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This paper, using Government and Binding Theory, deals with resumptive pronouns in Persian. It is concluded that the resumptive pronouns in genetive structures are obligatory. Such pronouns can be absent in genetive position of topicalized structures in the old and literary Persian. They are obligatory in prepositional structures too. The presence of prepositon before the head of relative clauses is possible, if in the of both relative and matrix clause verbs there exist -roles needing a joint preposition by which they are represented. Otherwise, the preposition must be stranded in the relative clause with a resumptive pronoun in the complement position. Resumptive pronouns are optional in the object position of relative clauses but banned in topicalized structures. A trace is prefered in the unmarked subject position of relative clauses but resumptive pronoun occurs when this position is focused and shows a sort of uniqueness. Relative element in Persian relative clauses is a non-overt operator coindexed with resumptive pronouns or traces. Persian language is sensitive to complex noun phrase consraint, and accordingly, in cases where a resumptive pronoun inside a complex noun phrase is coindexed with a non-overt operator out of that complex noun phrase and yet the structure is grammatical, it is concluded that no movement happens. So Persian resumptive pronouns are base-generated. Non-clitic pronouns can not be resumptive in topicalized structures.  

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Imagology is one of the literary theories in comparative literature .Imagologie's component can be considered in six components: cliché, mold pattern, pre judgment, image, symbol and myth. In this article, foreign's image in Ferdosi's Shahname is epic work which is in defense of Iranian's national country and it is analysed in aspect of stereotypes processing. cliche (public belief) is a expression that is used by water Lip Man in America for stating public belief among one group or culture. The result of this research is that the reflect of foreign's image in Shahname in form of stereotype processing contain 13/58 percent from all of the four cases of foreigns personalities which are surveyed in this research. According to cliché's component, foreign personalities in Shahname can be divided to three categories: a) foreign's personalities who are linked by marriage with Iran. B) personalities who are going to impose a power or taking taxes ,attacked to Iran. C) using Iran's hero's power in foreign country. Among this one, the most relationship with foreign is done by establishing adultery link laundering .ferdosi has drawn the cause and result of these relations by others unpleasantly.  

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Aim: Oral health is among the important components of individual general health that affects the health of entire body. This study aims at investigating the effect of educational intervention on the primary school students' oral health.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 175 primary school students recruited randomly from different regions of Dehloran City during the school year of 2014-15. The testimonial was obtained after holding briefings for the parents. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was administrated at baseline and 3 months after the intervention. The content validity was approved by the expert panel and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSS software 18, inferential statistical tests, and paired t-test. This study was supported by the HSR Council and the Ethics Committee of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.
Findings: The results indicated significant changes in the samples' knowledge (from 3.6±1.37 to 4.98± 1.57), attitude (from 28.17±5.7 to 30.98±6.35) and behavior (15.03 ±2.98 to 17.08 ±2.60) after the intervention.
Conclusion: The positive results of educational intervention indicate that the education through appropriate methods can improve students' behavior in the field of oral health. Therefore, it is suggested more emphasis on oral health education at school age.

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One of the noticeable of the presence of women in folklore literature stories and formal literature stories, specially in love stories which almost illustrates positive and awe_ inspiring visage of elderly women is the character of DAYA (wet nurse). DAYA who her fundamental function is lactating and nurturing adopted infants in their childhood, sometimes in stories perform even more mothers for challenging situations in their adolescence. In addition to this, sometimes DAYA appearance as leaders or someone who aids the main characters of the stories by their experience of resolving problems. Some of the most important performances of DAYA in stories include: the intervention between lover and beloved, aiding the lover and beloved in their alliance, courage and helping warriors and AYYARAN, socio-political activities and saving adopted children’s life. On the other hand, sometimes we face procurer who perform noticeable roles in misogyny stories and demonstrate the negative visage of women, versus the positive character of wet nurses particularly in formal stories. In this research we will verify the roles and activities of wet nurses in some book namely: Samak-e Ayyar‚ Darab Name‚ Firuz-Shah Name, Jami ul-Hikayat; Sindbad Name‚ Tuti Name. . the main purpose of this research is illuminating one of the aspect of women’s characteristics in folklore literature and its reflection on literary letter which is culturally important.

