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As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of droughts, adaptive behavior becomes increasingly crucial. Farmers' capacity to modify their practices in response to evolving climate conditions is vital for ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability and food security. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychological factors affecting farmers' adaptation behaviors in response to drought, using the health belief model. The sample comprised 380 farmers from Kohdashat County in Lorestan Province, western Iran, selected via a three-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that self-efficacy; perceived benefits, perceived vulnerability, and perceived barriers explained about 49% of the variance in farmers’ adaptation behavior. Perceived benefits emerged as the strongest predictor of adaptation, while cues to action and perceived severity were insignificant. These findings support the health belief model's practicality and effectiveness in examining water conservation behavior among Iranian farmers.
 

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A total of twenty seven bacterial strains were isolated from cankerous tissues of apricot, nectarine, peach, plum, sour cherry and sweet cherry trees in Tehran province and identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss), the causal agent of the bacterial canker disease, on the basis of LOPAT (levan production, oxidase test, potato rot, arginine dihydrolase and tobacco hypersensitive reaction) and GATTa's (gelatin liquefaction, aesculin hydrolysis, tyrosinase activity and Na-tartrate utilization) group tests. Pss strains showed slight differences in morphology, phenotypic (biochemical and physiological) characteristics, serological properties, plasmid DNA and cellular protein profiles and antibiogram. They were divided into three distinct groups based on hippurate and formate utilization which was correlated with protein profile in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The virulence of Pss was significantly associated with the degree of necrosis on immature sweet cherry fruits and the rate of in vitro syringomycin production.

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Limited water for irrigation and the coincidence of early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with the late growth of winter cereals in the Northeast (NE) of Iran, force farmers, to allocate their limited irrigation water to the cereal crops and thus their sugar beet crop is subjected to an early water stress. Finding cultivars which are able to withstand early water stress without a significant yield reduction is critical to the farmers’ economy. This study was conducted over a two-year period (1998 and 1999) to evaluate the response of nine sugar beet genotypes to drought stress and to determine the crop traits associated with drought resistance. The results showed that stomatal conductance, leaf-air temperature difference and proline accumulation were associated with levels of water stress in sugar beet genotypes. Among these indices, leaf-air temperature difference was a more precise parameter to measure. A negative correlation between Δ T (leaf -air temperature) and stomatal conductance was found. The correlation coefficients for 1998 and 1999 were -0.87 and -0.58, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Δ T and proline accumulation in sugar beet genotypes. The correlation coefficients for the 1998 and 1999 experiments were 0.61 and 0.49, respectively. The shoot: root ratio (S:R) measured at the end of the stress period showed that genotypes with a lower S:R often had a greater stomatal conductance. In general, genotypes with a lower S:R at the end of the stress period usually had a greater root dry weight. The correlation coefficients of S:R with root dry weight at the end of the stress period were -0.96 and -0.65 for 1998 and 1999, respectively.

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To evaluate the yield and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare)–vetch (Vicia desycarpa) intercropping, a series of experiments were conducted at the Experimental Field of the College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, in Karaj (Iran) from 2003 to 2005. The ex-periments were arranged in a randomized complete block with a split plot design and four replications. Three levels (0, 45 and 90 Kg N ha-1) of nitrogen fertilizer and three cropping systems (sole barley, sole vetch and barley-vetch intercropping) were allocated to the main and sub plots, respectively. The barley-vetch intercropping treatment had a replacement arrangement (50: 50) with single alternate rows. Land equivalent ratio (LER), was used to compare sole cropping with intercropping systems. Results showed the supremacy of intercropping of barley and vetch over single crops. Generally, increas-ing nitrogen fertilizer caused a decreasing trend in the biological efficiency of intercrop-ping. The highest LER for grain was obtained in control (N fertilizer free) plots (LER= 1.145). Nitrogen fertilizer increased the forage yield, grain yield, crude protein content, and crude protein yield of barley and vetch in sole and intercrops. Nitrogen application increased water use efficiency. In this study, barley was the dominant crop. The inter-cropping vetch and barley had the highest productivity and crude protein yield.

