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With the instrumentation of Mass Spectrometry (MS) and advances carried out in bioinformatic tools and databases, along with birth of nanotechnology in 1990s, biology experienced a dramatic revolution and new perspectives were found in molecular biology and medicine, agriculture, environmental sciences and pharmatiuticals. The most important one is systematic look at the entire organism and solving biological problems at the level of entire system viewed as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions (Systems Biology). In addition, :union: of biology and nanotechnology result in creation of nanobiotechnology. This paper provides an easy-to-read guide to the concepts of some of the major topics in today’s biology. Topics discussed here, include fundamentals of proteomics and systematic descriptions of the various types of studies in proteomics. After a brief review on the physical principles of nanotechnology, the application of one of its products, known as quantum dot in biology and particularly, proteomics studies, were discussed. This account covers the general principles and applications of new emerging fields in biology.

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Lipases, as an important enzyme group, are able to catalyze hydrolysis or synthesis of esters.The lipase from pseudomonas fluorescens (E.C.3.1.1.3) is a thermophilic kind of lipases (MW around 33 Kd). In this study, the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the activity and conformational stability of Psedomonas fluorescence lipase was evaluated using UV/Vis and Circular Dichroism (CD), respectively. According to the results of thermodynamic studies the 0.6 M concentration of sorbitol was selected for refolding and unfolding kinetic measurements with stopped flow fluorescence apparatus. Kinetics data indicate that unfolding of lipase is performed via two different pathways; one of them is probably involves a synchronous unfolding and dissociation of subunits and the other one comprises a two step unfolding in which the subunits are first dissociated followed by complete unfolding of subunits. We found that more population of protein molecules unfolded with slow phase unfolding pathway when sorbitol is present in the unfolding buffer. Furthermore; refolding kinetics data suggest that in the presence of sorbitol the energy barrier of refolding is reduced.

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This paper examines English loan words adaptation in Persian within the framework of Silverman (1992)́s phonological-perceptual approach. This article explores whether vowel epenthesis as a repair strategy in loan word adaptation is phonological or a perceptual illusion and based on what kind of loan word adaptation approaches, English loanword adaptation in Persian can be examined. In an answer to the first question, two experiments were conducted with twelve participants who had very little knowledge of English language. The results indicated that vowel epenthesis in consonant clusters of English loanwords is a perceptual illusion and happens at the perceptual level. In an answer to the second question, the results indicated that loan words adaptation is better to be examined based on phonological-perceptual approaches in that Silverman (1992)́s two level model of loanword adaptation can be an appropriate choice.
 
 

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Aims: Studies based on thermal stability are considered as one of the methods for investigating the physicochemical properties of proteins in biotechnology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacement of Arginine 39 amino acid with lysine on the heat denaturation of mnemiopsin photoprotein 1.
Materials and Methods: In the current experimental study, R39K mutated mnemiopsin was compared with wild protein (in which arginine 39 amino acid was converted to the lysine amino acid). In order to investigate the effect of mutation on the content of the secondary structure, a rotation interpolation method was used. To investigate the possible changes in the rate of thermal stability of mutated and wild proteins, heat denaturation measurements were performed by differential scanning calorimeter. Bioinformatics software were used to compare the structure of two types of proteins.
Findings: The mutated R39K compression decreased in comparison with wild protein. No significant change was observed in the values of thermodynamic parameters, especially T_m. The upward movement of arginine 187 amino acid in the mutated protein decreased the thermal stability of this protein. Increasing the accessible surface of lysine 188 in the mutated protein increased its stability.
Conclusion: In thermal stability of the R39K mutated protein, various factors are effective, including the molecular movements of amino acids, their accessible surface, and the content of the secondary structure of protein stabilizing. This mutation reduces the mutated R39K compression rather than the wild protein; increasing ASA related to Lys188 amino acid in the mutated R39K compared with wild protein increases protein stability, but reducing the amount of secondary structure in this mutated, accompanied by an increase in the molecular upward movement in the Arg187 amino acid serves to reduce the stability of this mutated.

