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Background: Preventive measures such as training and awareness and prevention skills for personal protection in the musculoskeletal areas are one of the most important strategies in health care systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on promoting preventive behavior of musculoskeletal problems in female Afghan health workers. Material and Methods: In this study, 60 female employees of Afghanistan health ministry were selected and divided randomly into control and experimental groups (N = 30 women for each one). Data, collected through a questionnaire based on health belief model on preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. The experimental group received the educational intervention for a month, and three months after the program, both groups completed a questionnaire and data were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that before the educational intervention program, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers and perform­ance. However, after the intervention, these factors significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group and also perceived barriers decreased (all P < 0. 001). Conclusion: According to this study, health education program based on Health Belief Model was an effective program on promoting preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. Therefore, for successful implementation of these programs, control, monitoring and follow-up training is recommended.  

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We investigated the response of Sea Buckthorn to drought in a nursery experiment that has been studied for the first time in the world for Iranian Sea Buckthorn. Biomass and physiological differences in response to drought were compared between four Elaeagnus rhamnoides seedlings inhabited in Qazvin Province origin seeds of Iran. The experimental design included four water regimes including 2, 4, 8 and 12 days irrigation and three blocks. Water Use Efficiency (WUE), Relative Water Content (RWC), Water Potential (WP), Water Saturation Deficit (WSD), Root and shoot weight of fresh leaves were determined at the end of the watering treatment (four months). We found that drought tolerance was highly related to the plant physiology in E. rhamnoides. With the extension of drought stress from 2 to 12 days, E. rhamnoides seedlings WUE was increased; between one and second treatment, also between third and fourth treatments we observed significant difference. RWC gradually was declined with decreasing water supplies. WP was decreased, while drought was increased from first to last treatment. WSD gradually was increased by accelerating drought in all treatments. WSD values did not differ significantly between treatments three and four. Significant differences at 0.05 levels were not observed between 8 and 12 days-irrigated in both of R and S weight, but in all treatments was decreased toward drought. Our results provided new clue and new insight to study the drought-tolerant mechanism for the study species.

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Aim: The center of family around the mother and her presence or absence can effect on the emotional intelligence and mental health of students. In other words, working mothers inside or outside home have different effects on both the boy and girl students. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health of students with working and non-working mothers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a population consisting of all high school girls and boys in the city (total n=140). Data were gathered by a questionnaire. After verifying the validity and reliability, the data were collected, and analyzed using SPSS18 and descriptive statistics. Findings: The findings indicate that mothers’ employment brings no negative and positive consequences for emotional intelligence and mental health, though it positively affects students’ educational performance. Results also revealed that the adolescent children of employed mothers had high emotional intelligence. The female children of employed mothers showed more emotional intelligence, while there were no gender differences in the emotional intelligence of adolescent children of homemakers. Conclusion: The research finding revealed that boys and girls with working mothers have low mental health, this results approves that presence of mother at home is necessary.

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Background: The global control of the drug resistance tuberculosis has remained as major challenge. The present study was the first review study in the Middle East region in order to determine levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first-line anti-TB drugs among both new and previously treated cases.
Materials and Methods: The computer-assisted search was performed by using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus databases and related keywords. Within the time span of 1981-2014, a total of 480 articles were collected on the antibiotic resistance rates of M. tuberculosis in different countries of the Middle East region. About 63 relevant articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: By using meta-analyses, we determined mono drug resistance, any drug resistance, and multidrug resistance (MDR-TB) rates in both new and previously treated TB patients living in different parts of the Middle East. Other aspects related to patients, antimicrobial resistance, and methods used to assess the resistance rate were also analyzed.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that in comparison with the global average rate, the prevalence rate of drug resistant TB, especially MDR-TB, may be increasing in the Middle East. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of drug-resistant isolates, detecting primary resistance to anti-TB drugs with the use of new rapid diagnostic methods is necessary.

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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in humans. HPV is associated with gynecologic malignancy and cervical cancer among women worldwide. In the current study we sought to determine the prevalence rate of HPV in Iranian women identified with cervical infections.
Materials and Methods:  Prevalence rate of HPV in Iran was investigated from 2000-2016 using several databases including Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database. Statistical analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.2, Biostat) software. Random effects models were used by taking into account the possibility of the heterogeneity between the studies, which was tested through the Cochran’s Q-statistic.
Results: The meta-analyses showed that the prevalence rate of HPV infections was 38.6 % (95% CI, 27.9-50.5) among Iranian women with cervical infections. The further stratified analyses indicated that the prevalence rate of HPV was higher in the studies conducted during the 2000-2008 years.
Conclusion: The results of the present study underscore the need for further enforcement of STD control strategies in Iran. Establishing advanced diagnostic facilities for HPV, vaccination of high risk groups, and continuous monitoring of HPV are recommended for HPV prevention and control.

