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One goal of comparative studies of literature is to search for the human “truth” that has appeared as archetypes in the literature of all nations and all times. In this paper, the author draws an archetypal comparison of romantic love in the French story of "Tristan and Iseult" and the Iranian epic romance "Samak-e-‘Ayyar". It starts with explaining the Jungian concepts of mother and father archetypes, anima and animus, conscious and unconscious, as well as collective conscious and unconscious. Since individuation process in the Jungian psychology has to do with the connection between the conscious and unconscious, the tale romantic love could be seen as individuation process in which each lover seeks to connect to his/her anima (feminine unconscious) and animus (masculine unconscious), based on his/her gender. After providing a synopsis of each story, the author explains the archetypal roles and symbolic meanings of kings, queens, heroes, witches, and princesses in each story using Marie-Louise Von Franz’s methodology for the interpretations of fairy tales. It then compares romantic love in each story by analyzing its characters, functions, and events, and explaining its similarities and differences. Since archetypal literary analysis reveals the attitude, outlook, and behaviors of the people that the myths are originated among them, this comparative study aims to answer to a rather broad question: How is it that in the French story of the 12th century, romantic love ends with death and tragedy; however, in the pre-Islamic Iranian tale, it ends with the :union: of lovers?  

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Aims: The accumulation of free radicals in the body leads to damages to cellular biopolymers through oxidative stress. Due to the increasing proliferation of heavy metals in soil and water environments, finding efficient methods for diagnostic detection and measurement of heavy metals in contaminated environments is very important. Cell-based biosensors can produce a measurable signal in response to specific chemical or physical agent in their environment. In this study, stable hepatoma Huh7 ARE-reporter cell line was developed containing luciferase gene with the aim of monitoring lead toxicity. This biosensor is reported to be able to detect lead by expressed signal which is measurable. The luciferase assay and Real time-PCR were performed.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, the Huh7-1x-ARE-luc was stably transferred in to the Huh7 cells and transfected cells were selected. After 5 passages, stable clones were isolated to confirm plasmid entrance. Luciferase activity of the Huh7-1x-ARE-luc cell line was performed with 0-80μM lead concentration to induce oxidative stress response. Cell viability was assessed by MTT.  With Real time PCR, AREKEAP1 pathway gene expression were detected. Statistical analysis was performed by ΔCt method, using graphpad prism 6 software.
Findings: The gene expression of the reporter gene increased with increasing oxidative stress. Reducing the expression of the reporter gene was observed after 30 μM. 35 μM lead inhibited 50% cell metabolism. Expression of antioxidant pathway genes was significantly increased in 30 μM leaded cells compared to control gene.
Conclusion: The biosensor prepared from Huh7-1x-ARE-luc cell line of the reporter gene can be a convenient and efficient means for measuring oxidative compounds such as heavy metals such as lead.

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Gilan Province is among the most important regions of Iran for rice production. The general aim of this research is to determine the best variety of rice for planting, so that the minimum level for farmer's expected living gross margin can be provided. On the other hand, determining the best variety with regard to the risk in price is another aim of this research. To this end two risk models based on Telser and Kataoka linear programming were used. Data needed for seven understudy varieties in this research during 2000-2006 were connected from 7 representative farms at the Gilan Province level. Taking the related risk-rows to gross margin per hectare of the 7 varieties under study during the aforesaid years, and using the Kataoka model, the highest amount of living gross margin per hectare at different probability levels was calculated. On the other hand, through the Telser model the area under planting of optimized varieties over different probability levels, showing that the probability of the gross margin per hectare of rice farming is less than the highest amount of living gross margin, was calculated. The results showed that at different levels the gross margin of the aim, considering the probability constraints, the two items Hashemi and Ali Kazemi were the best ones for achieving the aforesaid goals.

