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Showing 20 results for Moghimi
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3- 2014)
Abstract
“Globalisation” is one of the most influential philosophical thoughts with direct effects on the economic, political and cultural entities of countries in the modern era. Most scholars relate the emergence of this phenomenon to the period after Renascence. However, with little contemplation, one could trace the roots and origins of philosophical thoughts and mythical concepts – of course not in their present form – to ancient civilisations. Doubtless, Sasanian empire (224-651 CE), with 427 years of glory in the world,s political arena, can be considered as one of the greatest and most powerful cultural foregrounds of ancient era that was managed by the direct instructions of Zoroastrian philosophers. The founder of this empire (ArdašīrPāpakān: 224-241 CE), in response to the question that why have you risen against your reigning king (Ardavan V Ashkani), clamed: “To make a world with a single-God”. Now, the question is. Can “Ardašīr’s efforts in establishment of a world under governance of a single God” be counted as the first efforts toward unification of the world and the initial steps in globalisation? – efforts that were accompanied by practices and widespread endeavours. The principal hypothesis is that the thoughts of globalisation were nurtured in the thoughts of Zoroastrians’ eminent Mōbads and practiced by the founder of Sasanians Empire. The main aim of the present research is to investigate the first veinsofglobalisation notions and the associated practical measures of Sasanian kings. In doing so, all of the Sasanian historical and archaeological evidences that certify the research hypothesis are envisaged and discussed in the context of globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts. The cosmopolitanism idea, with roots in the ancient world, is also used to associate the today’s globalisation concepts with the ancient ones. These concepts together with archaeological and historical evidences are clear indications that globalisation and cosmopolitanism thoughts have been introduced 1800 years ago in Iran; and indeed practiced on the relevant scale by Sasanians.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
Increasing level of education and culture is one aim of benefactors for god sake and improvement of the society. This head is available with construction and devoting the educational centers with specifying sacred for supporting it’s building and human costs and steady activity of educational and cultural activity. The sacred has affected so much on foundation and continuous life of the institutions and economic, cultural and social centers and could have been caused effective movement in establishing schools and scientific and researching centers. It is natural that study and researching in this field could be appropriate guide for expanding the devoting culture and leading the facilities of the society toward preparing appropriate beds for education, research and the other similar ones.
You can observe with one glance at the appearance and skeletal texture of Iranian cities that donation element have had an important role in most of the urban components and elements which had a major role in the performance and life of urban life. Many of infrastructure and superstructure in complex biological have been built by people without the government's duty to make them feel. However, in cases the governors had also a venerable role in the construction of such devoted collections throughout Islamic history of Iran. In addition that the devotion had many important social and economic functions in everyday life and urban activities was so important in organization and production of public urban spaces from the social and economic points of view. It can be viewed and tracked that the skeleton role of devotion was to create and construct from the smallest structural elements such as mosques, schools, public bathrooms, Cisterns, Saqakhaneh, lighting and little bazaars to forming and producing the biggest urban spaces like Bazaars and devotion collections. Most of the buildings with the function of public which also belong to cultural and historical heritage of an Islamic society were devoted. The survival of devotions in bed time should been searched in the great role of devoting.
Mostly the mosques were the teaching places in the first centuries and actually there was no other place for religious education until the late third centuries of immigration. Gradually by increasing the number of students who were come from far away to meet the professor in the first of fourth centuries and their need to residence, made many problems with interference between two educational and religious functions in the same building so it made obvious the need of constructing an independent building.in this case some schools were constructed by the kings and benefactors in some cities such as Bokhara, Balkh, Neyshabur, Ghazneh and some other. The Beyhaghiyeh School and Sadie school in Neyshabur were in this category which in addition to have teaching place had Chambers for habitation of students and devoted for supplying the costs of school. At first this personal schools were the professor’s house as a teaching place to his students. In this situation care and school administration was probably to someone who was also the establisher and also the teacher and it inherited a family tradition from generation to next generation.
Following the establishment of schools in fourth century, a turning Point was created in the life of students and in fact a kind of social insurance was prepared and it was because of the certain rights and once pension that devotion had made for them. In the fifth century when the Nezamiyeh Schools had Foundation, Nezam Almok stated that education is all free and even the students have regular fellowship to study. In Nezamiyeh Schools the teachers were paid a fee for their job and it was based on their information and Scientific grades.
After establishing the schools and free education, devote tradition and extensive reformation of Ghazan Khan Period that resuscitate the economics of the country, construction of building that were for the use of generic and their benefits used for other construction of mosques and schools. In the will of these devotions for schools, every detail was determined such as educational program, the method of education and even the content of the lessons. In the wills of devoted buildings different functions had been determined. In addition of educational function and generic aspects and social functions, they specified a place for praying hall which sometimes it was not for generic use and the entrance of these spaces should have been separated for people and students access. And people could not get inside the school. In this way the student remained comfortable.