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In this paper, the constructions of ditransitive verbs are examined in Persian. This study based on Construction Grammar (Goldberg: in press) views differently on this type of verbs. One of the objectives in this paper is to explain the internal properties of ditransitive constructions and determine their different types. The purpose is to display the distinctions of ditransitive constructions in order to demonstrate the interaction between syntax and discourse. Besides their  syntactic differences, pragmatic ones will be mentioned too. This can be achieved by choosing a formal-functional approach. The Persian data analysis shows the effect of information structure and its interaction with patient and theme. Therefore, the contextual factors are considered as important as the syntactic ones. Information structure exerts a noticeable effect on the distribution of nominal arguments as well as on their scope properties among the Persian sentences. Thus these constructions not only indicate formal distinctions but also informative ones. Consequently, comprehensive and multi-dimensional interpretation, which is the basic goal in this study will be attained by relying on syntactic- pragmatic explanations.  

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This paper will examine (non) presence of obligatory adjuncts in predication and modification constructions in Persian language. The aim is to show that adjuncts are not optional as opposed to the previous thoughts. They are necessary for some conversational utterances The hypothesis is the predication and modifications following pragmatic considerations and focal requirement can be understood better. However, the comprehensive and uniform explanation is not achieved by grammatical and event-based analysis. The presense of obligatory adjuncts are necessary to satisfy focal requirement. On the basis of focal requirement, every utterance must contain a focus, and provide new information to the addressee in discourse context. This focal requirement can be satisfied through various factors; one of them is obligatory adjuncts. This pragmatic constraint derived from Grice's maxim of Quantity or Horn's R -principle. This study displays that the main motivation of  the presence of obligatory adjuncts is focal requirement. So every utterance must be informative.  Utterances normally need a successful focus that conveys something asserted. Thus the predications(short passives) and modifications  with obligatory adjuncts can be understood better in discourse context.                   

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Trichogramma is an important genus of egg parasitoids that is frequently used as biological control agents against lepidopteran pests. The most widespread species of Trichogramma in Iran is Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko that is widely used against rice stem borrer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). In this study, the sublethal effects of LC₃₀ concentration of diazinon and fipronil were studied on the functional response of T. brassicae to different densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64) of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs. The experiment was carried out in an insectarium at 25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) h. Young adult females of the parasitoid were exposed to LC₃₀ of either insecticides for an appropriate time of exposure. Then, fresh host egges were offered to survived female wasps for parasitim for 24 h. The type of functional response was determined using logistic regression and the parameters including searching efficiency (a) and handling time (T_h) were estimated by non-linear regression. The results revealed a type II functional response in the control and fipronil, and type III for diazinon. In this study, application of insecticides caused a decrease in the attack rate and an increase in the handling time of exposed wasps compared with the control. The longest handling time (3.76 ± 0.4 h) and the lowest attack rate (0.001 ± 0.0004) were observed in diazinon. The results suggested that the adverse effect of this insecticide on searching ability of T. brassicae should be considered in integrated pest management programs (IPM).
 

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Background: Treatment of infections caused by metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major healthcare-associated concern. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain antibiotic resistance patterns and prevalence of MBL genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Materials & Methods:   In total, 90 non-repetitive clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from clinical specimens of patients who referred to Amir Al-Momenin hospital in Zabol, southeast of Iran, from January 2019 to November 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined according to CLSI guidelines. Combined disk test (CDT) was used to detect MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates. MBL genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM, and blaSPM) were detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method.
Findings: The isolates were mostly resistant to ceftriaxone (51.1%, 46 of 90) and gentamicin (43.3%, 39 of 90). Based on CDT results, 89.4% (17 of 19) of carbapenem-resistant isolates were MBL positive. In addition, MBL genes including blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaNDM were detected in 20% (18 of 90), 8.9% (8 of 90), and 5.6% (5 of 90) of the isolates, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on this study findings, the use of ceftriaxone and gentamicin should be restricted. In addition, MBL genes (blaVIM and blaIMP) seem to play a crucial role in the spread of carbapenem-resistant infections and the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates, leading to antibiotic treatment failure.

