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With the advent of the World War ІІ, foreign language teaching entered a new period of its tempestuous history. The purpose of most foreign language schools and institutes in this period and the forthcoming years was to enable communication via a foreign language and, at the center of this skill, there was an attention to proper pronunciation of sounds and words. Since that time, there has been a great number of ideas and viewpoints proposed by researchers and authorities about the nature of pronunciation teaching, each of which contributed to the expansion of this field. In order to discover how these ups and downs have affected the teaching, of foreign language pronunciation in Iran, large-scale and comprehensive research is needed. The aim of this article is to inspect the place and the method of pronunciation teaching in high-school English textbooks in Iran in order to figure out the quality of teaching pronunciation and the way it is presented in the textbooks. The findings of this study are useful to improve the quality of teaching pronunciation in high-school English textbooks. Finally, some recommendations have been given.

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Literary translations have developed in accordance with the essence of interactions in which the role of addressee has become much more important. Procedures such as clarification and adaptation have gained a particular place since they have included the importance of addressee and appropriateness of discourse in translation. However, the place of adaptation and its effect on literary translation have remained ambiguous. There may arise a question that whether local and global characteristics of adaptation can also be applied to a literary translation. If the answer is positive, which of the adaptation techniques enjoys a higher distribution? This article is an attempt to provide answers for these questions. It further tries to investigate the Persian translation of Pride and Prejudice novel based on Bastin (2009) taxonomy in order to find the ways adaptation has been used. The results showed that the translator has used local and global features of adaptation to better represent the writer’s message and, at the same time, to keep the beauty and effectiveness of the discourse in a way that global features outweigh local ones in their applicability. Likewise, although the translator has remained faithful to the main passages, situational equivalence and expansion are two adaptation techniques, which have been used mostly in the translation of paragraphs. In other words, for translating the text, the translator has kept the meaning but, for creating effectiveness and beauty of the discourse, adaptation proves essential.  

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The process of learning never happens in vacuum, and the final product encompasses the various interactions between the language learner and the surrounding world. Most often, the language learner is assessed in a two-way relationship and in this respect, the academic environment and the classroom are the first and the last destinations, which are considered. Considering the importance of ecological and environmental factors in learning a foreign language, the present article tries to investigate the parents’ role in learning English language qualitatively. The amount of effective interaction between the parents and the child, the amount of accessibility to cultural goods such as computer and the Internet and that the effects of these goods on learning, as well as the parents` values with respect to learning English language were included as the purpose of this study. The study was conducted based on the following assumptions: (a) Intelligence and aptitude are not the only way toward success or failure in learning English language, and (b) there may be some discrepancies between the set of values advocated by schools and institutes with those of the parents. Thirty-five families participated in this study whose children were instructed in English language institutes in Mashhad. We interviewed all of these families as well as their children. The results revealed that families in both more-proficient and less-proficient learners use various strategies. At the end, some recommendations were given to improve the quality of education within families.  

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Human beings have interactional nature, and with the passage of time, always try to present their ideas, expectations, and worldviews to the humanity. In the past, since the mass media was not easily accessible to everyone, graffiti was considered a powerful tool for transmitting thoughts and inclinations. In other words, as graffiti is affected by a specific line of thinking, it is possible to follow linguistic and cultural patterns. The current paper tries to investigate the existing common linguistic patterns in English and Persian graffiti in order to understand their social and behavioral patterns better. The research findings show that graffiti follow a distinguished linguistic pattern and are systematic, in a way that they can be compared with seven linguistic functions of Halliday. By systematic, it means that the graffiti can be analyzed through linguistic and cultural frameworks. However, the results showed that there are some differences in English and Persian graffiti. In Persian graffiti, instrumental, imaginative, and interactional designs are frequent. The research analysis that has been conducted in the social domain verifies the existence of such features in the East. In English graffiti, too, personal and regulatory functions more frequent than the Persian ones and these differences are also related to cultural indices of the two languages.

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Lieber (2004, 2009) is a decompositional approach with seven semantic features and a principle called coindexation principle. In this theory each lexical item has one semantic skeleton and one semantic body. The skeleton may consist of a hierarchical arrangement of functions and arguments and the semantic body contains two layers: the first one, like semantic skeleton, is relatively stable and can be formalized but the second layer consisting of general information and encyclopedic knowledge, varies a lot. Coindexation principle identifies the arguments of two or more lexical items and makes another item that denotes one unified lexical item. This paper studies the semantic contributions of prepositions in Persian, and then, based on semantic features, classifies them. The conclusion of the paper is that prepositions like other categories as a result of semantic skeletons and weak semantic bodies, own semantic contributions and they have some common semantic features with verbs. Lastly, based on the semantic contribution/features of prepositions, they can be classified.
 

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The inertial forces and moments, due to the motion of robotic arms installed on a mobile base, lead to reaction forces on the moving base which may cause its unexpected motion. In this article, a method of designing a path of motion in the Cartesian space between the initial and final positions is presented which guarantees no reaction on the moving base. To this end, developing the system dynamics model, the moment equations are derived. Based on the conservation of momentum in the absence of any external force and moments, the angular motion due to the motion of robotic arms is solved. Then, based on the definition of reaction null-space map for dynamic coupling matrix, the joint speeds are projected to the reaction null-space, to obtain the joint speeds in this space. Next, using numerical integration of the obtained joint rates, the motion in the joint space with no reaction on the base is obtained. Therefore, motion of robotic arms according to these joint specifications, the total momentum of the system remains zero, and due to no reaction forces applied on the moving base, its position and attitude remains unchanged.

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The microalgal strain Aurantiochytrium sp. shy contains considerable amounts of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with potential pharmaceutical and health-related attributes. Effects of various concentrations of glucose, meat extract, monosodium glutamate and sea salt on the algal biomass and DHA production have been investigated in this study. Maximum algal biomass (7.1 g/l) was obtained when the culture medium contained 60 g/l of glucose, 6 g/l of meat extract, 6 g/l monosodium glutamate and sea salt at 25ppt. Lipid contents of the alga exceeded 30% of its dry cell weight, with palmitic acid and DHA as the most abundant components. When the effect of a single additive was concerned, meat extract was significantly effective, while interaction between meat extract and glucose was the most effective in comparison with other interactions (P < 0.0001). According to the results, glucose can assure more algal and fatty acids production when adequate amounts of meat extract exist in the culture medium. Optimal results attained when the ratios of glucose to meat extract and C/N concentrations were 10 and 5, respectively. Due to its remarkable growth rate and the capability to produce substantial quantities of biomass and fatty acids, Aurantiochytrium sp.shy was found to be a major source of the beneficial ingredients, whose productivity can magnify if its culture conditions is optimized using favorable blend of growth-promoting materials.