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According to the important role of linguistic factors in reproducing social power and controlling the mind of subjects by redistribution of ideologies the present research tries to explore the underlying levels of surface aspects related to the structural organization of the discourse which can be led to appearance of a new and deep insight. Thus, mastering discourse concepts is an appropriate instrument for a realistic analysis of group’s minds and ideologies. According to the Discourse- Society- and knowledge , Van Dijk (2006) concludes that, each human being, in order to reach the goal of persuasion of the audience, tries to magnify and emphasize his positive actions and minimize the opposing party's attributes. In parallel to this effort, he tries to mitigate its negative qualities and the positive features of the other party. Strategies used to this end can be classified as: actor description, categorization, comparison, euphemism, disclaimers, evidentiality, example/illustration, generalization, number game, hyperbole, irony, populism, norm expression, national self-glorification, negative other representation, metaphor, implication, presupposition, lexicalization, victimization, vagueness, positive self-presentation, polarization/ Us – them categorization,  Burden and Authority. By naturalizing the text and studying structures, critical discourse analysis tries to eliminate the power relations, discourse-based elements of texts and hidden ideologies in texts.in entrance to the concrete layers of language, human wants to select between options and alternatives. Each selection between alternatives shows the actors ideology, knowledge and attitudes. One of these linguistic tools is the manner of social actor’s representation. Each manner of naming shows the users’ attitude about the named actor. In this research writers tried to study the manner of naming family court actors by divorce demanding women. To do this, we attended 20 meeting of the General Court and family counseling center of Zahedan- Iran and recorded the divorce demanding women’s Statements. With regard to the prohibition of the use of audio and video equipment or any kind of electronic means in the court environment, only a written record of women's statements has been limited. After collecting, data were studied based on Van leeuwen (2008) theory to sort different types of actor’s representation. After that in order to study the goal of each type of naming and representation, each class of representation was studied according to Van Dijk (2006) theory. Research results showed that divorce demanding women represent the others by three type of naming. The first was relational identification, the second was passivation and the third was mitigating the others negative properties and magnify positive characteristics of themselves
 

 

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the predictors of health-related quality of life in pregnant women based on Pender’s health promotion model.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive correlational study, 300 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy were selected by simple random sampling from one of the community health centers of Yazd province. Data were collected through a demographic information questionnaire, a short-form health survey v.1, and a questionnaire based on Pender's model constructs. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS 18 software.
Findings: The psychological dimension of quality of life was significantly correlated with perceived effects, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits (p<0.05). Also, the physical dimension of quality of life had a significant correlation with perceived barriers, social support, affect, and benefits (p<0.05). The regression analysis results showed that the variables of perceived barriers, social support, positive and negative effect, and perceived benefits had significant effects on the physical dimension of health-related quality of life (p<0.002). Moreover, the variables of positive and negative affect, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits influenced the psychological dimension of health-related quality of life (p<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, perceived effect, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits constructs are suitable for the psychological dimension of health-related quality of life, perceived barrier constructs, and social support effects. The perceived benefits are appropriate for predicting the physical dimension of quality of life.

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Current management pattern of the rural development plan, has caused to the different challenges (environmental, socio, economic, and physical) in the case study region (villages of Tehran Province) because of the Up-down and sector approach dominance. Thus, this study seeks to answer this strategic question that “how much management of the rural development plan has considered to the principles, framework and process of spatial planning in various stages of preparation ,implementation and evaluation of development plans in the study area,? " To answer that strategic question, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The required data have been collected by documentary and field methods. The study population is 129 village with more than 20 households in Shemiranat, Tehran and Rey Towns, that 12 villages were selected.The number of 12 questionnaires at the level of village's administrators (The Council /Rural manager) and 120 questionnaires at the level of heads of households have been distributed and filled. The statistical t-test is used to analyze. results showed that, with the exception of a few cases (like Chaleh-Tarkhan village that was average), generally, there is no meaningful differences between case study villages in terms of the amount of attention to the framework, principles and process of spatial planning in the preparation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of the rural development plan and actually, most of the villages have undesirable situation in discussed indicators.