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Plagiarism is one of the most immoral damages in our academic research studies that is growing today . The purpose of this article is to investigate plagiarism in academic articles (as the most prominent representative of academic research) , and in particular reporting and tracking of plagiarism in two academic articles in the field of literary genre studies . For this purpose, at first evidences of plagiarism in these two articles are shown ; and in the following, undertakers and propellants for doing plagiarism in research articles are expressed ; and eventually, strategies for prevention of plagiarism and retraction of pirated articles in journals are offered. this article focuses on the inhibiting role of plagiarism checker software (in pre-publication), review articles by researchers and experts to study history (perspicacious eyes) is written in different fields of study, and retraction of published articles, as practical solutions in this regard stresses .

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Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is responsible for life-threatening infections, given that it is usually resistant to antibacterial drugs. Due to the restricted antibiotic options for the treatment of resistant K. pneumoniae infections and the critical role of humoral immune responses in preventing infectious diseases, the present in silico study aimed to investigate fimbriae (type 1 and type 3), outer membrane protein A (OmpA), and outer membrane protein K35 (OmpK35) to find appropriate epitopes for vaccine development.
Materials & Methods: Several independent bioinformatics servers including IEDB, ABCpred, VaxiJen, and EMBOSS were applied to identify appropriate linear epitopes (B-cell and T-cell).  Conformational epitopes were also predicted using Ellipro and Discotope programs. The Antigenic Peptide Prediction server was used to confirm the identified epitopes. Molecular characteristics, toxicity, human similarity, and allergenicity were investigated.
Findings: The results demonstrated that the investigated proteins were highly immunogenic. In the first step, 25 epitopes were identified in the investigated proteins. After applying different exclusion criteria, the final epitope of each investigated protein was selected. The final epitopes of fimbriae (type 1 and type 3), OmpK35 and OmpA were located in 28-49, 26-53, 271-291, and 288-299 regions, respectively. Allergenicity, toxicity, and human similarity were negative for the predicted epitopes.
Conclusion: The present study results introduced four reliable B-cell and T-cell epitopes (each for one investigated protein) with appropriate physicochemical characteristics. The proposed epitopes could be used in vaccine development against K. pneumoniae after further in vitro and in vivo studies.

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Aims: Access paths to natural attractions in protected areas must be designed and developed considering their impacts on the environment. Visitors' movement in the areas where are highly sensitive to soil erosion may cause destructive impacts on trails such as widening, increasing susceptibility to erosion, and damaging surrounding vegetation. This research aims to suggest a sustainable trail network (off-road vehicles and hiking trails) in Sarigol National Park and Protected Area,
Methods:  The study has been carried out based on the least-cost path algorithm, and comparing the results with existing recreation trails. The required field information including the width of 431 trails and 15 environmental factors affecting the trail width was obtained through the study area. Analysis of Covariance has been used for estimating the potential of pathwidth expansion. The accuracy of the model was assessed by root mean square error which is 29cm for hiking trails and 126cm for off-road vehicles trails.
Findings: One optimized off-road vehicles trail and one optimized hiking trails in the study are were suggested using degradation map and least cost patch model. The findings of the present study indicated that existing paths are located in areas with high susceptibility to widening because of crowding.

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Chemotherapy is one of the most effective and common treatments for cancer. Multi-drug resistance and drug side effects are one of the major obstacles to successful chemotherapy. To address these limitations and achieve better drug efficacy, nanosystem-based combination therapy offers a promising approach. This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the synergistic effect of nanoliposomes loaded with doxorubicin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. In the present study, nanoliposomes were prepared by passive loading and thin-film hydration. The characterization of nanoliposomes such as size distribution, zeta potential, the loading rate, drug release profile, and toxicity were measured. The mean diameter of nanoliposomes was 82.5 nm, their surface charge was -24.2 mV and drug loading was about 80%. The interaction of doxorubicin and EGCG with nanoliposomes was mediated by electrostatic and van der Waals bonds and EGCG has a deceasing effect on the doxorubicin release profile but the observed differences are not significant. The toxicity and viability data indicate that the simultaneous use of these two drugs increased the toxicity of the cells. Nanoliposomes containing doxorubicin were not able to reduce viability to below 50% in monotherapy with 5×10^-3 μM. While, the amount of viability dramatically reduced to below 50%, in combination with EGCG, resulting as combination chemotherapy. Consequently, the concomitant administration of EGCG with doxorubicin may be a suitable candidate for chemotherapy.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic processes involved in deriving Persian WH-multiple questions. Therefore, the function of WH-words in these constructs regarding the syntactic processes is examined. It also clarifies which syntactic functions justify their sequential or split orders. The research method is descriptive-analytic on the base of  Chomsky’s Minimalist approach (1995). Research data was collected from books, Media, newspapers, social networks and Google search engine and native speakers’ speech. Data  analysis shows that in sequential WH-multiple questions (both types), backward deletion occurs in which the identical constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity. In these constructions, the first WH-word remains in situ and the second one moves to the focus phrase after deleting the identical constituent. Scrambling is just possible with adjunct- adjunct and adjunct- argument order in these constructions. In split WH- multiple questions, the deletion of identical constituent occurs in the second clause as forward deletion in which  both WH-words remanin in situ. Scrambling in these constructions is also possible with adjunct-adjunct and adjunct-argument order. Scrambling and superiority of WH-words are not permitted in WH-multiple questions with any order of WH-words.