This tradition also followed in Tymuryan period but culminated in Safavid period. By Safavid ruling, the growth and development of Schools had new Motivation. One of the indexes of safavid Series that marked prodigious social - political and religious developments in Iran was recognition of religion of Shi'a. Another development in safavid era was the relative independence of Schools. The old tradition of devotion was a method for Schools to save their relative independence from court. The tipping competition between benefactors was too much in Isfahan in the latest of safavid era that they had to look for lands in other provinces for devoting Schools and mosques.
Education in Ghajar period was mostly in school at the primary level and in scientific schools at excellent level that both of these two none governmental organizations were influenced by religious atmosphere to teach the religious sciences before constructing the schools in new style by the foreigners.
This research which has been studied in historical- descriptive format does explain about devoting and its effects on the educational and skeletal program of schools in the past. This study shows that most of the educational centers have been created by construction and devoting scientific schools and supplying the financial sources for their human and building costs and in Iran in Islamic period, extension of devotions led to lots and lots of efflorescence and most part of these devotions had a great income and this happening caused the efflorescence of educational and scientific religious structure of that era.
Pouria Gholami Tilko, Zahra Hajihassan, Navid Nazari, Hamid Moghimi,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Volume 8, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli has been very common in recent decades. Many studies and experiments have been done in order to optimize the production and expression of recombinant proteins in E.coli. One strategy is using high cell density to increase recombinant protein production such as β-NGF in the cell. Therefore, in this study for the first time bacterial cell culture in high cell density was done using glycerol and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources and MgCl2 as a growth effective factor. Also the effects of overnight culture conditions on bacterial growth were evaluated. Meanwhile culture conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and the optimum conditions were as follows: 18/23 g/lit glycerol, 14.44 g/lit yeast extract and 10mM MgCl2. Also the obtained results indicated that the 14 hours incubation at 37 °C and 180 rpm were optimum conditions for the overnight culture. Our results showed that the rate of cell growth and recombinant β-NGF production in optimized condition is significantly higher than in basic medium.
Volume 8, Issue 15 (Spring & Summer 2021)
Abstract
The phrase “And those who argue concerning Allah after that answer has been made to Him" in verse 16 of Surah ASH-SHURA is one of the expressions that there is disagreement on its interpretation and translation. According to this phrase, the argument of deniers stands refuted after the acceptance of the call of the person mentioned by the genitive attached pronoun "hū "(ــه)of third person masculine. The disagreement over determining the reference of the deniers, the subject of response and the antecedent of the pronoun "hū "(ــه) has caused differences in interpretation and consequently translations of the verse. Some translations, without being influenced by interpretive judgments, also render the ambiguity of the verse. What evidence, however, can be used to interpret and translate this phrase correctly? Using a descriptive-analytic method, the present research, while introducing Persian and English interpretations and translations of the abovementioned verse and taking into account the meaning of the context and other related verses, aims to obtain the correct interpretation and translation of the verse. This research is necessary to make clear the meaning of one of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, and, moreover, it is of importance to show a wide range of ignorance about the evidences in interpreting and translating this verse. The result of the study suggests that the references of the disputers are polytheists or People of the Book or both; The reason for mentioning the passive verb "istujība" is to generalize the subject, which, according to the evidences, can be referred to Muslims, nature, and scholars of the Book, and the antecedent of the pronoun "hū "(ــه)is Allah.
H. Nouri , A. Kamyabi, H. Moghimi ,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (Winter 2018)
Volume 9, Issue 1 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the present study was to isolate yeasts with the high ability of decolorization to use as biosorption in removing azo dyes.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, an enrichment method was used to isolate dye absorbent yeast in a salt medium. The dye absorption was performed with comparing wet and dried biomass. Decolorization level was evaluated in different concentrations of dye and salt. By molecular method, the best strain was identified and its ability to absorb various dyes as well as mono-, di-, and tri-azo dyes were investigated. Statistical tests including one way ANOVA and Tukey as well as SPSS 19 software were used.
Findings: Among 17 yeast isolates, ADH17 was selected as the most capable isolate. This isolate was 100% similar to Sarocladium sp. Dried biomass could adsorb the dye 4 times more than the wet biomass. The remained dye increased when initial dye concentration rose, but different concentrations of sodium chloride had no significant effect in biosorption. This strain could adsorb a broad range of azo dyes, including mono-, di-, and tri- azo and acidic, basic, and reactive dyes as well. The highest biosorption was 97.43% for reactive red and the lowest biosorption was 87.96% for reactive yellow.
