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The optimal implementation of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in Iranian EFL higher education faces some challenges despite its incremental growth. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the current challenges affecting university professors' and students' adoption of CALL in Iranian EFL contexts. For this purpose, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with three purposeful sampling groups of participants, both before and after the temporary shutdown of the educational sector due to COVID-19 spread. Therefore, 33 interviewees—university EFL professors, students, and Information Technology Support Engineers (IT-SE)— took part in an interview which took approximately 90 minutes for each, conducted in person or over WhatsApp and Skype platforms. All the interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis by the first researcher and an assistant researcher. The obtained results highlighted nine major categories of themes that indicated the obstacles and challenges of optimal CALL implementation. These challenges are related to 1) technological dimension, 2) teacher dimension 3) student dimension, 4) software and hardware dimension, 5) sanctions and filtering dimension, 6) curriculum dimension, 7) the nature of e-learning dimension, 8) socioeconomic and cultural dimension, and 9) university administrators' dimension.  It was the sanctions and filtering dimension, the nature of e-learning dimension, and the socioeconomic dimension that were exclusive to this study. Each of these major themes includes a set of minor themes. The results can contribute to educational planners, curriculum and material developers, and teachers to develop education programs for optimal CALL implementation in Iranian EFL higher education by removing the challenges.
 

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The present study investigates the impact of emotion, team characteristics, and team social responsibility on the team identification of the most popular teams in the Iran Pro League. To measure variables Wann and Branscombe (1993) Team Identification Scale, Lee et al. (2018) Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ), Yoshida and James (2010) Team Characteristics, Lichtenstein et al. (2004) Social Responsibility, and Weimann-Saks et al. (2019) Second Screen Behavior were used. To assess content validity, five sports management researchers and the reliability of the Team identification was 0.62, second screen behavior 0.80, Team Social Responsibilities 0.91, Team Characteristics 0.67, and Emotion was 0.86. In the first part of the research, 350 fans of the most popular teams in the Iran Premier League participated using a quota homogeneous convenience sampling methodology. In the second part, 379 people were present to fit the team identification model for Persepolis F.C., 387 people for Esteghlal F.C., 335 people for Sepahan S.C., and 431 people for Tractor S.C. as samples. The findings showed that team identification impacts the second-screen behavior of fans. However, the effect of predicting team identification on each of the most popular teams in the Iran Pro League is different. In general, team identification is important in the new media space, i.e., social media, and a new form of behavioral consequences of fans, i.e., second screen behavior.

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Aims: Efficiency as a cultural index can be defined as the comfort resulting from the proper arrangement of components and the connection point between form and function; which plays an important role in adding quality to the space. Such an attitude to design; It is an attempt to obtain a model of valuable previous architecture to measure sustainability and discover the grammar of space in order to create works for the future of architecture.
Methods: The current research is a kind of documentary research, based on the use of data of valuable models of the past, which, by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzes the concept of efficiency in the structure of function and form in native Qajar houses of Isfahan.
Findings: Most of the massing has been done in the north (public spaces), west (service spaces), south (private spaces) and east (service spaces) fronts, respectively. Also, the data obtained from Ecotect software shows that the best direction in Isfahan city is between 17.5 degrees southwest and 22.5 degrees southeast. However, the frequency of Isfahan Orientation in the native Qajar houses of Isfahan is very low, and the emphasis is on the orientation in the north-south direction, and the southeast or southwest of it has not been given much attention.
Conclusion: The configuration of the space, the amount of received energy and the visual communication of the environment (sight) are among the indicators that affect the efficiency, which is understood by the way of massing, spatial relations and spatial proportions.

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Abstract Various researches indicates that family businesses are short-timed and faced with challenges to their survival. Succession planning is one of the main challenges have posed by these companies. This paper reviews the process of succession planning and main factors affecting it. Therefore two independent variables (leadership style and employee maturity) are considered and hypothesized that they have direct relationship with the succession process in the family businesses. The statistical sample was included 45 family businesses working in Khorasan-e-Razavi and hypothesis have been tested using structural equation modeling and all of them were confirmed. Responders to the questionnaire were selected among senior managers and high talented employees who has the chance of being senior managers.  It has been suggested that senior executives in family businesses, firstly choose their leadership style in accordance with the maturity level of their employees and more importantly do the succession planning process.          