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Abstract: Direct calculation of free term coefficients for linear isotropic problems in three dimensional displacement boundary integral equations is presented in details. In addition, the shape functions of 9 node non-continuous and semi-continuous elements for modeling the crack surfaces, layers interface, infinite boundary and other similar problems have been demonstrated. This proposed method for calculating cij coefficients has been verified comparing with some solved problems.

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NIR Laser application in bacteria is often focused on mortality and antibiotic efficacy. The literature records on this point are absolutely diverse from mortality in different degrees to immortality and even viability enhancement. The aim of this study is to investigate 808 nm laser effects on E.coli-DH5α viability and Growth with CFU, MTT and FCM assays. To obtain the purpose, bacteria in LB media put on with 808nm laser on 100 and 200 J/cm² dosages and were investigated and compared by CFU, MTT and FCM assay. CFU assay results after 24 hours incubation were not significantly different between laser treatments and control. (P=0.06). In contrast, MTT assay results after 1 hours from laser treatment indicated significant deleterious effects in 200 J/cm² laser treatment compared with control(P=0.006). On the other hand, FCM assay results of laser treatments with using of PI and Triton X100 not only approved MTT assay results but also revealed some dose dependent changes on bacteria ranging from increase membrane permeability to lethal damages. As a conclusion of the results in these method assays, we can state that these different laser doses produce diverse effects on viability and growth in E.coli-DH5α. Consequently the laser treatments could be planned for antibiotic purposes or enhancing gene transformation process.

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In this research, the effect of vacuum pressure and storage time were investigated on the postharvest quality of tomato and carrot. Three levels of vacuum pressure, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 bar were considered and during 12 days of carrot storage every three days and during 20 days of tomato storage every five days the sampling were performed. The effects of these treatments on the factors such as weight loss, firmness, soluble solids, titrable acidity and pH in carrots and tomatoes were investigated as factorial test based on Completely Randomized Design. Analysis of variance results showed that the effect of vacuum pressure and storage time on all mentioned factors were significant. Weight loss of both products was low at vacuum pressure of 0.4 bar. Also, tirable acidity and pH of these products were preserved better at vacuum pressure of 0.4 bar. The highest firmness was observed at vacuum pressure of 0.4 bar. Based on the results, storage of these two products at high vacuum pressure (0.6 bar) reduced the quality. In general, vacuum pressure of 0.4 bar was resulted in higher storage time of tomato and carrot.

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The present sturdy studies the semantic function negative prefixes »na « and »bi « in Persian. The founder of this approach using six semantic features, studies semantic function of morphological items, including affixes and their function in the processes of compounding, derivation and conversion. In the present research, data which is collected from the second version of" Hamshahri" corpus and polysemy of prefixes »na «and »bi «has been studied according to the type and meaning of stem. analyzing data suggests that different meanings of prefix » na «are due to co- indexing principle. This principle, can't explain the negative meaning in some cases and for the elaboration of negative meaning in these cases we need to put away the principle and pay attention to semantic features of stem; although this issue is not correct about prefix »bi «and we can explain all negative meanings conveyed by this affix. Also, it was shown that negative prefixes  »bi « and  »na « are adjective maker; except, in some small amount of cases.
 

1.  Introduction

Persian uses derivation process (for instance affixation) for making new words. This process has e close relation with semantics; it means that affixation adds a meaning to the meaning of derived word or it can even make a new word. It is possible that in derived words polysemy could be found. Polysemy is one the important issues in semantics and lexical relations and it happens when a word or morpheme has more than one meaning which are related to each other. Lieber (2004) introduced lexical- semantic approach to study morphological meaning and focused on the semantic effects of compounding, derivation and conversion instead of the meaning of words.  Lieber (2004) had a different perspective towards affixes and tried to focus on semantic features of affixes to understand their semantic roles. It was shown that affixes have semantic content and semantic skeleton; while they have less semantic body. 
The present paper is a corpus-based study of prefixes "na and bi" according to Lieber (2004) approach. These prefixes are compared according to the negative meaning they make. A corpus- based study can show tokens which don’t have high frequency but they exist in the language; also it can provide examples of target words in real language and context. Furthermore it is possible for researcher to find tokens which are not mentioned in dictionary and are used in language because of users' creativity; this is one the most significant feature of corpus-based studies which shows its priority upon dictionary studies.
Lieber (2004) introduces co-indexing principle which is used for joining complements together. In complex word semantic skeletons are next to each other which are made following syntactic structures. For making a complex word it is necessary to have some elements in a united referential element. This referential element determines the number of complements in syntax. These referential units are called complement. So indexing is a tool which is used for complements of different units of a complex word (Lieber, 2004, p.45). Lieber believes that affixes, like other linguistic units, have complement which should be co-indexed by one of the stem's complement and affixes can be shown by semantic feature of [-loc].