Conclusion: The ADH17 is the most capable isolate and it is 100% similar to Sarocladium sp. This strain adsorbs a broad range of azo dyes, including mono-, di-, and tri- azo and acidic, basic, and reactive dyes as well. Sarocladium sp has a high ability to absorb various azo dyes.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, an enrichment method was used to isolate dye absorbent yeast in a salt medium. The dye absorption was performed with comparing wet and dried biomass. Decolorization level was evaluated in different concentrations of dye and salt. By molecular method, the best strain was identified and its ability to absorb various dyes as well as mono-, di-, and tri-azo dyes were investigated. Statistical tests including one way ANOVA and Tukey as well as SPSS 19 software were used.
Findings: Among 17 yeast isolates, ADH17 was selected as the most capable isolate. This isolate was 100% similar to Sarocladium sp. Dried biomass could adsorb the dye 4 times more than the wet biomass. The remained dye increased when initial dye concentration rose, but different concentrations of sodium chloride had no significant effect in biosorption. This strain could adsorb a broad range of azo dyes, including mono-, di-, and tri- azo and acidic, basic, and reactive dyes as well. The highest biosorption was 97.43% for reactive red and the lowest biosorption was 87.96% for reactive yellow.
Conclusion: The ADH17 is the most capable isolate and it is 100% similar to Sarocladium sp. This strain adsorbs a broad range of azo dyes, including mono-, di-, and tri- azo and acidic, basic, and reactive dyes as well. Sarocladium sp has a high ability to absorb various azo dyes.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (Number 4 - 2007)
Abstract
Due to the hard climatic conditions of the yardang region in the Lut Desert, not much information about land surface temperatures of this region, one of the extremely arid cli-matic zones of Iran, has been extracted. Therefore, in this study in order to obtain some information about important surface features of the Lut Desert (marl, grey sand, bright sand and salt affected land), field temperature measurements were taken and remotely sensed data processing were made. Temperature was measured eight times from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. during a 15-day period in October 2000. In addition to field measurements, Land sat satellite TM thermal data dated on the 25th of June, 1989 and other sources of data and maps were used. Thermal remote sensing analysis was applied for mapping surface temperatures in the south-eastern part of the Lut Desert in Iran. In this research, the methodology comprised : 1) field temperature measurements, 2) the relationship between the temperature of different soil surfaces and land cover types, 3) diurnal variations in the surface temperature of land cover types, 4) primary image processing and fieldwork, 5) image processing and calibration,6) image classification and accuracy assessment, and 7) land surface temperature mapping. The results obtained have shown the differences be-tween the surface temperatures of the studied features. The significant differences be-tween surface temperatures were discussed. The results obtained have also shown the im-portance of thermal sensor selection from the viewpoint of satellite overpass time. The re-sults obtained from thermal data and field temperature measurements have shown the time of Landsat satellite overpass has to be considered for image interpretation. As a re-sult, the temperature lowers, respectively, in regions such as yardangs, desert pavement, salty lands, and wetlands; however, it increases in sandy regions.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Winter 2025)
Abstract
Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of nerves. The incidence of this disease has markedly risen in diverse regions, including the Middle East. Any factor that alters the quality and quantity of immune system components or influences the migration of immune cells toward the CNS may contribute to MS development. Evidence suggests that paragenetic, genetic, and environmental factors may be involved in increasing MS risk. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various infections on MS incidence.
Materials & Methods: This study included 475 MS patients and 260 healthy individuals from the Azeri population of East Azerbaijan province. Both groups filled out a questionnaire about their history of exposure to specific pathogens and infections before the age of 15.The relationship between a history of various infections and MS risk was examined.Findings: Mycoplasma pneumonia infection was significantly more prevalent in MS patients than in healthy individuals (p< .05). MS patients were more likely to suffer from common colds (p< .05), but no significant difference was observed regarding other infectious diseases (p> .05). Additionally, the prevalence of chronic infections was higher among MS patients (p< .05).
Conclusion: M.pneumoniae infection, common colds, and chronic infections were significantly more common in MS patients than in healthy controls. However, no significant association was found between other infectious diseases and MS risk. These findings emphasize the possible role of specific pathogens in MS development, warranting further investigation into underlying mechanisms and contributing factors.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (April & May 2021 (Articles in Persian) 2021)
Abstract
Investigations show that in Persian no significant research has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives. In this paper, near-synonymy relationship of ‘‘ziyâd and farâvân’’ size adjectives and their inflectional forms has been studied based on Behavioral Profile Analysis approach of Divjack and Gries (2006) and the data of Hamshahri 2 corpus (Alahmad and et.al, 2009). Accordingly in this study, first, by using AntConc software (2011) the data related to ‘‘ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari’’ size adjectives were extracted from the corpus and then were annotated on the basis of the morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The result of behavioral profile approach which is acquired according to hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the highest level of near-synonymy belongs to ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni’’, ‘‘ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’, ‘‘ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’, ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân’’ and ‘‘ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin’’ groups and the lowest level of near-synonymy is between ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’ and ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin, ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’ groups. Finally, annotation analysis based on Z-scores has specified all meaningful and meaningless ID-tags of size adjectives.