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“Create” is the Lord’s act and “creator” and “creativity” are among his characteristics. Since he has created the man from his effigy and has blown through his soil, as the Lord’s Caliph on earth, the man requires to be a symbol of the God’s characteristics. “Create” and “creation” are virtually ascribed to the man, as well, indicating the creation of artistic works and creativity in acts and deeds. They are meant to signify inventiveness, capability of dominating the creatures, tackling the problems, providing, preparing and constructing the most appropriate living conditions. This seems to be quite plausible in the present era since the man has gained power in dominating the creatures. The present study investigates a path to the creation of artistic works, in particular, architecture by comparing it to the procedure of creation in nature and generally to the universe regarding Islam and the Holy Quran. Also, it discusses the interaction between an architect and the whole universe and envisages a general perspective based upon his own creation. In this regard, this study seeks answers to the following questions: ● Is the man_ himself as a creature _capable of creating? ● What are the principles and features taken into account regarding the creation of the universe? ● What are the commonalities between the creation of the universe and the creation of an architectural work? In so doing, a library research and a field study is applied considering interpretational analysis. It, then, follows that as the Lord endows the spirit of creation into the man’s corpse, the man his Caliph on earth_ also gives life to raw materials by blowing his spirit of creation and there comes the birth of Art from mankind. In a sense, creation is always performable and within the procedures of creation opposite elements are juxtaposed to supplement each other; a kind of variation from the same origin to perfection. In other words it can be pointed out that in creation the Lord has manifested integrity by similarity and has endowed identity to every element by purification.

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Aims: The psychological capital is one of the important indicators of positive psychology and it has positive outcomes for students. The present research aimed at studying the status of psychological capital of students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its related factors.
Instruments and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross sectional research was conducted among 384 students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method.  Luthans et al.’s psychological capital questionnaire was employed for the data collection and data analysis was performed, using SPSS 22 software by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test).
Findings: A total of 150 participants (39.2%) were male and 233 (60.8%) were female; 351 participants (91.6%) were single and 32 (8.4%) were married. The mean score of the psychological capital of students was 89.09±9.98. Minimum and maximum means were measured for Optimism and Self-efficacy. There was a significant relationship between sex, field of study, academic degree, and faculty place with psychological capital (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Factors such as sex, field of study, academic degree, and faculty place are effective in the psychological capital of students.

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Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) is one of the promising microbial control agents for the management of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) Death rate, lethal time and survival expectancy were calculated for an infected population of O. surinamensis at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C. Results showed that the mean death rate under above mentioned temperatures was 0.89, 1.15, 1.40, 1.21, and 1.11 larvae/day, respectively. The values were 0.99, 1.38, 1.47, 1.18 and 1.16 insects/day for adults respectively. LT₅₀s, at the same temperatures, were 7.11, 7.04, 4.82, 6.07 and 6.89 days for larvae and 7.03, 6.31, 4.83, 5.58, and 6.55 for adults, respectively. Survival curves for both larval and adult populations were more similar at 25, 30 and 35 °C compared to 15 and 20 °C. The survival rates in infected populations were low during 3^rd and 4^th days post inoculation and decreased with a sharp slope toward the end of the experiments under different temperatures. In every case, survival curves were of the 2^nd type in which the mortality decreases in a steady linear form.

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Aims: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of academic burnout and its related factors among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2017.
Materials & Methods: The method of the present study was a descriptive survey method. The statistical community of this study included all students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences among whom 382 students. Maslach questionnaire of academic burnout (1999) was employed for data collection and data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis).
Findings: The average age of the students under study was 21.51±2.08. Two hundred and sixteen participants (56.5%) were male and 166 (43.5%) were female. 22 participants (5.8%) had associate's degrees, 315 participants (82.5%) were undergraduate and 45 participants (11.8%) were studying in Master and higher levels. 357 students (93.5%) were single and 25 (6.5%) were married. Mean score of the academic burnout of students who participated in the study was 60.88±9.98. The results of data analysis showed that there has been a significant relationship between gender and place of university in one hand and academic burn out in another hand (p≤0.01) as well as between major of study and academic burnout (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: A significant percentage of students are suffering from academic burnout. Also, students with different majors of study may experience a different academic burnouts.
 