1. Introduction
Among the constructions that Chomsky examines in the form of minimalist approach are WH-questions. These constructions are observed in two types, yes /no questions and WH-questions which is the aim of the present study. Sometimes WH-questions consisting of two or more WH-words, named WH-multiple questions. These constructions are in two types: sequential and split. Sequential WH-multiple questions are themselves divided into two types of simple (without coordinator) and coordinated (with coordinator). In split one, WH-words are separated. The present study seeks to answer these questions: What is the function of WH-words in WH-multiple questions with respect to the syntactic processes, and which syntactic operations justify their sequential or split nature?
 
2. Literature Review
A review of the research literature shows that WH-quesions have been studied only in terms of structure, type and movement of WH-words in Persian just in single WH-word questions and none of them examined the syntactic processes in the derivation of Persian WH- multiple ones. Therefore, conducting such a study in relation to WH-multiple questions based on Chomsky's Minimalist Program (1995) distinguishes itself from other similar studies in this field.
 
3. Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytic based on the principles of Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Program as theoretical framework.
 
4. Results
The examination of data shows that in coordinated WH-questions (both types), the common constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity and satisfying language economy. In other words, backward deletion occurs. In the coordinate WH-questions (both types), the first WH-word remains in-situ and under identity and thus deleting it, the second WH-word moves to the focus phrase.
In contrast, in split WH-questions, forward deletion occures in which the deletion of identical clause occurs in the second clause, leaving a gap in the position of identical elements, and both WH-words are placed in their original unmarked place. In this type of WH-questions, the movement of WH-word leads to the ungrammaticality of WH-construction and as a result, Persian speakers will not accept it. Therefore, It has been concluded since no movement occurs in this type of constructions, there is no need to apply the attract closest principle.
Also, the analysis of data shows that scrambling of two adjuct-adjunct WH-word in sequencial coordinate WH-question is possible. But in multiple WH-question, scrambling and superiority leads to unacceptable and sometimes ungrammatical constructions. Thus, contrary to Bošković's (1999) view that focus languages do not show superiority effects, multiple WH-questions in Persian, which is a focus language, shows it. In split WH-questions, scrambling of two adjunct- adjunct WH-words is possible.
In coordinate WH-questions with adjunct-argument order, scrambling of two WH-words is possible. On the contrary, this kind of scrambling in Persian multiple WH-question leads to ungrammatical construction. In contrast, scrambling of adjunct- argument WH-words in split WH-questions is allowed and the result is a grammatical and acceptable construction. Scrambling of WH-words with the order of augment-adjunct is not possible in any of the coordinate, multiple and split WH-questions and the result will be an ungrammatical WH-question.
In coordinate WH-questions with the order of argument-argument WH-words, if the case markers accompanying WH-words are deleted, the construction will be ungrammatical and in the case of two argument WH-words scrambling, the construction will be grammatical, but not acceptable for Persian speakers. In multiple WH-quesions, scrambling of two WH-words is not possible. In split WH-question with two argument WH-words, scrambling is impossible and ungrammatical. The results also show that argument coordination can only occur with transitive verbs.
5. Discussion
It has been discussed and examined what syntactic processes involved in derivatiing of WH-multiple questions? And which syntactic operations justify its sequential or split properties. In thi way, WH-multiple questions in different orders of adjunct-adjunct, adjunct-argument, argument-adjunct, and argument-argument, have separately been studied.
 