1. Introduction
Persian is one of many languages throughout the world which have a class of words whose grammar is clearly different from the others, and can be identified as adjectives. Adjectives, also, can perform some semantic tasks. For example, one major task of adjective is to show the property of things. For example, Ali's house is big, this sentence could referred to Ali's house, that it has a property of being big.
Although traditional grammarians stressed on the formal features, today, linguists typically classify adjectives according to semantic features. However, one lexical field that has received a lot of attention both in general and in corpus is adjective size, presumably because it includes two pairs of canonical antonyms and many studies have already focused on size adjectives. For example, Charles and Miller (1989) showed that big and little as well as large and small tend to occur in one and the same sentence in the Brown corpus with a probability that is much larger than chance would predict and concluded (Gries and Otani, 2010). In Persian, however, no attention has been paid to the size adjectives. Therefore, this is a motivation for us, to investigate near-synonymy of ziyâd and farâvân size adjectives and their inflectional forms according to behavioral profile analysis approach.
The body of this paper, generally, structured as follow: In section 2, we examine briefly background study of adjectives, in particular, size adjectives, synonymy and the application of behavioral profile. In section 3, we investigate behavioral profile approach. Section 4 deals with methodology of research according to corpus-based data, process of annotation and random data selection by using Kerjcie & Morgan table (1970). In section 5, we analyze statistical information acquired from the process of annotation by using SPSS software. And finally in section 6, we present the results of data.
2. Methodology
Divjak and Gries (2006) identified the following four steps for the behavioral profile approach: 1. The retrieval of (a representative random sample of) all instances of the lemmas from a corpus. 2. Manual analysis and annotation of many properties of each match in the concordance of lemmas. 3. The conversion of data into a co-occurrence table. 4. The evaluation of the table by means of exploratory and other statistical techniques. In this study to do the above steps, we first used Antconc software to retrieve all matches of the lemmas ziyâd and farâvân plus their inflectional forms from 150 million-word corpus of Hamshahri 2 AleAhmad et al (2009). Then we annotated morphological, syntactic and semantic features to lexical forms in order to identify distributional features. And finally, we utilized SPSS software to evaluate the data and acquire Hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts.
3. Discussion and Results
No considerable study has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives in Persian and only some grammarians and linguists such as Anvari and Givi (2008), Assi (2006) and etc simply have categorized size adjectives. Consequently, it is defficult to compare the achievements of this study with previous studies on near-synonymy.
In this article, generally, determining near-synonymy is performed according to the observation and analyzing similarities and differences of distributional behaviors of size adjectives and therefore is different from previous researches such as Abdolkarimi (2014, 2016) and etc. Our findings ,also, support Gries and Otani (2010) assumption on theoretical implication of behavioral profile analysis and most corpus-based works that believe formal differences reflect functional differences. For example, formal tag levels such as active, passive, plural, singular and etc have significant role in near-synonymy of “ziyâd and farâvân’’ inflectional forms. The findings of this study, moreover, clear that size adjectives (base form) or along with “tar” inflectional suffix are always dependent of a noun or a causative or predicative verb but size adjectives plus “tarin” superlative suffix can only be dependent of a noun not a verb, because no occurrence is observed for “tarin” as dependent of verbs.
4. Conclusion
In this study, we explored the semantic field of size by analyzing the distributional behavior of lexical forms "ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari" according to behavioral profile analysis and also three variable with 61 ID tags level were annotated to find near-synonymy relationship between size adjectives inflectional forms. The analysis of hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts all ID tags signified that mentioned lexical forms in terms of tag level made sub-groups which have near-synonymy between their own members sub-group. These sub-groups include "ziyâdi, farâvâni", "ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâdtar, farâvântar", "ziyâdi, farâvân", "ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin", "ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin" and "ziyâdtar, farâvântar, ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin".
1. Introduction
Persian is one of many languages throughout the world which have a class of words whose grammar is clearly different from the others, and can be identified as adjectives. Adjectives, also, can perform some semantic tasks. For example, one major task of adjective is to show the property of things. For example, Ali's house is big, this sentence could referred to Ali's house, that it has a property of being big.
Although traditional grammarians stressed on the formal features, today, linguists typically classify adjectives according to semantic features. However, one lexical field that has received a lot of attention both in general and in corpus is adjective size, presumably because it includes two pairs of canonical antonyms and many studies have already focused on size adjectives. For example, Charles and Miller (1989) showed that big and little as well as large and small tend to occur in one and the same sentence in the Brown corpus with a probability that is much larger than chance would predict and concluded (Gries and Otani, 2010). In Persian, however, no attention has been paid to the size adjectives. Therefore, this is a motivation for us, to investigate near-synonymy of ziyâd and farâvân size adjectives and their inflectional forms according to behavioral profile analysis approach.
