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Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the most common occupational health education problems in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an occupational ergonomic training educational programon awareness, attitude and work-related musculoskeletal disorders behavior among Office Workers.
Methods and Materials: Firstly,200 office workers from 12 health centerswere recruited. Withresponse rate of 90%, 180 eligible participants, were assigned to receive an 8-week participatory ergonomic occupational training educational program available in Shemiranat, Tehran, Iran. A self-controlled longitudinal study with pre/post design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention among office workers in 2015-2016. Post-test was then administered to the participants to identify changes at 3 months after intervention.
Results: Totally, 200 participants with a mean age of 37.48 ± 8.78 years old completed this study. The 3-month follow-up rate was 90%. After the intervention, the awareness rate, attitude and MSDs work-related health behaviors were improved. The self-reported prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders for neck, shoulder, upper and lower back pain or discomfort were significantly lower than before intervention (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The MSDs work related behaviors as well as MSDs prevalence can be improved through the health education program. It is recommended that further research with larger sample and longer follow up be conducted to confirm the findings of this study.

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Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
 

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Aims: there is a need for educational studies due to the 21st-century paradigm shift in higher education toward the social responsibility of universities and the changing challenges of urban design and planning. This article aims to provide the background for redesigning and adapting the educational program of urban design to the social responsibility approach, and it also identified the current teaching and learning methods applied in urban design master’s programs.
Methods: the study reviews the university social responsibility and urban design pedagogy literature to propose a social responsibility-based model for urban design education through expert discussion.
Findings: with regards to pedagogical approaches, there are four teaching-learning methods, including traditional education, project-based learning, service-learning, and sustainable education. Besides, the social-responsibility-based model for urban design education includes four steps, namely, values, management, practices, and impacts.
Conclusion: the fundamental difference between this approach with the current educational approaches of urban design is the matter of morality so that its underlying philosophy should be considered responsibility toward society and the environment, regardless of time and place boundaries.

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The stability of enzymes with no reduction in their catalytic activity still remains a critical issue in industrial applications. Naturally occurring osmolytes are commonly used as protein stabilizer. Apart from increasing the stability and catalytic activity, these osmolytes do not change the structure of enzyme. There are a few general schemes about the stabilization mechanism of these osmolytes but the details of their mechanism have not been found so far. In this study, we investigated the simultaneous effects of sorbitol and trehalose on the activity and structural stability of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) using UV–visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In order to trace the refractive index and dielectric constant alterations upon the addition of osmolytes, microenvironment of the enzyme (PCL) was studied by means of SPR technique.The results revealed that osmolytes increased catalytic activity and intrinsic fluorescence intensity of PCL. In the presence of both osmolytes the activity of enzyme is greater than when each of the osmolytes is used individally. Far-UV CD spectra indicated that the secondary structural content of protein has been some what increased upon interacting with these osmolytes.The results of SPR technique indicated none of the above osmolytes could change the dielectric constant of medium considerably. This study revealed the synergy of two osmolytes toward increasing the activity and stability of enzyme.

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Background: Part of the current issues related to mobility in urban spaces goes back to the definition and measurement of mobility. Mobility is the capacity to be mobile. Regarding that capacity relates to the individual's mind or the built environment, mobility is defined differently.
Objectives: This study aims to review the theories related to mobility and thus provide a theoretical and operational framework for measuring mobility in urban spaces.
Method: In this regard, the Content analysis method has been used to analyze the data in phases of Preparation, Organization, and classification.
Results: The results of content analysis show that these theories can be divided into three categories of subjectivist, environmentalist, and pluralist theories; Subjective theories focus on the mental nature of mobility and regard mobility as a function of individuals' habits, attitudes, motivations, and norms; In contrast, environmentalist theories pay special attention to the impact of environmental factors such as density, land use mix, and accessibility on the mobility of individuals. Pluralist theories consider citizens' differences according to their personal characteristics and situation, and therefore consider diversity and difference effective in mobility and involve them in the evaluation and measurement process.
Conclusion: The study of the factors affecting mobility shows that mobility is a complex and multilevel concept that is influenced by many factors; therefore, if urban planners want to improve the urban mobility system, they must pay special attention to the role of all these factors and the relationships between them.

