report in 2014, GHG emission is the major cause of climate change. Climate change brought about by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases has been identified as the greatest challenge facing human society at the beginning of the twenty first century. Climate change, it is predicted, may potentially damage every natural and human system on the planet. Today, climate change is became as one of the most important concerns of scientific and political circles, so It is clear that urgent action is needed and that the scale and scope of such action will be hugely varied. At present, the main worldwide response to the threat of climate change is mitigation; especially the lowering of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a variety of scales. The preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that climate change is caused and exacerbated by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that lowering the amount of gas being emitted will limit climate change effects. An increasing amount of climate research now points to adaptation as a necessary means of addressing unavoidable climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change refers to efforts to develop resilience to predicted or potential climate impacts and effects before and as they happen. In order to responding climate change- as the biggest crisis of this era- and achieving adaptation to climate change, proposing efforts and strategies in various disciplines is inevitable and unavoidable. Urban design and its strategies can have a key role to responding climate change impacts and achieve adaptation. But it is obvious that traditional urban design is not sufficient to responding this. A new paradigm is required to develop resilient cities that can adapt and thrive in changing global conditions, meet the requirements of carbon-reduction and other environmental measures, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. The scope and speed of current changes demands that urban designers define compelling visions and integrated design measures for shaping resilient cities. From energy and transportation to water and green infrastructure, urban designers can shape these systems to shrink our ecological footprint, configure resilient urban form and adapt our cities to climate change. A climate-resilient urban design strategy requires expanding traditional place-making urban design qualities to include principles of sustainable design such as resilience, comfort, resource efficiency, and biotic support. Today, resilience is one of the most important qualities that considered in urban design. There are various ways to achieve resiliency through urban design. Reducing CO2 emission is the most known and common way to achieve resiliency. In the past, efforts at reducing CO2 have focused primarily on building scale (low to zero-energy buildings). While there has been great progress in the energy efficient buildings over the past forty years, buildings alone do not include transportation and infrastructure systems (energy, water and waste) as part of the design process, so low-carbon urban design is considered as an inevitable necessity. Low-carbon urban design principles can be classified into sevencategories which are called as “seven rules of sustainable and low-carbon urban design”. These principles include: 1)restore streetcar city, 2)designing an interconnected street system, 3)locate commercial services, frequent transit, and school within a five-minute walk, 4)locate good jobs close to affordable homes, 5) provide a diversity of housing types, 6)create a linked system of natural areas and parks,7)invest in lighter, greener, cheaper, and smarter infrastructure. These principles represent the elements of a whole. Achieving one without the others – particularly if it is at the expense of the others – will be of limited value and could be counterproductive. Low-carbon urban design principles and strategies can be applied in different scales. Among the scales proposed for urban design, neighborhood is recognized as an appropriate scale for application of low to zero-carbon urban design strategies, because it aggregates all the systems and flows. It has the potential to integrate the design of transportation, buildings, infrastructures, landscape and land-use while engaging the design of public realm as part of the system. This article seeks to present the urban design criteria for low to zero-carbon neighborhood by exploring the studies and the best practices (in Freiburg, Hannover, Stockholm, Malmö and London) to create low to zero carbon neighborhoods. The result of the research is shown as urban design criteria which categorized by urban form and building typology, transportation and land-use, energy, landscape design and creativity. These criteria not only is in consistent with the low – carbon urban design principles, but also if these criteria are applied in an integrated way, we can expect creating a low to zero-carbon neighborhood; A neighborhood with qualities, such as local identity, inclusion, human scale, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions and, most importantly, greater resilience.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different fat levels and substitution of sodium chloride salt with potassium chloride on physic- chemical and sensorial properties and shelf life of fish sausage produced from minced fish in the refrigerator. To do this, the sausages have been produced with different fat levels (10, 15, 20 %) and substitution of part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride( 0.95 KCl+ 0.54 NaCl and 0.47 KCl+ 1.02 NaCl)and have been reserved in refrigerator for 30 days and physical, chemical and sensorial evaluations have been done. The results of analyzing the approximate composition and PH show salient differences between different formulations of sausage and the control sample (p<0.05). By adding KCl to formulation, the final products had higher harness in comparison to the control sample. Sensorial analyze didn't show any significant difference between the samples. Treatment with higher fat content got higher score in the textural properties but this difference was not significant (p> 0.05). There was not a salient difference in color, taste and total acceptance between samples and control sample. Generally sensorial properties reduced in time but this reduction was not significant. Increase of thiobarbituric acid has been observed in all treatment over time but this amount never violated the normal range in any treatments.