The body of this paper, generally, structured as follow: In section 2, we examine briefly background study of adjectives, in particular, size adjectives, synonymy and the application of behavioral profile. In section 3, we investigate behavioral profile approach. Section 4 deals with methodology of research according to corpus-based data, process of annotation and random data selection by using Kerjcie & Morgan table (1970). In section 5, we analyze statistical information acquired from the process of annotation by using SPSS software. And finally in section 6, we present the results of data.
2. Methodology
Divjak and Gries (2006) identified the following four steps for the behavioral profile approach: 1. The retrieval of (a representative random sample of) all instances of the lemmas from a corpus. 2. Manual analysis and annotation of many properties of each match in the concordance of lemmas. 3. The conversion of data into a co-occurrence table. 4. The evaluation of the table by means of exploratory and other statistical techniques. In this study to do the above steps, we first used Antconc software to retrieve all matches of the lemmas ziyâd and farâvân plus their inflectional forms from 150 million-word corpus of Hamshahri 2 AleAhmad et al (2009). Then we annotated morphological, syntactic and semantic features to lexical forms in order to identify distributional features. And finally, we utilized SPSS software to evaluate the data and acquire Hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts.
3. Discussion and Results
No considerable study has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives in Persian and only some grammarians and linguists such as Anvari and Givi (2008), Assi (2006) and etc simply have categorized size adjectives. Consequently, it is defficult to compare the achievements of this study with previous studies on near-synonymy.
In this article, generally, determining near-synonymy is performed according to the observation and analyzing similarities and differences of distributional behaviors of size adjectives and therefore is different from previous researches such as Abdolkarimi (2014, 2016) and etc. Our findings ,also, support Gries and Otani (2010) assumption on theoretical implication of behavioral profile analysis and most corpus-based works that believe formal differences reflect functional differences. For example, formal tag levels such as active, passive, plural, singular and etc have significant role in near-synonymy of “ziyâd and farâvân’’ inflectional forms. The findings of this study, moreover, clear that size adjectives (base form) or along with “tar” inflectional suffix are always dependent of a noun or a causative or predicative verb but size adjectives plus “tarin” superlative suffix can only be dependent of a noun not a verb, because no occurrence is observed for “tarin” as dependent of verbs.
4. Conclusion
In this study, we explored the semantic field of size by analyzing the distributional behavior of lexical forms "ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari" according to behavioral profile analysis and also three variable with 61 ID tags level were annotated to find near-synonymy relationship between size adjectives inflectional forms. The analysis of hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts all ID tags signified that mentioned lexical forms in terms of tag level made sub-groups which have near-synonymy between their own members sub-group. These sub-groups include "ziyâdi, farâvâni", "ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâdtar, farâvântar", "ziyâdi, farâvân", "ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin", "ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin" and "ziyâdtar, farâvântar, ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin".
Volume 12, Issue 3 (Autumn 2012 2012)
Abstract
One of the main inputs in manufacturing sector of Iran is fossil fuels with prices much lower than prices elsewhere in the world which are offered to producers and consumers. This accounts for a large share of subsidy payments allocated to different sectors of economy. The effect of subsidies on energy costs and prices of goods and services incur complex changes on the economy through allocation of resources. In this paper, using the computational general equilibrium model, effects of removal of fuel subsidies on production changes, cost and price in the Khorasan Razavi province has been studied. The results show that the elimination of subsidy on fossil fuels increased production, cost and price Indices. The highest growth rate of production and cost indices is in the gas sector and the highest growth rate of price index is in the oil sector.
Volume 14, Issue 1 (Spring 2010)
Abstract
The subjects related to Geomorphologic studies of Tehran metropolis, from assessment aspect that develope d during last half a century are numerous. Investigation of the surface drainage basins and rivers is one of these subjects. Changing the rivers and their natural flood channels without respecting geomorphologic principals and processes in Tehran metropolis will create different kinds of problems and damages for the civilians of Tehran. At present, the drainages of Tehran are supported by three territories: A) Basins ended to Kan River and West bund for flood channel; B) Basins ended to Aboozar channel and Barootkobi and C) Basins ended to the agricultural terrains of the South part of Tehran (Salehabad territory). In the present work, the above basins along with flood channel network before the development. were pictured by the aid of topography maps of 1970, air photos taken in different period, also geological maps. The domains of all mountainous and urban basins at present situation were determined by the aid of topography maps of 2001 and changes of drainage network. The maximum amounts of aquifer of each basins were calculated by rational analysis method and using Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves of Mehrabad and Saadabad stations for the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. By utilization of physiographic characteristics, drainage systems, and their hydrological calculation and by comparing these characteristics with the nature of basins, the geomorphologic limitations of development in the territory surface drainage basins were assessed. The research procedure is based on analytical method. The key instrument of this research was compiling of Geographical Information System by Arc GIS software and statistical method. The results indicated that basins compile and a change in the direction of surface waters and their conversion to artificial channels augment aquifer and floods. Especially in long return periods, the increment is obvious, and as a result, it increases urban flood hazard. Blocking of the elementary water channels and creating the new ones in domain of Tehran metropolis without considering the geomorphologic and values. Therefore, in order to reduce the damages and to stabilize the basins development, it is a decisive necessity to apply the geomorphologic principles .