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The objective of the present field experiment was to examine how plant density and enhanced source, i.e. thinning treatments, may affect grain yield and its components for a non-prolific maize hybrid, SC704. The environment of the hybrid maize crop was changed at intervals over its life cycle by removing every other plant in rows equispaced at 75 cm apart with a population of 13.34 plants m-2. The plants were grown with no water or nutrient restrictions. Results showed that earlier thinning was associated with greater stem, leaf, shoot and ear dry weight accumulation, ear kernel weight (EKW) and kernel number per ear row (KNER). In this ways the greatest of these characteristics were obtained in thinning at sowing i.e. 6.67 plants m-2 throughout. Delay in thinning until the 12-leaf stage reduced stem dry weight and EKW significantly. Thinning at tasseling also resulted in significantly lower stem dry weight accumulation compared to thinning at sowing. At final harvest, the stem dry weight of plants thinned at tasseling was 20.47% (P<0.05) lower than those thinned at sowing. Similar effects were found upon delay in thinning until tasseling on leaf, shoot, and ear dry weight accumulation. Delay in thinning until the 12-leaf stage or later, also reduced EKW significantly compared to plants thinned at sowing. This reduction was attributable to decreased KNER and 1000-kernel weight. According to these results, KNER and 1000-KW were found to be yield components sensitive to light environment.

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Applying a precise forecasting method is necessary to achieve acceptable results in IPM programs. Performances of the wing and delta pheromone traps for forecasting the codling moth phenology were compared with physiological time data based on Degree-Hours. Six pheromone traps (three wing and three delta style) were applied for the monitoring of the codling moth population. Traps were placed in an apple orchard in Tehran Province, Damavand region by the start of bloom. All traps were checked every week and the number of moths caught was recorded. Physiological time was estimated by using hourly recoded temperature, considering temperature thresholds for codling moth development. The results showed that the delta style traps statistically caught more male moth than wing traps. It was also shown that the results of the pheromone traps data were affected severely by weather conditions. Moreover, false fluctuations in recorded data from pheromone traps made some false population peaks, the interpretation of which was very hard. On the other hand, forecasting model based on the physiological time data, was not affected by the mentioned conditions and its results was easy to use for determination of the pest phenology without further interpretations.  

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DNA molecules contain nitrogenous bases that look like fluorophores; however they are weakly or non-fluorescent. Hence, it is important to identify DNA binding-ligands that do not show fluorescence emission in the Free State, though their fluorescence intensity increases upon binding to DNA. Here, we report metal ions (either K and Na) induced guanine quadruplex formation with PS2.M, d (GTG3TAG3CG3T2G2), which shows peroxidase function when complexed with hemin. Ultravioletvisible absorption spectroscopy revealed activity of the PS2.M oligomer as DNAzyme, and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy showed the formation of G-quadruplex structure of PS2.M. We also studied the intrinsic fluorescence of G-quadruplex forming peroxidase-like DNAzyme. The fluorescence spectra showed increment in the intrinsic fluorescence of folded DNA in comparison with its unfolded structure of the same sequence. Moreover, unsymmetrical cyanine dye (SYBR gold) was utilized as a probe for the study of the extrinsic fluorescence of G-quadruplex DNA, where it could discriminate between the single and four-stranded structures of DNA. Also the G-quadruplex dye interaction was also investigated using Circular Dichroism and Fluorescence spectroscopies.

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Aims: The studies on measuring the quality of public space in Iran and the world literature show a kind of standardization in the use of quality measurement criteria.While the concept of the quality of public space could be perceived differently,concerning space type and the political-economic-social background of the formation and evolution of public space can provide a different understanding.It seems that in assessing the quality of public space,the focus is mostly on quantitative and statistical methods,and understanding the nature of space has not played a significant role in measuring quality.This research provides a new path to measuring the quality of public space based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.

Methods: Haft-Hoz square has been selected as the research study to validate the proposed process. The combination of content analysis, historical-interpretative method, in-depth interviews and compilation of oral memories, behavioral analysis, and correlation analysis have been used in this research.

Findings: This research presents a new methodology based on seven steps, including:identifying quality criteria based on international literature,identifying quality criteria tested Iranian literature on public spaces,combining the criteria of the first and second steps, and validating the possibility of evaluating the selected criteria based on field study,a historical-interpretative study of the transformation of the form of public space in different historical periods,conducting behavioral studies based on Jan Gol's method,conducting in-depth interviews with users who have a long history of using the space to extract oral memories and identify the most critical space quality measures over time and quantitative analysis reveals the correlations of quality measures.