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This paper is based on a research conducted among Iranian managers. The qualitative study used Mintzberg’s “shadow-observation” method to study five Iranian managers in a period of one week and compare the results to information of some other countries including the US. The research explores the characteristics and content of the Iranian managers’ jobs. The paper presents the results from the characteristics of Iranian managers in form of a work pattern. The work-pattern indicates the average of 8 hours and 6 minutes of daily work for Iranian managers spending 13% on desk work, 12% on telephone calls, 43% on arranged meetings, 17% on un arranged meetings, 3% tours, 5% business lunches, 4% business travels and 4% on delays. Allocating times to delays has not been reported in Mintzberg’s research, studying American managers, but it has been reported among Indian managers. With regard to the content of managerial jobs, Mintzberg’s model has been extended and enhanced a twelve managerial roles model has been developed for Iranian managers. The twelve roles are: figurehead, leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, entrepreneur, resource handler, negotiator, system-developer, system-protector, self-managing and social role. The importance of “mentoring (teaching)” and “social” roles for Iranian managers managing in a less-developed economy and collectivistic culture compared with American managers (managing in a more developed-economy and individualist culture) is explained. Comparative analyses of the results of the current study and those of researches replicating Mintzberg’s study in some countries including the USA, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, China and India are discussed in this paper. To sum up, the paper refers to some Iran’s national characteristics such as: les-developed economy and lower level of education, collectivistic and paternalistic management culture, and tendency toward verbal communication explaining the cross-national differences observed.

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Aims: This research aimed to study the effect of virtual social networks on self-care of the users concerning COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: This survey research was conducted from April to June 2020. The study sample included social network users (WhatsApp, Instagram and Telegram) in Hormozgan province who were selected by convenience sampling. The measuring instrument was an online questionnaire extracted from Dorthea E. Orem’s self-care model, Gerbner's cultivation theory and Kaplan and Haenlein's media-richness-theory. Modeling was carried out using SPSS 28 and Amos 26 software.
Findings: The results of explanation and modeling in the present research not only indicate a significant and direct relationship between the independent variables of Presence and interaction in the social networks and user orientation to the type of social network with the dependent variable of users concerning COVID-19 self-care (p<0.0009), but also, 45% of changes in COVID-19 self-care variable was covered by a set of social networking indices. Structural equation modelling in the self-care variable also showed that independent variables; Presence and interaction in the social networks and user orientation to the type of social network had the highest and lowest effects on the psychological support dimension with a standard coefficient of 0.99 and the dimension of awareness and attention to COVID-19 effects and outcomes with a standard coefficient of 0.95, respectively.
Conclusions: As a result, we suggest that health officials and disease control and prevention centers use the potential of social networks such as WhatsApp and Instagram in self-care of users concerning COVID-19.

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Aims: Space is the core of how social and cultural events take place. Also, the relationship between activity and space is more comprehensible in the existing relationships between spaces and the relationships between audiences and social interactions than can be defined individually in the characteristics of space. This study tries to get acquainted with the graph theory and the basics of Space Syntex plugin and by explaining its mathematical relations evaluate the architecture of the Qajar period and the relationship between the companionship of spaces in a sample of Isfahan Qajar houses (Jangjouyan House)
Methods: The research method of the study is a descriptive-analytical, sci-tech anaysis with a case study strategy, for which the definitions of “Grasshopper” and” Space Syntax” are used to quantify it. The present study introduces the value of control in space, which implies the adaptability of space as one of the indicators of flexibility.
Findings: As the most permeable space, the yard has the highest ability to create spatial coherence and the highest level of control over other spaces, and on the other hand, the service spaces have the least amount of flexibility.
Conclusion: The courtyard positioning in the middle layers and its relationship with the intermediate spaces including the corridors, stairs, and partitions create a significant role for it, leading to its flexibility in the spatial configuration, while the location of yards in the primary layers in the contemporary homes has declined in its importance and this role has been transferred to other spaces.
 

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The inflorescence rot is an essentially high impact (or damaging) disease of date palm. The current research was carried out to help develop a decision-making system in Abadan, Khorramshahr, Shadegan, Ahwaz, Mahshar, and Behbehan regions of Khuzestan province Iran based on climatic and geostatistical models using five-year data from 2011 to 2015. Samples were taken randomly from 10 date palm trees within one orchard in each of 33 villages. The disease started in March, and the damage reached its peak values in April. The forecasting model of damage factors has been significant at levels 1 and 5%. The model nuggets for disease in Abadan-Khorramshahr, Shadegan, Ahwaz, Mahshar, and Behbehan regions were 2.1, 1.1, 0.09, 2.60, and 0.27 km, respectively. These results show that the disease damage estimation errors were low at distances less than within sampling space. The effective ranges of variograms were 4.9. 8.3, 9.1, 5.1, and 4.2, respectively, indicating the disease distribution in the region. The sill of models were 0.41, 0.46, 0.46, 0.29, and 0.58, respectively, indicating that correlations between the damage data were at the lowest level and could be monitored at distances more than these thresholds. Findings are fundamental steps in creating a decision-making system in the date palm protection network. Therefore, it could be concluded that the date inflorescence rot disease can be monitored, forecasted, and controlled correctly before the maximum damage occurs.