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Using productivity index for investigating a firms’ performance makes it possible to evaluate efficiency of the production system and cost at the same time. In this study the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of several sugar cane varieties in Imam Khomeini Cultivation and Processing Center in Khuzestan Province is compared. Two hundred and forty eight farms are categorized on the basis of variety years old and then Tornqvist-Tiel Productivity Index is employed for calculating TFP for each sugar cane farm. The investigated sugar cane varieties include CP57-614, CP69-1062 and CP48-103. Results revealed that year long utilization system gained the lowest TFP among utilization systems in all the mentioned varieties. The most suitable utilization system according to the TFP index is biennial for CP57-614 variety, triennial for CP69-1062 and five years for the CP48-103 variety. Triennial CP57-614 variety has the most partial productivity in fertilizer. On the other hand, the six year long plant of the forgoing variety exhibits the largest partial productivity in water. The largest partial productivity in machinery is shown in biennial CP69-1062 variety. Among these varieties, triennial CP48-103 one has the largest partial productivity per unit area cultivation.

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Abstract: From examining the pavement failures and itscauses, these results are obtained, improving and increasing resistance of asphalt mixtures against incoming stresses (vertical, shear and torsion stresses), causing delay and reduce failures created on pavement and thus their productivity and life will be increased.Costs that each year spent in the country to improve and repair of pavements withfailures, illustrate theImportance of improving the resistance of pavements against the incoming stresses.This study introduced two types of shear device has been developed in order to measure shear strength and shear stiffness of asphalt mixtures.Shear strength and shear stiffness of asphalt mixtures has a close relationship with the adhesion (c) and friction angle between the materials of asphalt aggregate mixtures. Increasing each of these parameters, the shear strength of asphalt mixtures will be increased. Identifying and evaluating effective parameters that increased asphalt mixtures resistance, including gradated aggregate materials used or the effect of compaction, type and amount of binder, asphalt mixtures with the appropriate shear resistance can be produced. This requires the evaluating of effective factors in shear strength of the constructed samples.The failure or destruction in asphalt mixtures in states of pure shear, pure tension, shear with pressure, and shear with traction can occur.In this study, to evaluate the shear resistance of asphalt mixtures made with two different penetration grade bitumen, two types of shear device was designed and built and Marshall samples made with two types of bitumen, under force of pressure - shear and pure shear were disjointed and the maximum shear strength and shear stiffness of them were calculated.Using any one of these two units, different parameters in the effective shear strength and hardness of the samples can be investigated and asphalt more shear resistance against shear forces produced. Testing and evaluation, this result is achieved that Because the effect of consumption of bitumen type on asphalt mixtures properties (increasing adhesion coefficient), shear strength and shear stiffness of asphalt mixtures containing bitumen 60/70 in comparison with asphalt mixtures containing bitumen 85/100 is more

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Enhancement of antioxidant capacity of plants by natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plants can be a simple way to produce stress tolerant plants. Zataria multiflora essential Oil (ZO) is one of the useful antioxidants with potent antioxidant activity. ZO is insoluble in water and can be degraded by light, oxygen, and high temperature. Incorporation of ZO into Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) dispersion is a simple way to improve its stability. In this research, the antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion was measured by studying the effect of the Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and Hydroxyl radical (HO^•) scavenging of the dispersion. The efficiency of the PVA/ZO dispersion on the production of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Oxidase (NOX), SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) mRNAs in the wheat seedlings in hydroponic condition was investigated too. PVA/ZO dispersion had a non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquid behavior with the negative zeta-potential (-12 mV) and nanoscale particle size (134 nm). PVA/ZO dispersion had effective H₂O₂ and HO^• scavenging in a dose dependent manner with IC₅₀ value of 220 and 170 µg mL^-1, respectively. PVA/ZO dispersion up-regulated NOX (2 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1), SOD (10 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1) and CAT (8 folds, at 250 µg mL^-1) mRNAs production. Thus, there was a potent cooperation between NOX and SOD activity and low cooperation between SOD and CAT activity. The potent antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion implies that it can effectively be used as a promising natural antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress in the plants under stress.