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The present paper is a typological analysis of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in Farsi and German. This study makes an attempt to determine the elements used in Farsi and German to differentiate restrictive relative clauses from non-restrictive ones. A second question that this study aims to answer is which noun phrases can serve as the head of relative clauses. The results show that Farsi as well as English, Bemba and Hebrew use formal elements to differentiate between the two types of relative clauses. In German, however, semantic and pragmatic elements are used for the same purpose. The results further show that in both languages, there are restrictions in the choice of referents for relative clauses. An example of such restriction is that in German, unlike in Farsi, a proper noun cannot serve as the head of a restrictive relative clause.  

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Backgrounds:  Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder caused by intolerance to gliadin protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, which is prevalent among 1% of people in different parts of the world. Thus, in the last decades, the demand for gluten-free products has increased. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the degradation of wheat gluten in laboratory.
Materials & Methods: Yeast colonies obtained from cloning were assessed for the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with protease activity and then inoculated onto MSM (mineral salts medium) with 1% (w/v) gliadin. Aspergillus niger-derived prolyl endoprotease (AN- PEP ) production was also qualitatively examined on gliadin agar plates by determining yeast colony growth.  Zones of clarification of gliadin around yeast colonies were regarded as the evidence of glutenase activity of AN- PEP . The qualitative effects of aspergillopepsin expressed in bakery yeast were studied on yeast gliadin and the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The rheological properties of the dough were investigated by a rheometer.
Findings:  In this survey, gluten was efficiently degraded into short fragments by the AN-PEP enzyme. The results of rheometer test showed that the use of AN-PEP could affect the rheological properties. The quality of dough and the ability of AN-PEP to degrade gluten in dough into smaller fragments were confirmed.
Conclusion:  The current study gives evidence that in the future, the development of novel gluten-free products with high quality and taste is possible by degrading gluten protein into non-toxic peptides using a variety of AN-PEP enzymes.
 

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The Realistic and Historical Approach in the novel of (alzalzal) for Tahir Wattar Abstract Algerian society throughout long history has experienced different revolutions, for example Revolution in 1962 against the French colonial history, the agricultural revolution and the process of land reform in 1971. Obviously, committed scholars try to write the events of Algeria in his view. Tahir wattar (1936-2010),one of the largest Algerian novelist, attended to some of the most important historical society in the novel "Alzlzal" a with realistic look. Socialist ideas in novel social issues such as discrimination, lack of peace and security, and oppression and to find a way to solve these problems and historical events the socialist revolution. This research try to explore the approach in the novel. Due to the adaptation of the novel "Alzlzal" with a lot of features of historical-realistic novel, it looks, we can assign it, a historical - realistic novel.

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The legume crops such as chickpea and lentils are mainly cultivated in semi-arid tropical lands. Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) causes major losses to legumes throughout the world. Producing of specific antibody against this virus is crucial for surveys of disease in the fields and assessment of vial resistance in plant cultivars. Present article describes developing of specific antibody against the CpCDV virus by applying recombinant protein. In this study, coat protein of CpCDV was selected as a target for detection and preparation of polyclonal antibody. To achieve this aim CP gene encoding coat protein of CpCDV was initially PCR-amplified and inserted into bacterial expression vector. Expression of recombinant protein was performed in Bl21 strain of Escherichia coli. Purification was carried out under native conditions and the accuracy of recombinant protein production was confirmed by electrophoresis. The purified recombinant coat protein of CpCDV was used for immunization of rabbit. Purification of immunoglobulin molecules was performed by affinity chromatography using protein A column followed by conjugating of IgG to alkaline phosphatase enzyme. The capability of purified antibodies and conjugates for efficient detection of infected plants was assessed by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), western blotting and dot immunosorbent assay (DIBA). These results proved that prepared IgG and conjugate are able to distinguish with high efficiency CpCDV infected plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for production of anti-CpCDV antibodies raised through recombinant protein technology.

