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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of field crops, orchard trees and ornamentals around the world. The short life cycle, high reproductive potential, accompanied by frequent acaricide applications have caused resistance development to wide range of acaricides. In this study the susceptibility of two populations, collected from Karaj and Mahllat, was investigated against fenpyroximate. The bioassay test was carried out by using the leaf-dip method. The results showed that the LC₅₀ values for Karaj and Mahallat population were 2.1 and 92 (mg/ml), respectively. The resistance ratio was 43.8. The enzyme assay results revealed that the activity ratios of esterase in Mahallat to Karaj populations were 2.5 and 1.2 when α-NA and β-NA were used as a substrate, respectively. The activity of cytochrome P₄₅₀ in Mahallat population was 1.37 times higher than the Karaj population. There was no significant difference in glutathion S-transferase activity between the two populations. The gene expression (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression level of CYP392A11 in Mahallat population was 3.52 times higher than Karaj population. These results suggested that esterase and cytochrome P₄₅₀ monoxygenase are probably involved in resistance of T. urticae to fenpyroximate. 

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The number of microbial cells on the planet is much larger than the stars we know in the galaxies. However, the microbial diversity and their ecological network remain unknown, they have key roles on the Earth's ecosystems. Omics technologies such as metagenomics provide tools for recognizing a large part of these cryptic forms of life accurately, which are much higher than the uncultivated majority. One example is the diversity of the Vampyrellids from protista and micro-eukaryotes. Using meta-omics technologies, it found that the diversity within this one group equals that of the entire kingdom of fungi, and they are found in all corners of nature, from the oceans to terrestrial soils. It is noticeable that they are only one of the seven protista groups. In this article, in addition to introducing Omics technologies, some of big relevant projects and their results have also been discussed covering all of the Earth's environment. Metagenomics is the direct sequencing and characterization of genes and genomes present in complex microbial ecosystems (e.g. metagenomes). Viromics is the research of viral metagenome. In metatranscriptomics the mRNA is being analyzed which is due to its notoriously labile nature in environmental samples, its conservation and analyzing are the main challenges in this omics. Identification and measurement of various proteins that can directly measure microbial activity is performed in metaproteomics. Environmental metabolomics includes the study of low molecular weight metabolites generated from interactions between microorganisms, such as small eukaryotes, plants, animals, predators, abiotic stresses, and other stimulants.

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 Transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is an important stage in plant’s life. Flowering pathways including photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellins, and autonomous pathway are regulated by different genes. Identification of flowering genes is essential for the development of bolting-resistant sugar beet cultivars. In this study, a set of 118 Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in flowering time control were used as a reference to identify homologous counterparts in Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) and Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) sequence of sugar beet. Based on obtained ESTs, primers were designed for Suppressor of Frigida 4 (SUF4), Curly Leaf (CLF), Constitutive Photomorphogenesis1 (COP1), and Cycling Dof Factor (CDF) genes. SUF4 and CLF are components of vernalization pathway and COP1 and CDF are in photoperiod pathway. The sequence regions of these genes were amplified using cDNA PCR technique, and compared with other identified sequences in Gene Bank. Four genes namely CLF, COP1, CDF and SUF4 were deposited in Gene Bank. Results showed that most of the flowering pathway genes in Arabidopsis are detectable in sugar beet which can be contributed to the understanding of the genetic control of bolting resistance.