1.1 research questions
The present paper aims to show different negative meanings represented by two prefixes :na and bi" according to Lieber approach. Writers try to answer these questions: a) can prefixes change part of speech of their stems or no? b) can we explain polysemy of these prefixes using co- indexing principle or thare are other factors which determine their meaning?

2.  Literature review

Ahmadi Givi and Anvari  (2008, p. 185) believe that "na" is a prefix which attaches to the beginning of the simple word and makes a negative adjective. Karimidoostan and Moradi (2012) have studied semantic role of suffixes "ande and ar" in Persian according to Lieber approach. They show that role of these suffixes are not subject or object roles; these suffixes can add some semantic features to the stem and the reason for their polysemy is because of different application of co-indexing principle not their semantic role.   Ahangar and Moradi (2016) have studied semantic role of  suffix "-h" in Lieber approach and findings show that this suffix had three semantic skeleton. Andreou (2015) has studied semantic features of prefixes "dis and in' in Lieber's approach.

3.  Methodology

examples of target prefixes are extracted randomly from the tokens which were extracted from Hamshahri corpus.  data were extracted from second volume of Hamshahri corpus. this corpus has more than 150 million words which helps researchers to find rare linguistic examples; also it is written ina general contemporary language. All the words containing prefixes "na and bi" were extracted from the corpus. AntConc (Anthony، 2014) was used to extract target data. This software has seven tools among theme concordance tool was used for doing the present study. concordance tool can help researchers to see the target words in context. For finding the words containing target prefixes, in search part of Antconc na* and bi* were typed (separately). Expression "target morpheme*" in this tool means that you are looking for the words which start with target prefixes. In this way it is possible to have some words which are irrelevant to your study; so because of this issue after searching the words by antconc, researcher has to filter data extracted by Antconc in Excel. After filtering process there were  535  words containing "na" and 1139 words containing "bi" were studied.

4.  Result

According to data it was shown that prefixes " na and bi" are adjective makers and can change stem's part of speech to an adjective; this is the answer of the first question of this paper. Also findings suggest that it is not possible to explain different meanings of target prefixes using co-indexing principle; because prefix "na" doesn’t have any complement to get co-indexed by stem's complement; this prefix can have different semantic skeleton when it joins different stems. About prefix "bi" it was shown that different meanings of this prefix could be explained using co-indexing principle and it has a different semantic skeleton from "na" 's skeleton.
 

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The use of healthy planting material is an important prerequisite for controlling destructive viral diseases in potato production. Virus elimination methods such as meristem culture and thermotherapy are usually used to produce the nucleus stock of healthy planting material. Here, we report a new technique of electrotherapy for elimination of two potyviruses, Potato virus A (PVA), and Potato virus Y (PVY), from potato plants. Electric currents of 15, 25 and 35 mili Ampers for 10 to 20 minutes were used for eliminating the combination of PVA and PVY in six potato cultivars. An electric current of 35 mili Ampers for 20 minutes was the most effective electrotherapy treatment for eliminating these two viruses. Responses of potato genotypes to electrotherapy were significantly different. Regenerations of electrotherapy treated plantlets in cultivars Lady Roseta and Banaba were 70.8 and 66.6 percent respectively, while these were approximately 54 to 58 percent for cultivars Olimpia, Agria, Desirea and Clone 69. Virus free plantlets were successfully produced in the potato cultivar Lady Roseta. However, in other cultivars examined in this study, electrotherapy resulted in drastic reduction of virus concentration but not total eradication of the virus infection from plant tissues.