6. Conclusion
We concluded that the existence of multiple WH-questions in Persian as a pro-drop language violates the view of Sitko (2013) who claims that pro-drop languages allow multiple WH-word rising.
In general, the syntactic processes involved in WH-multiple questions of Persian are: finding the identical constitute and deleting it, remaining the first WH-word in-situ and moving the second WH-word to focus phrase.
Notes
1. In this study, we investigate only WH-multiple questions with two WH-words.
2. Acceptability
3. Unacceptability
4. Lubańska
5. Stefano
6. Pro- drop languages
7. Covert wh-movement
8. Empty wh-operator
9. Overt wh-movement
10. Merge
11. A-position: A position that takes a semantic role and corresponds to traditional subject and object position.
12. A′-position: A position that does not take a Ө-role. Such as adjuncts position and specifier position of CP
13. Scrambling
14. Conceptual-intentional
15. Articulatory-perceptual
16. Occam’s Razor
17. Attract Closest Principal: According to this principle, which is assumed to attract a   particular type of structure, attracts the closest possible structure of that type.
18. Superiority condition
19. Deletion under identity

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Objective: Given the importance of the concept of dynamic capabilities in gaining competitive advantage for organizations, this article seeks to "provide a model for the behavioral foundations of dynamic capabilities."

Results: Finally, a final proposed framework has been implemented by combining the results of systematic review and the results of content analysis in a framework that in all three dimensions of perception, abduction and reorganization of these behavioral and human foundations found by both methods. They were organized by deleting common items and merging similar items. The proposed framework has not yet been presented in research in this field of study, and the authors believe that it can partially bridge the gap in the literature on behavioral foundations and human resources in dynamic capabilities in future studies.

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The soil erodibility factor varies spatially according to variations of some soil properties on the surface. This study was carried out to compare spatial variability of the soil erodibility factor as estimated and measured using the USLE. The study was conducted in an agricultural zone with an area of in 900 km2 in Hashtrood, northwestern Iran. In the study area, 36 square grids with a dimension of 5 km were considered. In each grid, three unit plots were installed on the southern aspect with a slope of 9%. The soil erodibility factor was estimated using the USLE nomograph and measured as mean rate of soil loss from the unit plots per unit rainfall erosivity factor on an annual basis. The results indicated that the difference between the measured and estimated soil erodibility factor was significant (P 0.001) and correlation between the two was very poor with r2= 0.21. The spherical simulations were the best models to explain spatial variations of both the estimated and measured erodibility factors. The effective range of the spatial variations of the measured soil erodibility factor (2.43 km) was smaller than that in the estimated value (11.51 km). There was a considerable difference in the effective range (P 0.001) of spatial variations between the estimated and measured soil erodibility factor on the study area. The map of the proportion of the estimated values to measured values of the soil erodibility factor was nearly uniform (between 7.4 and 9.6) on the study area. The study indicated that use of the USLE nomograph would considerably lead to over-estimation of the soil erodibility in the entire the study area.

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Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY- NC) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

“The Tale of King Numan and His Sons” is one of the captivating and multi-layered stories from the One Thousand and One Nights collection. On its surface layer, the tale portrays the historical theme of war between Muslims and Christians. Zat al-Dawahi, the main female character, disguised as a male religious figure, conceals her gender and religion, deceiving the Muslim army. Socially, the story primarily focuses on her feminine cunning, ultimately leading to her comeuppance. However, on a deeper layer, when viewed through an archetypal lens, the tale reflects the societal lack of anima (the feminine element) and illustrates the collective conscious and unconscious fragmentation, confirming this theme through the rule of two kings over one realm at the tale’s end. The descriptive-analytical research method based on library sources has been employed. Archetypally, Zat al-Dawahi is a negative “anima (exemplary mother)” who, at times throughout the story, dons a “veil” and vividly illustrates the societal shadows. Albeit, with a slight change in perspective on the roles and positions of characters, she can also be considered a “trickster hero”. Zat al-Dawahi represents the women of her society: those whose feminine traits (love) have been disregarded in a patriarchal system and marginalized. Consequently, her masculine element (animus) is activated, and due to her animosity, she manifests herself as vengeful, fearless, ruthless, and cunning.

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With globalization getting momentum, capital inflow has been an instrument for economies to grow fast in recent decades. Hence, identifying the factors that affect capital inflow and outflow - net international capital mobility- would be desirable to achieve economic stability. As usual, one of the factors that influence on capital inflow is high return of capital. New experiments explore the crucial role of risk and liquidity intensive on net international capital mobility. So, the purpose of this study is to analyze the analytical impact of credit risk scoring on the net international capital mobility in Iran within the period of 1980-2009. To achieve credit risk scoring, the Fink's scoring model has been used to identify the determinants of credit risk. Then, the rank of each factor has been appeared separately and finally the country's credit risk scoring has been estimated. Then, the final model using time series data and ordinary least squares method are analyzed. The impact of liquidity, different return of inside and outside and credit risk on net international capital mobility in Iran are discussed at the end of the paper. The results show that all mentioned variables have an anticipated effect on net capital inflow.