Conclusion: Providing a comprehensive methodology in evaluating the quality of urban public spaces is the most important result of this research.

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The effect of temperature on demographic parameters of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) was studied at 23, 25, 27, and 30 °C, 50 ± 10% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. The life table parameters were estimated according to the age-stage, two-sex life table procedure. In addition, the bootstrap technique was employed for estimating the means, variances, and standard errors of the population parameters at all studied temperatures. All estimated parameters were affected considerably by temperature. Among examined temperatures, the highest values of net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) and finite rate of increase (λ) were 223.04 egg, 0.096 day^-1, and 1.101day^-1, respectively at 27 °C. The lowest mean generation time was 50.31 day at 30 °C. Moreover, the highest reproductive value was observed at 27 °C. According to the results, temperature can affect all life table parameters of G. mellonella, and according to our investigation, 27 °C is the best temperature for its mass rearing in laboratory condition among the evaluated temperatures.

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Aim: A theory-based research program can increase the participation of elderly people in terms of good nutritional behaviors. This study aimed at assessing the prediction of the nutritional improvement of elderly based on protection motivation theory (PMT).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people over 60 years of age in the City of Hamadan in early April in 2016. The PMT-based questionnaire data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, dispersion, and independent t-tests.
Findings: The results showed that the knowledge item of the questionnaire had significant effect on all constructs of the model.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the PMT-based program had an effect on the improvement of nutritional performance of the elderly people; however, further investigations in other age and gender groups as well as using other educational methods are also recommended.

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The metro not only provides public transportation but also fosters interactions among citizens and contributes to the urban environment. Hence, attention to social interactions and spatial provisions to transform into urban spaces is crucial. The objective of this research is to establish a framework for achieving the quality of life in underground spaces that incorporates a comprehensive expression of placemaking. The research methodology is based on collecting and analyzing textual and documentary data, qualitatively focused on interpretive paradigms. This theoretical article aims to enhance a critical understanding of production and consumption processes within the urban public space. Findings indicate that urban underground spaces, to function as urban areas, need to offer a set of unique qualities aligned with citizens' needs as these spaces extend beyond the defined scope of urban areas. These urban spaces can be examined in the realms of lived space, perceived space, and conceived space by the citizens. In conclusion, in achieving a form of placemaking, the components of daily life, encompassing spatial behaviour, spatial representation, and representational space in alignment with the qualities of underground urban spaces, such as inner space qualities, inter-space qualities and extra-spatial qualities (legibility, inclusiveness, vitality, Accessibility, moderation, providing a variety of services and facilities), significantly shape the landscape of citizens' everyday lives. Identifying these qualities and the interactive dynamics between citizens' daily lives and urban space can lead to the creation of place and the process of placemaking.

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One of the effective plant disease management strategies is based on the employment of resistance inducers. In the present study, to assay, the effects of Salicylic acid (chemical inducer) and Piriformospora indica (biological inducer) on wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminnis f. sp. tritici), the expression rate of Non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes1 (NPR1) genewas evaluated using qPCR. For this purpose, Falat and Tajan cultivars were selected as susceptible and resistant genotypes to powdery mildew, respectively. To evaluate the rate of gene expression, the P. indica colonized Falat along with mock plants were inoculated with Powdery mildew. In another experiment, Falat treated with SA and control plants were inoculated with Powdery mildew 48 h after treatment with SA. Gene expression was assayed in Falat compared with resistant cv. Tajan. Sampling was carried out at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after infection. Comparisons of gene expression patterns showed that after infection, the expression levels of NPR1 increased in induced and non-induced Falat and Tajan cultivars. The maximum gene expression levels were observed at 24 hours post infection. But the expression levels of the gene at this timewere much higher in induced treatments compared with control. The current study showed that NPR1 can be involved in resistance strategy. Thus, using NPR1 gene as a desired gene in genetic engineering for increasing the potential of plant resistance to pathogens can be considered. Moreover, the high response of NPR1 gene in induced plants indicated that both SA and P. indica play a critical role in inducing resistance.

