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The nematotoxic potential of water extracts and green manures prepared from three plant species, daikon Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus L., purslane Portulaca oleracea L. and chinaberry Melia azedarach L., on Globodera rostochiensis was examined in vitro and in microplots. Significant alteration in J2 (second stage juvenile) activity and their hatching from eggs was observed with different exposure times by all plant species; more than 99% of the J2s were inactivated after 72h and the same degree of inhibition in hatching of the eggs occurred after exposure to the plant extracts. In microplots, the numbers of newly formed cysts and final nematode multiplication rates were reduced in unsterilized soil at 1, 3 and 5% (w:w) rates of amendment with fresh plant materials, and the infestation rates of potato plants did not differ significantly from those in soil treated with metham sodium 37%. The rate of emergence of J2 from cyst inocula declined by 36% in soil treated with chinaberry and purslane and by 71% in soil treated with daikon. The reduced availability of J2 in soil must be one of the reasons for decrease in nematode multiplication rates of 65% and 86% where soil was amended with chinaberry/purslane and daikon, respectively. In terms of plant growth improvement and nematode control, daikon amendment outperformed other treatments, including metham sodium.
 
 

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The potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (PCN) causes severe damage to potato production worldwide. The stimulatory effects of root diffusates of 9 plant families on hatch of second stage juveniles (J2) of PCN and their possible use as trap crops were studied. In the laboratory, cysts were placed in leachates from roots and hatched J2s were collected weekly; in addition, the selected plants were grown in soil for 3 months and the rates of decline of eggs from inoculated cysts, were determined in two experiments with various plant species. Species of Solanaceae, such as the susceptible potato cultivar Marfona, tomato and the resistant potato cultivar Agria, induced 84%, 75% and 65% hatch respectively. Moreover, considerable hatching (49%-70%) was caused by exposure to root exudates of weeds of Solanum nigrum and S. villosum. Among non-host and non-Solanaceae plants, 11-32% of J2s hatched in root exudates of treatments of wheat, corn and barley in soil. There were differences in the rates of decline of J2 populations caused by the different plant species examined. In S. sisymbriifolium (a non-host species of Solanaceae) treatment, the density of encysted eggs declined by 62%. The potential of aforementioned plant species, the resistant cv Agria and some other tested plant species as suitable trap crops are further discussed; and in conclusion, the use of the trap crops could be an important component of PCN management program in Iran. 

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The biopharmaceutical industry in Iran is developing in parallel with the global trend. Given the risks and costs of research, development, production, and sales of these drugs, firms have moved toward open innovation models across different value chains in the last decade. However, the limited use of technological cooperation methods by the Iranian firms will trap the industry in genericization soon. Accordingly, the development of an open innovation system in the value chain of the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry provides the possibility of continuous development of the industry. In the present study, first, the technological capabilities of the firms in the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry were evaluated, and then some cases of technological cooperation in the industry were studied deeply. Accordingly, considering the "strategic" level of technological capability of firms and also the lessons learned from the multicase study of the experiences of the Iranian pharmaceutical firms, strategies including the completion of the value chain links, the use of export development tools, the supporting of the commercialization in universities and research institutes, the facilitation of technology integration and acquisition and finally the development of smart public financial support to develop are proposed for the development of open innovation system in the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry.