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Background and objective: In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials are widely used in biomedical applications. Graphitic carbon nitride has been significant not only due to good biocompatibility but also because of its application in the bio-imaging, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of graphitic carbon nitride on viability of Saos-2 cancer cell line.
Methods: Graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized by adding melamine to hydrochloride acid and its physicochemical properties and structure was evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) was added on Saos-2 cells and fibroblasts in two periods of 48 and 72 hours. The survival rate of the cells was investigated by MTT.
Findings: The results of FT-IR and XRD tests showed the structure and bonds of the synthesized compound, its accuracy and purity, respectively. Raman spectroscopy results also showed the graphitic content of the synthesized product. After passing 48 hours of the exposure of the cells to synthesized graphitic carbon nitride, the level of cell survival in the group that received 800 µg/mL was decreased to nearly 80% compared to the control (untreated) group.
Conclusion: The synthesized compound in this study might be considered as an appropriate option in cancer related researches.

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Lateral ground displacement due to liquefaction causing damages to major infrastructures like buildings, bridges, pipe, shore line utilities etc. When the surface slope is mild, a common mode of failure is lateral spreading with surface displacements that can exceed several meters. Considering the widespread use of pile foundations, their safety in the occurrence of earthquake has a special importance. Studies after the earthquake have shown that both the force due to structure and the Kinematics interaction between the pile foundations and the soil play an important role in mechanical behavior of piles. Since the effect of the superstructure on the pile-soil interaction analysis is significant; the analysis should be done based on the interaction axis of pile-soil-structure. In this study, finite difference method (FDM) has been used to investigate the effect of the thickness of liquefied layer, slope of liquefied layers and the underground water level on behavior of pile foundations. Results indicate that with an increase in the slope of liquefied layers, the maximum bending moment raises but the slope of this graph for low underground water level (near the surface) is higher. This type of behavior also is observed in the shear force created in the pile foundation.

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In the present work, the transient behavior of a single spool turbojet engine as a function of fuel flow rate is investigated, using fourth order nonlinear dynamic model based on the airplane longitudinal dynamics, compressor and turbine dynamics and dynamics of rotor. Taking into account the thermodynamic variables in all five components of the engine and representing desired parameters as function of time are contributions of the paper. Moreover, we use inter-component volume method in our study which results in more accurate simulations. In this method, by adding the pressure and temperature fluctuations, caused by saved mass, a more precise model is obtained. Taking advantage of this method and using the governing thermodynamic and Gas dynamic equations, the governing dynamic equations of engine are obtained. By solving the equations in MATLAB software, the influence of the fuel flow rate on the output variables is studied. It should be mentioned that fly considered horizontal and in specific height of 2500 (m) at all of the simulation period. Engine thrust is specifically considered as the desired modeling parameter. In addition, the variation in airplane velocity, as an important parameter in the internal fuel flow rate, is added to the simulations, resulting in more accuracy. Studying the dynamic behavior of the engine thrust is a pre-requisite to the design of appropriate controllers that is the next step of this research.

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One of the appropriate methods to improve the roadway that is built on the weak subgrade is use of geosynthetic reinforcement that was already highly regarded. Geogrid and geotextiles are commonly used as reinforcements in pavement and unpaved systems. Geogrid is a net-like geosynthetic with apertures of sufficient size to allow interlocking with surrounding unbound materials such as soil, rock, and aggregate, and functions primarily as reinforcement. Geogrids also provide restraint to the aggregate and minimize lateral spreading of the base course aggregate when subjected to vehicular loads. Many field and laboratory test conducted to investigate the behavior of reinforced subgrade and achieve to the suitable design methodology has been implemented. Through both laboratory and field studies, it has been shown that the inclusion of geogrids at the interface between the base course and subgrade in unpaved road can improve the performance road by extending the service life or reducing unpaved structural thickness with equivalent performance.However, due to limitations such as high cost of laboratory or field test, evaluate the performance of reinforced roads under traffic loads by numerical simulation methods have been developed. Numerical analysis helps researcher predict performance of road via simulation and also Numerical analysis are capable that with simulation of paved and unpaved road, develop the parametric studies for complex structures such as reinforced subgrade. Finite element method (FEM), discrete element method (DEM), and finite difference method (FDM) are three types of numerical analysis commonly used by civil engineers.In this study, the finite element method (FEM) is used to investigate the behavior of the geosynthetic reinforced roads. Therefore, the three-dimensional model in ABAQUS that has several advantages compared to the two-dimensional model conducted and the results of the 3d numerical study with field tests results in Montana university - Bazmn, is compared, then the effect of reinforcing mechanical properties, elastic module of base layer and reinforced substrate on settlement was evaluated. The performance of the test sections has been evaluated from measurements of rut depth and the results showed that the simulation by finite element method, according to the assumptions used in three-dimensional modeling includes the quasi-static loading and frictional interaction parameters in terms of the contact surfaces, have a good agreement with the results of field test. The effect of geogrid reinforcement was shown to reduce surface deformation, improve stress distribution on subgrade layer, and reduce strain induced at the bottom of the base layer due to lateral spread. FEM results indicated that geogrid reinforcement can provide lateral confinement at the bottom of the base layer by improving interface shear resistance and increasing mean stress at the bottom of the base layer. The numerical study results also show that the settlement of reinforced road strongly influenced by the mechanical properties of reinforcement.With reduce the elastic module of geogrid(50%) the surface settlement about 61 percent increased and also effect the stiffness of subgrade and base layer in reinforced test section on the surface settlement compared to unreinforced test section about 50% reduced. In general, geogrid with higher tensile modulus enhanced the reinforcement effects.

