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A survey of cereal fields of Khuzestan province during 2008-2011 revealed that cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are widely distributed in this region. The CCNs were present in 37 and 35% of the 200 samples collected from wheat and barley fields respectively. The species were identified as Heterodera avenae type B and H. filipjevi the morphological and morphometric identifications of which were confirmed by rRNA-ITS RFLP. Population density of CCNs ranged from 2 to 103 cysts (mean 18)/100 g of dried soil with an average of 395 (0-3400) J2 and eggs in wheat samples. Whilst the number of cysts in barley samples were counted 3-71 cysts (mean 11) /100 g soil, the J2 and eggs averaged 166 (0-900). The lowest and the highest rates of infestation (8 and 83%) were observed in the regions of Ahvaz and Behbahan respectively. The number of J2 and eggs of CCNs in some regions were greater than the damage threshold level considered for CCNs and it is likely they could cause economic yield loss in these regions.  

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A reminder of memory for all humans is a common feeling, but in art and literature, and especially in the eyes of poets, it has a different appearance. Reminder of memories is one of the important resources for poets and artists in the literary and artistic structure of their works. Hannin, or the love and affection that the poet has in relation to his past, is associated with remembrance of memories and the poet places it on the basis of his poetry. The eloquence of the poet is his first stimulus to remind his memories and Hannin to his homeland, which leads to the formation of an architectural and artistic form of Ghasideh. Sheikh al-Wa'ili wrote the verse " towards Najaf Ashraf; My Beloved Land " after the departure of Najaf Ashraf; the land of his childhood and adolescence. In his Ghasideh, he tells his love and affection to his land and describes it in the most beautiful form. From the depths of the poet's feelings, one can understand the depth of this love and interest in the homeland. On the other hand, Shahriar, the famous Iranian poet, sings “Heidar Baba" in Turkish after the abandonment and divorce from his motherland, in which he recalled the memories of his childhood and adolescence and the regret of the time spent in the village on the slopes of Mountains of Heidar Baba. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and adapt these two stories through two poets' songs relying on the American Comparative Literature School.  It addresses three levels of timing, spatial and social remembrance, pointing out the similarities and differences in their poetry, as well as the distinctive features of their artistic images used to express their memories and poetic experiences which have been mentioned. From the research results, it can be said that natural elements (nature) have an active role in shaping the structure of poetry memories. And their poetry and musical images have served their thoughts, and these functional aesthetic images have been addressed to the audience and have led to a better understanding of the audience in the process of reading the text.

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are commonly used as biological agents for control of insect pests. This study was carried out to identify EPNs, determine dominant and frequent species in Kurdistan province, Iran and characterize their symbiotic bacteria. Identification of EPNs was performed based on morphological and morphometrical characters and also rRNA-ITS gene sequences. Two EPNs, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) were identified. Out of totally 150 soil samples collected mainly from mid-southern parts of the province, 60% were positive for EPNs. Heterorhabditis bacteriphora showed the highest frequency in this region, remarkably 59.3% of soil samples contained this species. Incidences of H. bacteriphora in grasslands, woodlands and alfalfa fields were 57.3, 14.6 and 28.0 percent, respectively. Steinernema feltiae was found only in alfalfa fields with 0.66% frequency. Bacterial symbionts of H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae were also identified based on biochemical characters and recA gene sequencing. In this research, two species of Photorhabdus were isolated from H. bacteriophora namely P. luminescens subsp. kayaii and P. temperata subsp. thracensis. Xenorhabdus bovienii was identified from infective juveniles of S. feltiae.

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Pieris brassicae L. is one of the most important pests of Brassicaceae. The insecticidal effect of two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, was determined through their interaction with Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) against P. brassicae. In the interaction tests, the EPNs were applied at LC₅₀ level 0, 12 or 24h after treating the larvae with LC₁₀ or LC₂₅ of the B. bassiana or Btk. The interaction between the EPNs and B. bassiana was entirely different from the interaction of the EPNs and Btk. The interaction with B. bassiana was dependant on time intervals, while the interaction of the EPNs with Btk was almost additive or synergistic. An antagonistic effect was seen when the EPNs were applied immediately after the B. bassiana. However, the application of the EPNs 24h after their treatment with B. bassiana caused additive or synergistic effects. The results also showed the best mortality effect when the EPNs were used with Btk at 12 h and 24 h time intervals. Based on the results, a simultaneous use of the EPNs and B. bassiana is not recommended against P. brassica. However, the EPNs could be used simultaneously after Btk but it is better to allow a time interval to increase mortality.