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  Freshness of vegetables and fruits in the short term and long term is one of the important challenges of postharvest process. In this research, the effects of packaging type, modified atmosphere and temperature on the post harvest quality of tomato were investigated during storage. The treatments were considered as modified atmosphere packaging (passive and active) with two gas combinations (4%O₂+8%CO₂+88%N₂ and 8%O₂+4%CO₂+88%N₂), two types of package (polypropylene and polyethylene films) and two storage temperatures (4±1) and (20±2)ºC. The effects of above mentioned treatments were investigated using Completely Randomized Design with three replicates on the weight loss, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH of tomato during 20 days storage. Analysis of variance results indicated that the effects of all treatments on the measured factors were significant (p<0.01). Tomatoes stored in polypropylene due to less thickness and more O₂ permeability preserved the quality of tomatoes better than those of polyethylene film.Also,storage temperature of(4±1)ºC maintained the quality of tomato much better than (20±2)ºCdue to slow down metabolic activities. The first gas combination (4%O₂+8%CO₂+88%N₂) was suitable due to higher CO₂ and respiration reduction. Tomatoes stored in polypropylene film and first gas combination at (4±1)ºC had the best quality after 20 days storage. In general, storage of products in the packages with modified atmosphere resulted in preserving quality and shelf life.  

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In this study, the collision of two drops using Lattice Boltzmann numerical method in two-phase flow has been investigated. The simulation for incompressible fluid is based on the model represented by Lee. The prominent feature of this model is to simulate fluids with high density ratios. Thus, the model has easily been compared with experimental results and its validity has been investigated. Using this simulation, the variation of non-dimensional parameters such as Weber number, Reynolds number, Impact parameter, density ratio, kinematic viscosity ratio, diameter ratio and velocity ratio of two drops were studied. Considering the results, it was shown that the Reynolds number, density ratio and relative velocity ratio have no effect on separation or coalescence of drops collision; while the variation of Weber number, Impact Parameter and kinematic viscosity ratio results in separation or coalescence. Moreover, by increase in Weber number, Reynolds number or density ratio or decrease in kinematic viscosity, the number of oscillations and the time needed to reach equilibrium increases. Likewise, the amplitude of oscillation and the deformation of the drops increase when the Weber number, Reynolds number or density ratio rise or the kinematic viscosity lowers.

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The Persian verb "xâstan" exhibits a dual nature, functioning both as an auxiliary verb and a lexical verb. As a lexical verb, it conveys a range of meanings expressed through various syntactic structures. This research delved into the syntactic and semantic aspects of the mentioned verb in different constructions. The authors proposed that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), with its focus on complex structures, could provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing the constructions under consideration. RRG conceptualizes complex structures based on "Interclausal Relations Hierarchy", which comprises two syntactic and semantic continua. The syntactic continuum examines juncture-nexus relations, while the semantic continuum explores the type of semantic relations based on the main predicate. This study endeavored to describe the various applications of the verb "xâstan" within the mentioned framework. Additionally, the research findings were employed to evaluate the tenets of RRG. The findings revealed that, semantically, the verb "xâstan" fell within the categories of psych-action, jussive, and propositional attitude predicates. Syntactically, it manifested in the forms of core cosubordination and core subordination. The data for this research were extracted from the corpus of Hamshahri 2.

1. Introduction
The Persian verb "xâstan" exhibits a multifaceted nature, encompassing a range of grammatical functions and conveying a spectrum of interconnected meanings. Due to its versatile nature, this verb has garnered significant attention in linguistic studies not only in Persian but also in other languages. It is observed that the verb "xâstan" in Persian contributes to the formation of diverse structural and semantic constructions. Accordingly, the present study aimed to delve into this verb within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). To achieve this objective, we began by examining the syntactic and semantic dimensions of the verb followed by an evaluation of interclausal relations hierarchy based on the research findings. A distinctive aspect of this research lies in its simultaneous consideration of both syntactic and semantic levels, along with elucidating the interplay between these two levels within the constructions under investigation. Ultimately, the central research questions guiding this study were as follows:
1. How are the syntactic and semantic representations of the various types of the verb "xâstan" in Persian characterized?
2. Do the research findings support or contradict the interclausal relations hierarchy?