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Determination of ultimate pile capacity is important for proper design and construction of pile foundations. Most of the time, the pile load test is carried out shortly after the installation of pile. The pile capacity obtained from the load test is often assumed to be the ultimate pile capacity in most of design methods. However, during pile installation, the soil around the pile experiences large deformations and changes in excess pore water pressure, which in turn reduces the shear strength and pile bearing capacity. After the completion of pile driving, the pile capacity increases as the strength of the surrounding soil increases mainly by reconsolidation, manifested by the dissipation of excess pore pressure at the soil-pile interface zone. the ultimate pile capacity could be underestimated if pile load test was carried out while excess pore water pressure still remains, which may lead to a conservative pile design. It should be noted that a pile static load test (SLT) and a dynamic load test (DLT) only measure the pile load–displacement relation and ultimate load at the time of testing; they do not provide any information on pile capacity variations over time. Pile load tests must be repeated at different times to evaluate any set-up effects, which can be time-consuming and costly during pile construction. Therefore, it is essential to develop empirical and numerical solutions to enable analyzing and estimating long-term pile set-up effects on the basis of limited numbers of SLT and DLT tests. Accurate estimation of pile setup, rather than measuring directly in the field, may reduce the cost of piling and still provide the required performance for the pile. Prediction of pile capacity gain with time after driving would certainly be advantageous from an economic standpoint. Incorporating the effects of setup into pile design is expected to reduce the general cost of piling project by reducing pile diameter, pile length, size of driving equipment, and subsequently piling duration. The major reasons for set-up can be categorised into the following two groups: (1) the generation of excessive pore water pressure during pile driving and subsequent dissipationover time, leading to soil consolidation, and (2) the aging process. The purpose of this research is to conduct experimental research aimed at developing an understanding of pile capacity in soft clays and to develop relationship between the pile capacity and elapsed time after the end of initial driving for cohesive soils. An experimental program was developed to study the evolution of pile capacity increase with time for piles driven into a type of soft clay in northern Iran. results of a series of pile load tests conducted on small-scale Aluminum pile foundations driven into soft clay. The piles were tested instantly after driving to measure their initial bearing capacities, and were tested repeatedly over different elapsed times to study the evolution of pile capacity over time. Results show pile capacity increases approximately 80% of initial value, 14 days after initial pile driving. A large proportion of this pile capacity increase over time, also known as setup, was generated within the three days due to fast excess pore water pressure dissipation, and afterward, the pile capacity increased at a lower rate.

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Consent and party autonomy, along with the neutrality of arbitral tribunal, are the most featured distinction of arbitration vis a vis other dispute resolution methods. These fundamental features, however, might be affected by the application of unilateral economic sanctions of regional organizations (i.e. European Union) which is indeed for protecting their foreign security policy frameworks and fundamental interests.
In one hand, the arbitral tribunals have to respect the parties’ choices, namely the applicable law (which might be against the sanctions), and in the other hand, the courts are obliged to recognized the European Union sanctions as public policy and overriding mandatory provisions and accordingly, set aside or annul the arbitral awards contrary to these provisions.
Therefore, the main aim of this research project is to study of the effect of European Union economic sanctions on commercial arbitration disputes, as well as the approach of pertinent courts. The key result is that arbitral tribunals in confrontation with such sanctions as jus cogens, rely on their authorities particularly in term of applicable law, recognition and enforcement of the arbitration award.