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The effects of salicylic acid (SA) nano-formulation on expression of peroxidase (113-114) genes and peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were investigated in wheat cultivar (Bezostaya) susceptible to Heterodera filipjevi. The wheat roots and leaves were randomly divided into control group and groups exposed to 62.5, 125 and 250μg/ml SA. A spectrophotometric analysis was carried out using root extracts from infected plants at 4, 7 and 11days post inoculation with nematode (DAI) for peroxidase and PAL. The expression of peroxidase (113-114) genes was evaluated by Real time PCR analysis. Peroxidase activity was significantly increased in treatments exposed to 250µg/ml of nanosalicylic acid at 11 DAI. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was induced in the treatments exposed to 250 and 125µg/ml nanosalicylic acid compared to the control at 4 and 7 DAI, respectively. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was also increased in the treatments exposed to 62.5 and 250µg/ml of nanosalicylic acid compared to the control at 7 DAI. The expression level of peroxidase 113-114 in wheat leaves was significantly raised at 4 DAI when 62.5µg/ml of nanosalicylic acid was used. There was also a significant difference between expression levels of peroxidase 113-114 genes at applications of 125 and 250µg/ml of SA in comparison with the control at 4 and 7 DAI, a significant decrease was revealed in the gene expression in treatments exposed to 62.5, 125 and 250µg/ml of nanosalicylic acid compared to the control at 11 DAI. It was concluded that higher concentrations of nanosalicylic acid have a potential effect on peroxidase and PAL activities in wheat infected by H. filipjevi. High concentration of nanosalicylic acid has inhibitory effects on the expression level of peroxidase gene.

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Reduction of bread loss and wheat consumption have particular importance in the national economy, has attracted many researcher’s mind. Thus in this study sorghum flour was used as a substitution for the part of wheat flour in bread making. On the other hand, the purposes of this study were investigation on the effects of steaming time (three levels of 0, 90 and 180 second) and baking time (three levels of 10, 15 and 20 minute), on moisture content, water activity, crust color, firmness and overall acceptability of composite bread (wheat- sorghum). Based on the result, the steaming and baking time were effective on staling rate and bread shelf life at P 

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Nowadays, additives are commonly used in cooking industry. Emulsifiers are one of the important materials generally used to improve the quality and efficiency of dough, to make the usability of dough easier, and to reduce dough wastage through delaying the staling time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of adding two kinds of emulsifier including DATEM and Glycerol mono stearate  In 3 levels of %0,% 0/2, and %0/4 and Lipase Enzyme in 3 levels of 0, 100, and 200 PPM(activity 25KLU/g). The influence of adding above-mentioned materials was sought in qualitative and quantitative features of doughnut made from solid dough (texture, moisture, activity water  (AW), specific volume, porosity, and general acceptability). According to the random statistical study and the obtained significant difference (p<0/05) among treatments, it was shown that the combinations with %0/2 of Datem, %0/2 of GMS and 100 PPM of Lipase Enzyme presented the most specific  volume, porosity, moisture and the least hardness level, and consequently low speed staling 2 hours after cooking and 4 days after maintenance. This instance won the highest grade from tasting judges. The result indicated that after the experiment the qualitative and quantitative features of doughnut improved in comparison with the instance case. The case with %0/2 of Datem, %0/2 of GMS and 100 PPM of Lipase Enzyme showed lower speed of staling. Other parameters such as moisture level, activity water (AW), volume, porosity level, and general acceptability also presented better condition in this case.  

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Due to advancesinmachinery lifeandpeople's willingness tofastfoods, doughnut industrial production as one of the most popular bakery products has been noted In Iran. Therefore improving the quality and increase the shelf life of by the food additive is important. So the aim of this study was the addition of Plantago gum(at levels of 0, 0.25 and 0.50%) and fungal α-amylase enzyme (at levels of 0, 0.01 and 0.02%) to doughnut formulation and evaluate the effectiveness of these additives on the moisture content, specific volume, firmness (2 and 72 hours after baking), the crust color values (L*, a* and b*) and overall acceptability in sensory evaluation. In this study crust color was estimated and analyzed by Image J software. The results were determined by increasing the amount of Plantago gum and fungal α-amylase enzyme in the initial formulation of doughnuts, moisture content and L* value were increased. However, the increasing of gum and enzyme respectively decreased and increased the amount of a* value of the crust color. Also the results showed that the addition of Plantago gum up 0.25% and fungal α-amylase enzyme at 0.02% increase the softness, specific volume and scores for overall acceptability of produced samples.  

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New technologies in determining the gender of eggs will greatly help to end the extermination of male chickens, which will save a lot in the poultry industry. These technologies are so valuable and important that many companies and research centers are willing to make large investments to progress in this field. Today, two invasive and non-invasive methods are used to determine the gender of the egg. Invasive diagnostic methods often lead to a decrease in the viability of samples, while non-invasive methods with high accuracy and viability of samples have created a great development capability among researchers. In other words, invasive diagnostic methods determine the gender of the embryos inside the egg with a high percentage, but it can endanger the continuation of the hatching process and jeopardize food safety. However, the use of non-invasive methods in line with industrial use has priority due to the fact that there is no danger to the chick embryo in the process of sex determination. In this review study, while examining the importance of gender determination during hatching for the poultry industry, an attempt has been made to examine and compare all the new technologies used to determine gender in the egg-laying and hatching stages and compare its advantages and disadvantages.