2. Literature Review
Previous research primarily focused on the role of the verb "xâstan" as both an auxiliary verb (expressing future tense) and a lexical verb that conveyed modal meanings alongside the concept of "wanting" or "desiring." In this context, Dixon (1995, 2002, 2005) categorized this verb as a secondary verb. Secondary verbs function as modifiers for primary verbs and maintain a grammatical relationship with them. In Example 1, the verb "xâstan" describes the participant's mental state regarding the performance of an action, while also directly relating to the primary verb goftan in representing grammatical categories, such as tense and negation.
Example 1: nemixaham raje be ehsasatam doruogh beguyam.
I don't want to lie about my feelings.
Other studies considered its modal (volitional) role, classifying it as a modal verb that formed a complex predicate with the verb expressing the main event (Bruno, 2016; Corral Esteban, 2016; Nolan, 2012; Labutis, 2002). Additionally, in semantic classifications of complement-taking verbs, it fell under the category of desiderative verbs (Noonan, 2007; Cristofaro, 2003).
Beyond the roles previously mentioned for "xâstan", this verb could also express future tense and was equivalent to the English verb "will." Van Lennep and LaPolla (1997, p. 41) acknowledged that there were two perspectives on "will" in English: 1) Considering it a modal verb expressing intention or will, while simultaneously indicating future tense; and 2) Viewing it as an auxiliary verb solely indicating future tense. Ultimately, they adopted the latter perspective in their analysis.
Moezipour (2020) categorized the Persian verb "xâstan" as a transitive lexical verb that could also function as an auxiliary (modal) verb expressing volitional modality and appearing in the periphrastic future tense. Based on Role and RRG, he argued that the verb "xâstan" served as a definite (auxiliary) verb in a simple single-clausal construction to refer to the future tense. Davari and Naghzgooy (2016) conducted a synchronic study examining the evolution of the verb "xâstan." They proposed that during the Middle Persian period, this verb functioned as a modal verb, while also carrying the lexical meanings of "request" and "desire". Additionally, evidence from this period suggested another usage of "xâstan" in the sense of "to summon," which further contributed to its modal interpretation due to the inherent grammatical concepts of "request" and "command". In essence, the verb's trajectory reflected a transition from a lexical verb with the concepts of request, command, and compulsion to the concept of volition and then the concept of future. Other relevant studies included Lenepveu (2010), Jahani (2008), Ghafar Samar & Bhatia (2017), Anoushe (2018), Sabzevari (2004), and Mirza'ie (2021).

3. Methodology
This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the data. The authors believed that hypothesis testing should be based on empirical and objective evidence, meaning that the criterion for correctness or incorrectness is concrete and practical evidence rather than linguistic intuition. Therefore, the corpus of Hamshahri 2 (Al-e Ahmad et al., 2009) served as the foundation for data extraction. The corpus comprised 150 million words and consisted of various cultural, literary, political, scientific, and social genres from the years 1367 to 1387 (1988-2008). Using computer programs, all occurrences of the verb "xâstan" in the corpus were extracted, totaling 109,094 instances. From this number, 1092 instances were randomly selected and analyzed.

4. Results
This research endeavored to examine the various applications of the verb "xâstan" in Persian within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), using the corpus of Hamshahri 2. Based on the semantics of the predicate of "xâstan" in different constructions, the existence of 3 types of semantic relationships was established: psych-action, jussive, and propositional attitude. Data analysis revealed that psych-action and jussive constructions exhibited a core cosubordination relationship in the syntactic dimension based on the juncture-nexus relation, while propositional attitude constructions exhibited a daughter core subordination relationship. Additionally, the verb "xâstan" possessed a grammatical function and therefore served as an operator. This operator functioned as an auxiliary verb expressing future tense and perfect aspect. In the interclausal relations hierarchy, the constructions under investigation were arranged as follows: psych-action < jussive < propositional attitude. The research findings demonstrated that the aforementioned sequence in the interclausal relations hierarchy was valid and the Persian language data regarding the constructions involving the verb "xâstan" corroborated the iconicity inherent in the interclausal relations hierarchy.
 