Volume 15, Issue 1 (March & April (Articles in English & French) 2024)
Abstract
Advocating the inclusion of neurocognitive science concepts in English language teacher training curriculum is gaining more interest. However, little is known about the prospective teachers' perceptions of neurocognitive science core concepts. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the prospective ELT teachers' perceptions of the neurocognitive core concepts and the applications of them through the lens of four neuro-educational models in the classroom practices. Fifteen prospective Iranian ELT teachers were interviewed and the data were analyzed using the phenomenological method. The findings revealed that the prospective ELT teachers lacked a clear understanding of the neurocognitive concepts and their implications in classroom practices. The findings support the inclusion of neurocognitive science core concepts training in language teachers' professional development.
Volume 16, Issue 1 (2-2009)
Abstract
Managers in developed countries are increasingly interested in outsourcing as a potential source of competitiveness and value creation. One of the most useful outsourcing activities in service sector is information system/technology outsourcing. This paper is trying to determine the ISP managers’ perceived risks and benefits of IT/IS outsourcing and also the rate of awareness about potential of IT/IS outsourcing. Design/methodology/approach - In order to achieve those aims, we first review the previous literature on this topic and later analyze the results of a survey carried out from 30 ISPs managers in Tehran using the structured interview method. Findings: According to the ISPs under analysis, the main advantage of IT outsourcing is reducing/controlling the general cost while the main risk is the excessive dependence on the provider. Nevertheless, some characteristics of the ISPs (e.g. their size and outsourcing level) can determine to some extent what risks and benefits are more relevant. Originality /value: The conclusions explains that total IT/IS outsourcing can turn out to be a very dangerous strategy, mainly due to the dependence it creates. However, it can enable the ISP managers to reduce and/or control the general cost of building a new IT/IS service. The paper investigates the advantages, risks and some dimensions of IT/IS outsourcing decisions in ISPs of Tehran which can potentially develop the services in-house. Therefore, the “make-or-buy” decision for managers of ISPs requires even more attention to these aspects of IT/IS outsourcing (advantages, risks and decision criteria) than other service companies.
Volume 16, Issue 9 (11-2016)
Abstract
This paper deals with studying and developing a proper constitutive model for liver tissue. For this purpose, deformation of liver in uniaxial compression, for two different strain rates, is analytically and numerically studied, based on both hyperelastic and hyperviscoelastic constitutive models. Both of the models are based on a polynomial-form energy function. The stress-strain curves, for uniaxial compression, obtained from these models, have been fitted to the existing experimental data to determine the model coefficients. Moreover the models are examined in uniaxial tension and pure shear loadings. ABAQUS commercial software, in which both of the models are available, has been used for numerical simulations. Then, to evaluate the computational analyses, analytical and numerical results have been compared with each other and also with the existing experimental data. The results show that the presented analytical solution and FE simulation are very close together and also both are accurate enough, compared with the experimental data and an acceptable stability is observed. Furthermore the effect of friction coefficient between the sample and the compressing plate in uniaxial compression test has been investigated. FE simulation results show that the stress will increase with increasing friction coefficient. This implies that friction coefficient must be carefully selected to accurately describe the tissue’s response. Compared with previously published researches on other tissues, the constitutive models adopted here to predict liver behavior is mathematically more complex due to non-zero material constants. Analytical solution of these constitutive models is, in fact, the main challenge and innovation of this paper.
Volume 16, Issue 86 (4-2019)
Abstract
In this research to model the process of extracting oil from Niger seeds using the combinational pretreatment of microwave-pulsed electric field three microwave time levels of (0, 100, and 200 seconds) and three electric field intensity levels of (0, 2.5 and 5 kV/cm) were used and after applying these pretreatments, the oil of seeds were extracted using the screw press with different speeds (11 to 57 rpm) and the efficiency of oil extraction process, density, color, oxidative stability, phenolic compounds and protein amount of meal were considered. The artificial neural network tool was used to predict the variations process. Through studying and examining various networks, the feed forward back propagation network with 6-9-3 topologies and with correlation coefficient of more than 0.995 and mean squared error less than 0.001 using logarithm sigmoid activation function, resilient learning pattern and learning process of 1000 were determined as the best neural method. On the other hand the results indicated that an increase in the microwave time and also in the electric field intensity at first led to increase in the efficiency of oil extraction process but with more increase in these two parameters the efficiency amount of oil extraction process was decreased. Also with increase in the microwave time, electric field intensity and the rotational speed of screw press the acidity amount of oils was increased too. The results obtained from selected optimized models were evaluated too and these models with high correlation coefficient (over 0.918) were able to predict the variation process of oil samples produced using microwave-pulsed electric field pretreatment.