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Objective: The human genome consists of protective genes, which contain a sequence known as the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) located in their promoter regions. ARE is specific to the transcription factor NF-E2 related factor2 (Nrf2). This signaling pathway is the major defense mechanism against oxidative stress that comprises the chemoprotective response. The cell line that expresses the ARE reporter is sensitive for the detection of ARE activating compounds. It can help to identify toxicity risk and antioxidant activity of chemicals and drugs.
Methods: We used a stable Huh7 ARE-reporter cell line in this study. Metabolic activity of these cells in different concentrations of lead (0 to 80 micromole) was evaluated by the MTT test. We assessed the effects of oxidative stress. We exposed the Huh7 ARE-reporter cell line to different concentrations of lead, an oxidative stress inducer, and nanocurcumin, an antioxidant compound, after which we investivated luciferase activity. Real-time PCR was used to detected AREKEAP1 pathway gene expression.
Result: Lead, at 30 μM, suppressed 50% of the cells’ metabolic activity.Cells treated with both lead (30 μM) and nanocurcumin at 4 μM and 8 μM had decreased luciferase activity compared to those treated with only lead. This activity increased when we increased the nanocurcumin concentration to 16 μM. Real-time PCR analysis showed decreased NQO1 and NRF2 expressions in cells treated with both lead (30 μM) and nanocurcumin (4 μM and 8 μM) compared to just lead treated cells. However, NQO1 and NRF2 had increased expressions in cells treated with both lead (30 μM) and nanocurcumin (16 μM) compared to just lead treated cells.
Conclusion: Nano curcumin, as an antioxidant, significantly reduced the toxic effects of lead toxic. This effect probably occurred through the AREKEAP1 pathway. Hence, nanocurcumin could be used as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress.

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There is little information about the genetic resources of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), an important edible and one of the most important plants in pomology and economy in Iran. Germplasm identification and conservation are important and fundamental issues in breeding programs. Six regions in BoyerAhmad and Dena Counties were chosen, and 82 walnut genotypes were selected randomly. Annual growth period was short in Setangun and Ganjegun Regions (190-200 days), but in other investigated regions was long and more than 230 days. Maximum fruit and kernel weights were 63.44 and 8.35 g, respectively. The number of observed alleles ranged from seven (ISSR7A) to 14 (ISSR3A) for primers, and the Number of effective alleles (Ne) in the primers used was between 1.19 to 1.45. The highest Ne alleles belonged to the ISSR1A primer (1.445). Walnut genotypes showed the highest genetic diversity based on the information derived from ISSR1A and ISSR2A with PIC index of 0.44 and 0.41, respectively. The Nei's gene diversity ranged from 0.13 to 0.24, and the Shannon's index was from 0.23 to 0.44. In general, increase in the altitude and decrease in the temperature delayed phenological characteristics.Suitable genetic diversity was found among the genotypes, based on the morphological and phenological characteristics and the ISSR markers. Overall, the results are useful in walnut breeding and conservation programs, and by choosing late leafing and flowering genotypes from Setangun and Ganjegun Regions, it would be possible to reduce the risks of late spring frost.

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Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is broadly planted for its fruit, fragrance, color, taste, and sweetness. Some people are concerned about transgenic plants and their products. Furthermore, genetic diversity is one of the basics of plant breeding programs. Polyploidy induction is one of the solutions to create genetic diversity and to reduce the concerns about transgenic plants. This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design to induce polyploidy in strawberry (Fragaria spp. cv. Kurdistan) using different concentrations of colchicine. We aimed to examine the possibility of polyploidy induction, to determine the best concentration, and to evaluate strawberry responses to polyploidy. The tetraploidy percentage in the plants treated by 0.7% colchicine was more ‎than 80%. Tetraploid plants had a greater fruit ‎length and diameter, fresh fruit weight, and larger fruit ‎volume than the controls. Such plants had ‎a lower stomata number with a larger size and a larger chloroplast number ‎ than the diploids. ‎Ultimately, considering the flow cytometry results, and the number of modified plants, the best concentration was 0.7% colchicine treatment, which could be used as a suitable concentration for ploidy induction in strawberries.