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In this paper the coupled lattice Boltzmann model is developed for simulation of multi-step combustion mechanism of a methane jet diffusion flame. The lattice Boltzmann scheme employs the double-distribution-function model, one distribution function for solving flow field and another for temperature and species concentration fields. The density and temperature fields are coupled through low Mach number flow field. The solution parameters such as species properties and rate of chemical reactions adjust in every time step according to temperature and concentration of species variations. Using combustion mechanisms instead of one step fast chemistry reaction and considering effect of temperature and species concentration on solution parameters are the main advantages of the developed model. For validation of the model, a four-step reduced mechanism with six species is used for simulation of combustion in a methane jet diffusion flame configuration. Agreement between the present results and experimental data confirms that this scheme is also an efficient numerical method for more detailed combustion simulations.

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High efficiency and uniformity of water and fertilizer application are usually, considered as the ultimate goals of an appropriate design and management of irrigation and fertigation systems. The objective followed in this paper was to present a simulation-optimization model for alternate vs. conventional furrow fertigation. Two simulation models (surface fertigation and SWMS-2D models) along with an optimization approach (genetic algorithm) were employed. Inflow discharge, irrigation cutoff and start times as well as duration of fertilizer injection were chosen as decision variables to be optimized for maximizing two objective (fitness) functions based on water and nitrate application efficiency plus uniformity. Experiments were conducted to collect field data (soil water content, soil nitrate concentration, discharge and nitrate concentration in runoff, as well as advance and recession times) in order to calibrate the simulation models. The simulation-optimization model indicated that variable and fixed alternate furrow fertigations benefited from higher water and nitrate efficiencies than the conventional furrow fertigation. However, minor differences were observed between these types of furrow irrigation regarding water and nitrate uniformity. This approach substantially improved water and nitrate application efficiency as well as uniformity, taking into account the field experimental conditions. Water and nitrate application efficiencies ranged from 72 to 88% and from 70 to 89%, respectively. Christiansen uniformity coefficients for water and nitrate varied between 80 and 90% and from 86 to 96%, respectively. A higher improvement was observed in conventional furrow fertigation than those in both alternate furrow fertigation treatments. The potential of the simulation-optimization model to improve design and management of furrow fertigation is highlighted.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (Xtc) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. The management methods presently in practice are insufficient to meet current safety and/or efficacy standards. Therefore, use of resistant genotypes is the best approach to manage BLS. The present study was undertaken to identify possible sources of resistance to Xtc in cereal cultivars and germplasm. Twelve strains of Xtc were isolated from symptomatic leaves in several regions in Kerman province. Out of twelve, nine strains produced the expected Xtc-specific 120 bp fragment using PCR and the primer pairs PABr/PBf. Six strains produced water-soaked streaks covered with exudates on wheat cultivars, whereas the three remaining strains incited only chlorotic streaks with no water-soaking on leaves. A highly virulent strain that caused conspicuous water-soaking and necrosis was used for inoculation of 645 winter and spring wheat, barley, and rye accessions to identify possible sources of resistance to BLS. The fourth leaves of test plants were infiltrated with bacterial suspension and scored after seven to ten days. Among all the accessions evaluated, only two rye accessions, namely, 4538 and 4794, were resistant to BLS. These two rye accessions can potentially be used in breeding rye and triticale cultivars for resistance to BLS.

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Today, creativity and innovation are considered valuable resource in gaining competitive advantage for any organizations.One of vital factor that influences on creativity and innovation and also employee’s psychological capacity is leadership.Thus, the study aimed at investigation of most recent leadership approach entitled with authentic leadership with creativity and mediator role of psychological capital.Statistical population consists of 885 of managers and employees of National Cartographic Center. The data were collected through questionnaire by simple random method and analyzed by SEM.Validity of questionnaire by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha investigated and confirmed. The results of SEM support all hypotheses. Authentic leadership has had a positive significant effect on psychological capital and creativity. Regarding path coefficient these relationship were relatively high. Psychological capital also has had a positive significant and relatively high influence on creativity.In addition, it showed that psychological capital has a partial influence on the relation of authentic leadership and creativity.

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