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In recent decades, literary works have been considered as one of the important parts of documents, which is an analyzable part by sociologists for studying about the society, culture and politics. “Sayyed Ashraf Guilani”, with the nickname of ’’Nasim-e Shomal’’ - who has a newspaper with this name- has had a great role in the brightness of Mashroteh period. Sayyed Ashraf has many poems about the events of Mashrooteh. In this study, it has been tried to show the way of reflecting the sociological and political works of Mashrooteh period in the poems’ of Sayyed Ashraf with a literal sociology way and also using the general asterisks of Exchange Theory of Peter Blau. For using this theory, which is a compact of the sociological behaviorism and sociological realities, first of all, different aspects of the Mashrooteh period’s poems, Sayyed Ashraf’s poems from the beginning of Mashrooteh to the beginning of Reza Khan period autarchy kingdom are been investigated. Then thesy poems has been divided into three groups: 1- criticism, interchangeable poems, 2- organizing, veneration poems, and 3- cognizance poems. The last aim of this study is to analyze the effect of Sayyed Ashraf on Mashrooteh movement based on the sociological theories to show the completed stretchers of unity between the revolutionaries and the people in Mashrooteh period.     

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Lipases, as an important enzyme group, are able to catalyze hydrolysis or synthesis of esters.The lipase from pseudomonas fluorescens (E.C.3.1.1.3) is a thermophilic kind of lipases (MW around 33 Kd). In this study, the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the activity and conformational stability of Psedomonas fluorescence lipase was evaluated using UV/Vis and Circular Dichroism (CD), respectively. According to the results of thermodynamic studies the 0.6 M concentration of sorbitol was selected for refolding and unfolding kinetic measurements with stopped flow fluorescence apparatus. Kinetics data indicate that unfolding of lipase is performed via two different pathways; one of them is probably involves a synchronous unfolding and dissociation of subunits and the other one comprises a two step unfolding in which the subunits are first dissociated followed by complete unfolding of subunits. We found that more population of protein molecules unfolded with slow phase unfolding pathway when sorbitol is present in the unfolding buffer. Furthermore; refolding kinetics data suggest that in the presence of sorbitol the energy barrier of refolding is reduced.

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Background: Calf scours (diarrhea) in unweaned calves play a major role in economic losses of animal farming industry worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate and interpret the presence of BRV, BVDV, and Escherichia coli K99 by molecular and serological approaches simultaneously.
Materials & Methods: A total of 73 E. coli-negative diarrheic fecal samples were collected from one-week to less than one-month-old calves of Holstein dairy cattle herds of some provinces of Iran during autumn and winter. The samples were directed to antigen detection by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay), RNA extraction by semi-manual approach, and cDNA synthesis for PCR amplification.
Findings: Out of 73 calves’ diarrheic  fecal samples, 28 (38.3%) and 1 (1.36%) were positive for BRV and BVDR by ELISA, respectively. However, 31 (42.4%) samples were positive for BRV and non for BVDV by RT-PCR. The Kappa coefficient showed significant differences in BRV and BVDR detection between ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The distribution of the BRV-positive samples among bovine diarrheic calves was 80, 52.6, and 50% in Eslamshahr, Qazvin, and Hamedan, respectively.
Conclusion: ELISA and RT-PCR indicated high prevalence rate of BRV in autumn and winter, respectively. The present study results showed that positive cases detected by RT-PCR were more than those detected by ELISA. Further studies are needed to achieve a comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategy to address  diarrhea bovine pathogens.

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The Cu dependent restriction deoxyribozyme is the unique example of known deoxyribozymes. The uniqueness of this deoxyribozyme is originated from specific cleaving of single stranded DNA and formation of triple helix DNA structure which is necessary for substrate recognition and binding. The most established method for measuring the kinetic parameters of deoxyribozyme is based on use of radiolabeled substrates which have several difficulties. In this study we present accurate, fast and inexpensive methods for kinetic study of the deoxyribozyme which is based on extrinsic fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. As mentioned above, DNA triple helix formation is necessary for substrate identification and also enzyme activity. Circular dichroism spetropolarimetery is used for structural study of enzyme. Analysis of spectrum results from this technique indicates structural changes which is a direct evidence for the triple helix formation in enzyme-substrate complex. Extrinsic fluorescence experiment is based on high affinity of SYBR gold to double stranded DNA compared to single stranded DNA. Enzyme activity can be measured by SYBR gold fluorescence emission upon addition of cofactor to the enzyme-substrate complex. Continuous hyperchromicity assay method which is based on UV-visible spectroscopy was used for measuring of enzyme activity by hyperchromicity of the enzyme-substrate complex after addition of cofactor. Comparison of the results show that the continuous hyperchromicity assay is more accurate than the extrinsic fluorescence method, because of this method is based on intrinsic physicochemical properties of DNA without interference of external factors.