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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the economically important plant viruses which causes disease in various crops throughout the world. It has been reported that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be used as potential biocontrol agents against plant viruses. Herein, greenhouse experiments were conducted to undertake the trilateral interactions among PGPR, bell pepper, and TMV. To this end, four-leaf-stage bell pepper seedlings were pre-treated by the PGPR, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida, and Bacillus subtilis in single and multiple application methods. The plants were then mechanically inoculated with TMV and visually inspected for symptom development till 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). The TMV accumulation in inoculated plants was quantitatively measured by Indirect-ELISA 28 dpi. Analysis of the extinction values showed that application of the PGPR was associated with the least significant (p < 0.05) value (0.08) compared to the positive control (0.77). Inoculation of PGPR triggered the biosynthesis of the defense-related enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, mediating the biochemical protection against TMV in bell pepper plants. In addition to the disease control, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth parameters was observed in PGPR-treated plants compared to the control plants. In conclusion, these results indicated that multiple applications of PGPR strains enhanced the plant vigor and provided an increased level of TMV suppression in bell pepper plants.

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Objective: The theraputic exercise is regarded as one of the most important theraputic interventions in the chronic low back pain patients. Stabilization exercise is among the most significant practical ones in these patients. The study of the effects of these exercises on the variability of trunk muscles postural strategies and the ability in normalizing these strategies are among the uncertainties that have remained unknown up to the present time. The purpose of this research is the study of the effect of stabilization exercises on the variability of postural control strategies in these patients. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 21 (14 males, 7 females) recurrent non-specific low back pain patients. The electromyographic activity of Deltoid, Transverse Abdominis/Internal Oblique, External Oblique and Erector Spinae muscles of each person was recorded in 75 rapid arm flexion with maximum acceleration. Then, 14 individuals were placed in the experimental group and 7 in the control group randomly.The experimental group performed isolated abdominal hollowing and bracing exercises using pressure biofeedback with the supervision of a physiotherapist in different positions including supine, sitting on a chair, standing still and standing with rapid arm raises with maximum acceleration once a day, for 20 sessions. The variables studied in this research were evaluated in both experimental and control groups after the training sessions. The standard deviation of the trunk muscles onset latencies relative to deltoid muscle was statistically analyzed by a dependent t-test in both groups. Results: The results revealed that performing the stabilization exercises increases the variability of the timing of anticipatory postural adjustments in TrA/IO in the experimental group (P=.037), while there were no significant changes in the variability of EO (P=.0346) and ES (P=.673) muscles in these patients. The variability of the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment in TrA/IO (P=.199), EO (P=.702) and ES (P=.465) muscles did not show any significant changes in the control group. Conclusion: The study of the results showed that the reduction in the variability of postural control system in recurrent non-specific low back pain patients as a factor that causes the continuity of back pain can be improved by goal-directed stabilization exercises.

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In this study, the factors creating systematic risk for dry farming wheat crop in Iran were investigated. Using production functions as well as spatial econometric approach, the effects of changes in climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation, and also input levels of seed, urea, and phosphate fertilizers in warm, moderate, and cold climates were examined. The results showed that the fluctuations of climatic parameters in the three climates were severe enough to be identified as systematic risk factors. The findings also indicated that, in a warm climate, lack of sufficient heat during cultivation time (October), overheating during initial growth months (December and January), lack of sufficient precipitation during initial growth months (November and December) and inadequate seed and urea fertilizer and overusing phosphate fertilizer were the systematic risk factors. In moderate climate, these factors included lack of sufficient heat in cultivation time (October) and in late harvest time (July), lack of sufficient precipitation in the cultivation time (October) and lack of urea fertilizer and seed phosphate overuse. Finally, in the cold climate, insufficient heat in vegetative growth time (March), inadequate precipitation in the cultivation and initial growth time (October and December), and also lack of phosphate fertilizer and seed overuse were identified as the systematic risk factors.

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"Dream and dream interpretation" is a common theme between literature and psychology, the most important similarity between the two is their symbolic language. In many literary works we see the narration of dreams that have been interpreted by dream interpreters and have come true. Shahnameh isn’t an exception and dream interpretation is one of the most frequent cases in this book. In this paper, the interpretation of Goodarz's dream in Shahnameh was examined from two perspectives of traditional dream interpretation and Jung's unconscious and was compared with the interpretation of a narrative. The research method of this article is comparative analysis. In the traditional dream interpretation section, dream symbols are reported based on Iranian and Islamic dream interpretation; but in the psychological analysis section, the symbols of Goodarz's dream are analyzed regarding the events of dreaming time, life events, and his personality. In the final section, the structural similarities of this dream with myths and archetypes are examined. Finally, from the perspective of traditional interpretation of the dream, the dream symbols were in accordance with their interpretation in the Shahnameh narrative, and in examining individual unconscious, it was concluded that Goodarz's unrest and concern to end Siavash's revenge battles damaged his psyche that led to such a dream. This dream can be explained from several perspectives of collective unconscious, archetypes, and alignment with ancient myths. These approaches include the hero archetype, the abandoned child, the fertility myth, and the creation myth.
 

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On this basis, this research is looking for mythological themes in one of the valuable collections of Iranian folk tales named Mashdi Galin Khanum's stories. In this research, after identifying mythical elements and characters among the stories, it is determined that the process of transferring myths into the folk tales of this book has changed them. Among other things some components of mythology have been removed or changed in their folk definition, or other details have been added to them and some ancient myths are reflected in the bodies of other characters. The total evolution of myths in the stories of this book, based on the pattern given by Mehrdad Bahar, has been studied under four headings: transformation, fracture, integration, and the entry of foreign elements. In the end, it is concluded that based on the evolving nature of myths, mythical characters and phenomena in folk tales are also narrated with changes to make them believable or in harmony with the new space. It is also possible to find out some neglected aspects of mythology by examining folk tales.