Volume 17, Issue 105 (November 2020)
Abstract
Hawk (Crataegus spp.) is a rich source of natural antioxidants, especially flavonoids and anthocyanin, and these bioactive compounds have various beneficial effects on health and well-being. In this study, hawthorn fruits extract were prepared by ultrasound (for 30 minutes), microwave (150 s) and ultrasound- microwave (30 min ultrasound + 150 s microwave). After applying these pre-treatments, the extract of fruits was extracted with Ethanol. A sample without any pre-treatment was selected as a control. The total phenolic content, scavenging activity of DPPH, reducing power assay, acidity and determination of important compounds (by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry) of the samples were investigated. Statistical analysis and optimization process were performed through completely randomized design using SAS software. The results showed that the use of different pre-treatments resulted in increasing the total phenolic content, scavenging activity of DPPH and reducing power in extracts. The total phenol content of sample obtained from the pretreatment of ultrasound-microwave was higher (9.89%) than control sample. The analysis of the acidity data showed that the pre-treatment type did not have significant effect on the acidity of the samples (p <0.01). The using microwave- ultrasound pre-treatment resulted in increase in the extract compounds and the bis-2-ethylhexyl-phethalate was the most detectable combination in the extracts. It was concluded, that combination of microwave and ultrasound was the best pretreatment for extraction of hawthorn fruit.
Volume 18, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Abstract
Natural disasters and their impacts on human’s life are one of the most important concerns of our societies. Infrastructures such as power systems, water distribution systems, transportations, communication systems and gas networks are among the main components of urban environment. There are interdependencies among infrastructures and their subsectors. Infrastructures performance in disasters have significant role in reaching to a disaster resilient society. The uncertainty in vulnerability assessment of these lifelines in one hand and the lack of proper planning for recovery and selection of optimized strategies for different sectors on the other hand, may result in a great losses. Iran is located in a seismic active zone and has always been faced with devastating earthquakes. Tehran, the capital of Iran, is at seismic risk, since it sits on major active faults and suffers from techtonic activities. However, poor construction practices, and having large population, makes Tehran more vulnerable to earthquakes. Accordingly, it becomes necessary to have proper recovery plan beforehand based on accurate seismic performance modeling of interconnected infrastructures. Optimal financial resource allocation to the seismic retrofitting of the infrastructures and specifying their priority are considered as prominent issues in the macro scale decision making process. As the optimum strategy is adopted and the budget allocation is performed with the appropriate priority, it is expected that a significant loss reduction is achieved. When the financial resources are limited, allocating based on the proper priority seems to be more vital. The study tries to find out the economic effect of infrastructures’ interdependencies using Leontief Input-Output Model based on the matrix of value of commodity flow among different sectors. Tehran is chosen as a case study. In this work, the optimum strategy for retrofitting the infrastructure networks as the water, transportation, communication, gas, and power infrastructures is investigated using Uncertainty Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model (U-DIIM). This optimum strategy is adopted against the earthquake impacts in terms of the indirect economic losses, sensitivity to the parameters of the commodity flow matrix and cost of retrofitting strategy. Therefore, the indices employed in this research include reducing the economic losses and also the sensitivity with respect to the costs associated with the conduction of the strategy. By minimizing the total economic loss, sensitivity to economic loss parameters and cost of implementation of strategies, the best optimal scenario is selected for retrofitting strategy. The strategy selection is based on initial inoperability, recovery time and demand perturbation after earthquake. The Pareto method is also used in this work to select the optimal retrofitting strategy. The results reveal that increasing the seismic performance of the infrastructures by 25% is the optimum retrofitting strategy from the economic point of view. Following this strategy, the ratio of economic loss reduction to the strategy implementation costs and also the ratio of the sensitivity reduction to the strategy implementation costs are 0.3996 and 3.66, respectively. It is worthwhile to note that all economic interactions between the infrastructures are taken into account in the research. The proposed methodology may be used for the optimal selection of the other set of infrastructures in an uncertain situation.