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The Holy Defense, as one of the historical periods that ended with the victory of the Iranian nation, has lessons and teachings that should be studied by researchers and become a model and theory. Commanding style of commanders is one of the important aspects of that period that has been considered in the present study. Twenty commanders of the Holy Defense were studied in a library method, considering the diversity of command positions, reputation, and the availability of resources. The obtained documents were coded and analyzed with a qualitative approach and content analysis method, and after validation in two stages, four styles of jihadi command were identified in the commanders of that time: "Creative consequentialism (focusing on the goal based on intelligence)", "Authoritarian consequentialism (attention to the goal based on authority)", "Wise staffing (attention to forces based on intelligence)" And "strong support (focusing on force based on authority)."

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Ideology can increase the rivalry or socio-political clashes between political powers within a society. People, political parties and organizations set their policies following a dominant ideology. News agencies are among the highly influential organizations which can affect ideological and political thinking. News agencies, by means of translation, try to direct people’s way of thinking toward a special direction. Therefore, the role of translation in highlighting political rivalry among parties is undeniable. Meanwhile, translators’ word choice can reflect the differences between the Reformists and the Conservatives. The aim of the current study is to examine the representation of ideological foregrounding in journalistic translators’ word choice. The corpus includes 200 journalistic sentences collected from foreign news websites. Then collected data were analyzed based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The results showed that the conflicts between two main parties are reflected in translators’ word choice. The phenomenon can potentially increase clashes and tensions in a society and challenge social stability.
 
 
 Human life and affairs are not just limited to a particular country or region. Today, everything that happens in a corner of the world can easily affect people’s lives in other countries. Consequently, people want to know what happened in other parts of the world. Therefore, a wide range of communication tools has been developed in recent decades. News media is one of the most important communication tools that has greatly affected human life in the contemporary era. But news media is not just for communication. It is a proper tool to advance the ideological goals of organizations, institutions, and even political parties. Therefore, one of the important elements that should be considered in the news media is ideology. News media also needs some efficient tools to advance its ideological goals. Translation is an effective tool that can be very helpful and supportive for media to put forward society in a predefined path. News agencies, using translation, can direct people’s way of thinking toward a special direction. Therefore, the role of translation in highlighting political rivalry among parties is undeniable. Meanwhile, translators’ word choice can reflect the differences between the Reformists and the Conservatives.
The current research aims to investigate the representation of ideological foregrounding in journalistic translators’ word choice through critical discourse analysis. To achieve this goal, a corpus of 200 journalistic sentences collected from foreign news agency’s websites. As the political rivalry between Iranian Conservative and Reformist parties was to be examined, the Persian translation of this news was also collected. Then collected data were analyzed based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model. The main question of the present study was to what extent the ideology of the news translator had been reflected in his/her choice of words and to what extent this plays a role in increasing the political confrontation of the parties. Since only translators' word choice is considered, only those parts of Fairclough’s model have been selected that were suitable for lexical analysis. The main hypothesis of the research was that the translator’s word choice could play a key role in ideological clashes between parties.
After analyzing collected data, the results revealed that the conflicts between the two main parties are reflected in translators’ word choice. This can potentially result in clashes and tensions in society and challenge social stability. In addition, it was found that news translating is one of the most challenging translations that is associated with applying the ideologies of political parties, organizations and groups. Furthermore, it became clear that the mode of translation can affect the way of thinking of the society in different situations.
 

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Aims: The purpose of the current research is to analyze the configuration and spatial organization in the plan of historical schools of Islamic-Iranian architecture and compare it with new schools in terms of interconnectedness, depth (spatial influence), connection and accessibility.

Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical with logical argumentation and deductive reasoning, as well as simulation with the use of Depth-map software. As case studies, Chaharbagh, Sadr Bazar and Sadr Khajo schools have been selected as historical educational buildings with a high arrangement and integration and uniform configuration, and Saadi and Setare Sobh schools with linear organization have been selected as contemporary educational buildings.

Findings: In Chaharbagh, Sadr Khajo and Sadr Bazar schools, they have the most spatial influence. The factor of difference in these schools is close to one which shows high spatial integration and the same configuration. We can also mention the connection between open space and education. The yard has the most access and is the heart of the configuration. After that, porches and cells have the least amount of access. In contemporary schools, the connection is less than in traditional schools. It can be seen in the combination of entrance, corridor and classroom spaces.