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German language has a subject–verb–object (SVO) word order in independent clauses and a subject–object–verb (SOV) order in dependent clauses. Despite this feature, which is totally different from Farsi and English (these two languages both use the same word in dependent and independent clauses), German has a flexible word order. That is to say each of the syntactic functions (e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object, and adverb) can occur before the conjugated verb (referred to as Vorfeld), between the conjugated verb and the second verb (known as Mittelfeld, in sentences with a modal or linking verb), or after the second verb or the infinitive (called Nachfeld position in German grammar). The present study focuses on the arrangement of elements in the Mittelfeld position according to the information structure rules and other factors, such as definiteness, animacy, and pronoun placement. The significance of the study comes from the fact that there is no limitation on the places words can take in the middle of the sentence, as opposed to the Vorfeld position in which only one element can be placed. A question that is often raised here and that many German learners struggle to answer is: What are the rules underlying placement of elements in different positions? The answer to this question lies in that feature of the German language pointed to earlier in the abstract, i.e. the flexible word order in German. Referring to the rules of information structure and introducing other factors affecting word order in the middle of the sentence, the present paper (through a descriptive-analytical approach) shows that in addition to the relative freedom in the arrangement of grammatical words, semantic and pragmatic factors can also influence Words’ order. The results indicate that a number of these factors are sometimes in contradiction to one another. After scrutinizing a few example sentences, some decisive examples are presented.

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Although in recent two decades, the concept of Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBDs) have been developed in ozone production well, air pollution control, plasma screens and control of chemical, and biological and medical processes, employment of this concept for high voltage applications to improve insulation performance as an alternative to the pressurized gas-insulated systems (GIS) utilizing SF6, is still in research phase. In this paper, the enhancement of insulation performance using DBD and with increasing charge densities on the barrier surfaces in uniform electric filed has been statically modeled. This means that the dynamics of the development of space charges and the manner they sit on the barrier surfaces are ignored and only DBD concepts considering different amounts of surface charges on the barrier surfaces are evaluated. Also the influence of various parameters, such as permeability of the dielectric material, its thickness, and length of air gap, on the enhancement of insulation performance are evaluated. Then an algorithm for the formation of space charges, settling on the barrier surfaces and electric filed modification in the air gap for three types of voltage including DC, AC and lightning impulse, is simulated and evaluated using MATLAB. In this modeling, dielectrics are considered as non-insulating with some electrical conductivity.

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Fuild models as one of the precise techniques for gas discharge modelling require swarm parameters. In this paper the continuty equations for electron transport and energy transport to calculate these parameters via electron energy distribution funaction (EEDF) resulted from two-terms approximation of boltzmann equation, are developed. The simualtion and calculation results containing mobility and diffusion cefficient, mobility and energy diffusion coefficient, Townsend coefficient, rate coefficient, consumed power (including elastic and inelastic power loss, the requied power for growth of electrons) for different types of gases (including argon, nitrogen, oxygen, SF6 and air) are presented and evaluated. Also accuracy of some common approximations e.g. assupmtion a Maxwellian EEDF are studied.

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Enzymes play an essential role in catalyzing the reactions for multiple industrial applications. One of these critical industries with a worldwide application is paper and pulp, which is cost-effective in increasing attention. Xylanases are potential enzymes that proved their abilities in a broad range of applications, specifically in the paper and pulp industry as a biobleaching agent and dye removal biocatalyst. In these decades, the production of novel enzymes from natural sources is conceivable, especially with applying the culture-independent method of metagenome. This practical approach provides the opportunity to identify the novel enzymes from uncultivable microbial diversities. Concerning the importance of the thermostable enzymes for industrial applications and their better action in harsh conditions, this study aimed to identify novel thermostable xylanase from metagenomic data of sheep rumen by applying the in-silico screening. The thermostable xylanase was extracted from the ruminal DNA and after cloning and expression named PersiXyn5. The enzymeschr('39') kinetic parameters, including Km, Vmax, and its specific activity, were examined. The enzyme was optimally active at 80  and pH 8 and could retain 58% of its maximum activity after 2h of incubation at 90 . The thermostable, alkali PersiXyn5 was an efficient enzyme in the paper industry and poultry feed and fuel applications.