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One of the challenging tasks for civil engineers is to mitigate the response of structures that are subjected to dynamic loads in order to prevent possible damages that may cause human and enormous economic losses.To minimize vibration, reduction of the external disturbance to a system is always preferred, but in many cases, this may not be possible. Modification of the system to avoid resonance may entail significant redesign. Furthermore, it would be difficult to be applied to existing structures. Thus, vibration control devices, which can be simply attached to the existing system to reduce the vibration without drastically altering the original system, have been developed. Passive tuned mass damper (TMD), whose concept was presented more than a century ago, is undoubtedly a simple, inexpensive and reliable means to suppress unfavorable vibrations of structures but the very narrow band of suppression frequency, the ineffective reduction of non-stationary vibration, and the sensitivity problem due to detuning are the inherent limitations of the passive TMDs. TMDs are usually tuned to the first natural frequency of the structures. Since TMD parameters are constant during the life cycle of the structure, it is important to adjust them properly to achieve a favorable performance. Optimal values of TMD parameters for structures with non-linear behavior require non-linear dynamic analyses. There are many analytical and empirical relations to identify these parameters obtained by structure simplification and loading. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to find optimum TMD parameters for vibration control of the College Bridge in Tehran. With the length of 372 m, this steel bridge has 14 spans. The bridge is modeled in OpenSees environment. Verification of the finite element modelling is performed by comparing the results of the dynamic analyses under four earthquake records by those of another model created in SAP2000 software. In order to mitigate its vibrations, 11 TMDs are considered to be installed on the bridge. The aim of GA is to minimize the displacement of the tallest pier of the bridge in order to decrease the maximum displacement of the structure subject to earthquake excitations. Based on the analyses conducted for near-field and far-field earthquakes, it was concluded that employing GA considerably reduces convergence rate to achieve optimum TMD parameters. To evaluate the performance of a control system during severe earthquakes, incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) for maximum peak ground accelaration (PGA) of 0.1g to 1.0g was conducted. The longitudinal root mean square and maximum displacement of the tallest pier in uncontrolled and controlled cases are obtained and compared. The results of IDA analyses show that for low PGA values, TMDs by themselves absorb and dissipate a large portion of the input energy because in this case the piers remain elastic. However, for higher values of PGA, piers also dissipate some portion of input energy by entering nonlinear region. The percentage of response reduction for different earthquakes are not the same because each earthquake has its own frequency content. According to the numerical analyses for the mass ratio as 4%, the longitudinal displacement and reduced RMS displacement of the largest pier of bridge by tuned mass damper for El-Centro, Kern-County, Kobe and Northridge earthquakes are 24.9 and 34.3, 43.5 and 38.7, 30.6 and 40.4, 13.6 and 28.1 respectively.

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To understand the relationship between natural physicochemical properties of soil and abundance of citrus root nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), a survey was conducted during 2009-2010 in some 37 citrus orchards, in Kohgilouyeh va Boyerahmad Province, Iran. Distribution of the citrus nematode was determined by collecting random samples from the soil and citrus plant roots, extracting and enumerating the number of second stage juveniles, males/100 g of soil and females/5 g of root. The relationships between nematode population, and the factors of: organic matter content, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), organic carbon, Calcium Carbonate, soil texture, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH were determined. Increase in nematode population density was observed by increasing soil saturation percentage (up to 43%), and by an increase in soil silt, sand, P, K and organic carbon, but by an increase in soil salinity, Calcium Carbonate, total Nitrogen and the amount of clay in soil, the nematode population decreased. Maximum nematode population density was recorded in a loamy soil texture. The most suitable soil pH for nematode activity was found almost seven while either an increase or decrease in soil pH, resulted in a decrease in nematode population. The number of second stage juveniles ranged from 58 to 2,730/100 g of soil while females were present by 11 to 331 individuals/g of root respectively. About 62% of the studied orchards were infested with T. semipenetrans.

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To identify the Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN) and their distribution and population density in wheat fields in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province based on interpolation by geographic information system, a total of 212 composite soil and root samples were randomly collected from different wheat fields of nine districts of the province during 2013-2014. The soil samples were explored for number of cysts, second-stage Juveniles (J2) and eggs. The species were identified based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characteristics. Analysis was performed by Arc GIS software using interpolation technique for determination of raster map. The results showed that 42% of soil samples were infested with Heterodera filipjevi containing an average of 994 eggs and J2 per 200 g of soil. The maximum infestation was observed in Dehsahra region in Lordegan district with an average of 4720 eggs and J2 per 200 g soil. Wheat fields of Kohrang, Kiyar and Farsan districts showed low population density while moderate infestation was observed in Ardal, Ben, Saman and Borujen districts. Instead high population density of H. filipjevi was found in Shahrekord and Lordegan. Based on interpolation of population density and interpolation maps, the eastern part of Shahrekord and southern and western parts of Lordegan districts were predicted as regions with high infestation to H. filipjevi and considered as hotspots for this disease.

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