Conclusion: The analysis of the plans and the outlines of the schools from the past to the present shows the changing factors have a great impact on the of difference and the distance from the case study one, which indicates change in organization, the reduction of spatial integration and uneven configuration.

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During a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in Bamyan and Mazar Sharif provinces of Afghanistan, several species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to infraorder Tylenchomorpha were detected and identified. Filenchus facultativus; Filenchus discrepans; Filenchus elegantulus; Boleodorus volutus; Neopsilenchus magnidens; Coslenchus costatus; Ditylenchus myceliophagus; Tylenchorhynchus clarus; Paratylenchus microdorus and Merlinius neohexagrammus are reported here for the first time from Afghanistan. Detailed examination of M. neohexagrammus using SEM microscopy confirmed this species in the genus Merlinius by having a labial disc not marked and with four longitudinal striations on the lip region, amphid apertures located at the lateral edge of labial disc and lateral field at mid-body areolated.

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 Jujube is a functional fruit with a great source of fibers, vitamins and nutritional elements and has a sweet, delicious flavor. Replacement effects of wheat flour with varying levels of jujube powder (0, 5, 15 and 25 % w/w) on the physicochemical, texture and sensory properties of the cakes based on completely randomized design, was investigated. The viscosity of cake batter increased from 744.5 cp (% 0 jujube powder) to 9872.5 cp (% 25 jujube powder) as the replacement level of wheat flour with jujube powder increased (p <0.05). The physicochemical (moisture content, volume, porosity, firmness, fiber and ash) and sensory properties of the cake prepared by replacing wheat flour with jujube powder were changed significantly (p <0.05). As the replacement level of wheat flour with jujube powder increased, the volume and porosity of the cake were decreased and the hardness, fiber, ash, browning index and the lightness of them were increased (p <0.05). Cakes made with the % 5 and then the higher level (up to % 15) as compared to control, received the highest sensory overall scores (p <0.05).  The cakes containing % 5 jujube powder, showed the least physicochemical changes similar to control samples and found to be more acceptable from sensory points as compared to other treatments (p <0.05).   

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Yazdi cake is one of the indigenous snacks of Iran that by adding some ingredients can improve its nutritional and textural properties. Green tea extract is high in antioxidants and have a health role. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract on physicochemical and sensory properties of Yazdi cake. In this study, green tea extract was added to Yazdi cake formulation at 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% levels. Then the physicochemical properties (moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, Specific weight for cake dough, cake volume, density, porosity, weight loss) and sensory analyze during storage at 2, 4 and 6 days intervals after baking, it was performed according to standard methods. All the prepared cakes containing different concentrations of extract had significant physico-chemical and sensory characteristics and were within the standard range. Observations showed that the addition of green tea extract in cake formulation decreased weight loss, moisture, porosity, density, brightness, ash and sensory scores and increased volume, fiber, fat, protein, carbohydrate and specific gravity. High levels of 5% green tea extract had a negative effect on the quality of the cake. Therefore, the addition of green tea extract at levels of 2.5 and 5% produced an acceptable product cake. Finally, optimization of Yazdi cake formulation to produce a useful product using the investigated characteristics and limits indicated that 2/5% of green tea extract is the most suitable enrichment for Yazdi cake, in which the percent extract there was no adverse change in the physicochemical and sensory properties of the cake.

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Background and purpose: In recent years, the use of natural substances such as essential oils and extracts has been emphasized in place of chemical preservatives in the food industry. green walnut skin is an agricultural waste that, due to its phenolic compounds, can be considered as a natural combination containing biological properties, and it reduces many of the incurable diseases and prevents the oxidation of lipids and is used as antimicrobial factors. In this study, the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anti - bacterial properties of methanolic extracts of green walnut skin was investigated.
Materials and Methods: Extraction was carried out using both soaking and soxhelt methods in  60% and 80% methanol solvent. The amount of phenolic compounds of the extract was determined by spectrophotometric method.
The anti-radical activity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH radical inhibitory test. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method against Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysentery and Listeria monocytogenes. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and Duncan test.
Results: The total phenol content for soaking and soxhlet methods was respectively 17.81 and 89.07, according to Gallic acid equivalent, based on mg / g of sample. EC50 amount of green walnut skin was 0.15 mg / ml. The  Remarkable antimicrobial activity was observed against all studied bacteria. MIC was between 1.625 and 1.25 and MBC between 1.2 and 2.5 mg / ml.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that methanolic extracts of green walnut skin are a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that can be used in the food and medicine industry to protect human health.