Volume 20, Issue 144 (February 2024)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce dry aloe vera slice by osmotic-hot air drying method and to investigate the effects of this method on texture, color, shrinkage, water re-absorption ability and water activity. The studied variables included precooking time (5, 7 and 10 minutes), drying time (8, 10 and 12 hours) and drying temperature (40, 50 and 60 ° C) using the response surface method in the form of a central composite design. It was examined with six replications at the central point. The results showed that increasing the temperature to 50°C increased the hardness of the texture, but further increasing the temperature reduced the hardness. The rate of rehydration was affected by drying temperature. With increasing temperature, the rate of rehydration in the samples increased. However, changing the pre-cooking and drying process time had no effect on the amount of this parameter. None of the studied independent variables had a significant effect on water activity. Optimization results showed that pre-cooking for 10 minutes and drying at 53.93°C for 8 hours will produce products with the best characteristics.
Volume 21, Issue 154 (December 2024)
Abstract
| Vitis vinifera subsp. Sylvestris, belonging to vitis family and is one of the indigenous plants of Iran, was collected from Miankalleh. In this research, different plant extractions (methanol, water, chloroform, ethyl acetate) were obtained from the leaf and fruit of wild grapes. The yield of extraction was determined. Also, the total phenol and total flavonoid content of different extracts were analyzed and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing power) methods. Our investigation showed that the aqueous extract of leaf (14.35%) and fruit (12.71%) had the highest level of extraction yield. The total phenolic content of the fruit was higher than the leaf. Also, the methanolic extract had a higher total phenolic content than other extracts in leaf (2.9±0.25 mg/g) and fruit (12.3±0.1 mg/g).Regarding the total flavonoid content, the methanolic extract of the fruit with 9.7±0. 03 mg/g, had the highest level. Investing the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay revealed that the aqueous leaf extract with IC50 of 26.74±0.12 µg/ml had the best result. The methanolic extract of the leaf was more potent than other extracts in the FRAP assay. In conclusion, the phytochemical analysis of the leaf and fruit of wild grapes showed that the methanolic extract had the best performance. |
Volume 24, Issue 6 (June 2024)
Abstract
This study investigates the comparative effects of carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/water nanofluids and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) /water nanofluids in direct absorption parabolic solar collectors. To achieve this, a standard testing apparatus was constructed, and the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the collector were calculated using nanofluids at various concentrations. UV/Vis analysis was used to analyze the radiative properties of the nanofluids, and their thermal conductivity was also measured. Experiments were conducted under laminar flow conditions with flow rates of 20, 60, and 100 liters per hour and inlet temperatures of 20, 30, and 40 °C under real conditions with direct solar irradiation. The highest thermal efficiency recorded for the carbon-based nanofluid was 44.96%, while the titanium-based nanofluid achieved a thermal efficiency of 34.98%. Given the substantial improvement in efficiency compared to the base fluid (distilled water), the combined effect of using both nanofluids was also examined, resulting in a maximum thermal efficiency of 48.77%. The exergy efficiency at the highest flow rate and inlet temperature for the base fluid, TiO₂ nanofluid, MWCNT nanofluid, and the hybrid nanofluid were 2.61%, 4.98%, 6.68%, and 7.26%, respectively. The pressure drop of all nanofluids in the absorber tube ranged from 5 to 39.6 Pascals. The studied nanofluids enhance the thermal performance of the system and create low pressure drop, indicating their high efficiency in direct absorption solar collectors.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (1-2023)
Abstract
Cross-acclimation of mild drought stress and cold acclimation may additionally increase the chickpea’s cold tolerance due to transferring sowing date from spring to winter in Mediterranean high lands. Two weeks after sowing in greenhouse, chickpea seedlings were subjected to the following treatments in a controlled environment: (i) Well-Watered under an optimum temperature regime (WW); (ii) Well-Watered under a Cold temperature regime (WWC); (iii) Drought Preconditioned under an optimum temperature regime (DP); and (iv) Drought Preconditioned under a Cold temperature regime (DPC). After three-week acclimation period, plants were frozen on the thermogradient freezer, then, recovered for three weeks in a greenhouse. In the acclimation period, with decreasing temperatures, a clear decrease of the electrolyte leakage (EL) were observed for both genotypes: 51% for cold tolerant MCC252 and 36% for cold sensitive MCC505. Cold acclimation induced the greatest accumulation of proline and MDA contents (about 75% for both genotypes) and drought preconditioning most consistently induced an increase in soluble carbohydrate content (25% for MCC252 and 51.7% for MCC505) during the acclimation period. The survival percentage increased 9.3% for MCC252 and 21.25% for MCC505 by both cold and drought acclimation under freezing conditions. Generally, drought preconditioning had a synergistic effect on the cold acclimation period to improve freezing tolerance (as indicated by the lowest LT50el and LT50su) and leading to an increase in the freezing tolerance for the cold sensitive genotypes (MCC505). Thus, the greatest gains in freezing tolerance for both genotypes were associated with cross-acclimation treatment (DPC).
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