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In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we are supposed to find some ways to diminish our reliance on fossil fuel .Generally, energy use in residential, commercial and public buildings account for %36 of total global final energy consumption in Iran.(Secretariat of Energy and Electricity، 44 :2013) In this regard, renewable energy resources have become vital for heating and cooling. Using solar systems is an appropriate measure towards reduction of fossil fuel consumption and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. According to the huge potential of solar radiation in Iran, integration of heating and cooling systems in the building envelope is a necessity if the systems are to be economically feasible. The integration is possible only if the design of the passive technology is included in the early stages of the design process. Space heating is the most important building energy use in regions with cold climate and one of the passive solar technologies which is used in mentioned regions is Trombe-wall. Classic Trombe-wall is a passive solar system made up of a south-facing massive wall painted in black on the external surface, an air layer and glazing on the exterior. The wall is equipped with vents at the top and at the bottom for the air thermo-circulation in the air gap. The Trombe-wall systems function by absorbing solar rays and converting their energy. A Trombe-wall stores energy during the sunshine and supplies energy when a building’s occupants require it. It has been widely studied regarding winter behavior, but in summer the system can cause undesired heat gains and overheating phenomena, especially in well insulated buildings. Only few studies focus on their summer behavior. Overshadowing on Trombe-wall’s glazing in summer is an action recommended by several authors. “Modular building envelope panel with heating and cooling capability” is inspired from Trombe-wall in heating scenario and looking forward to improving its summer behavior by the use of evaporative cooling system. In the current study, water was used instead of conventional masonry material, according to its thermal capacity, transparency and fluidity. In summer, the water is discharged and cooling loads are reduced using evaporative cooling. This strategy results in overall building efficiency improvement. (Abolhasani, 2014:21) We attempted to design a modular system for the façade. Modularity offers many advantages and solves some parts of the problems in using conventional built in-situ solar walls. It facilities industrial mass production with high quality and ease of installation, repairing and maintenance. Fully modular products could allow components to be replaced without affecting other elements and reduces the total cost of the entire product. Modular design facilitates design standardization by identifying the component’s performance clearly and minimizing the incidental interactions between a component and the rest of the product. We assessed energy performance of proposed panel using EnergyPlus 8.1 simulation software and investigated influence of it on heating and cooling loads. In order to do that, a series of hour-by-hour simulations carried out on two different models that are made of some thermal zones. The first one is a single room with the dimensions 3m*4m*3m which its south facing side is a double glazed curtain wall. The other model is a room with proposed panel which consists of two zones – a room with the same dimension as that of the first model, named “Room zone” and a zone dimensioned 0.1m*4m*3m, named Trombe zone. These two zones must have an inlet and an outlet “node” to link them in an air loop within the simulation. Air Loop is formed by defining nodes and components. We defined different components in different seasons. We used a supply plenum exposed to sun, for winter and evaporative cooler component, for summer. For winter simulation we made use of water as collector and storage material and supposed air loop between trombe zone and room zone. For summer behavior, water is supposed to be discharged to activate evaporative cooler component in the air loop. Comparing the output of simulations showed that designed panel decreases heating and cooling loads in our assumed model. We iterated the simulation in room with proposed panel to optimize different parameters and characteristics of constitutive elements. We optimized thickness of water layer as a thermal mass. The results showed that in thicknesses under 125mm, increasing the thickness decreases heating load significantly, however over 125mm, the decreasing rate slows down. The thickness of 125mm reduces 65 percent of heating load in working hours. In order to select the best exterior glazing material, a series of simulations carried out on 6 types of glazing. The effect of glazing type was investigated using net heat gain. Low emission coating showed the best performance. Using low emission glazing instead of single glazing for a Tromb-wall system not only reduced heat losses in winter but also enhanced passive cooling in summer. Results also proved that natural ventilation cannot reduce cooling demand in cold climate condition. It can be alleviated by evaporating cooling and reduction of sensible heat and have a positive impact on summer performance. To improve energy efficiency in designed panel, a forced air circulator was used. In evaporative cooling scenario water consumption and airflow rate was optimized by simulations. The results showed the best performance in an air flow rate ranging from 0.10 up to 0.15 m3/s (equivalent to 300-200 cfm). Finally, the optimized values were used to redesign details of the panel. Proposed panel consists of polycarbonate plenum, low emission glazing on exterior side, dampers, ultrasonic evaporative cooler, movable shading, centrifugal fan and horizontal stud- in order to increase resistance of plenum against static pressure of water. Evaluation of suggested system in the sample model proved its effectiveness in reduction of annual energy demand -heating and cooling loads. The results of this research is based on the weather data of Tabriz, Iran, and the specific sample, so these values cannot be applied to the other climate regions and building conditions. Independent studies should take place for various climate conditions. Also, it would be better to do some experimental surveys to validate the results of the research.

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Wild grasses are the most important primary feedstuffs which are susceptible to contamination with toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. In order to explore diversity of Aspergillus species associated with the inflorescences of gramineous weeds, infected inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in western parts of Iran. Fifty-six Aspergillus isolates were obtained from all diseased spikes and based on morphological features identified as 4 species i.e. Aspergillus niger (26) followed by Aspergillus flavus (24), Aspergillus fumigatus (4), andAspergillusjaponicus (2). The identification of A. flavus was confirmed using species specific primers of AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 413 bp. In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of wild grasses was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural occurrence of AFs could be detected in 24 samples ranging from 0.63-134.86 μg/kg. The highest AFT levels were detected in samples from Ravansar, Bisetoon, Mahidasht, and Sarpol Zehab (up to 50 μg/kg), which is more than the recommended limits by European :union: standard and National Standard of Iran (20 µg/kg for animal feed).

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The importance of considering the environment in the oil industry and related industries is undeniable in order to develop sustainable industry. This study is a scientific-research which is conducted to analyze and develop innovative strategies by HSE approach and environmental planning, using a case study of the Pars Special Economic Zone (Assaluyeh). Key factors influencing the development of HSE program have been explained in the first step of this research and the next step has been identified strategic factors in every field. Each of these factors, the relative importance and strategic value of implementing matrix model evaluation according to internal and external factors, using the Delphi technique and were evaluated by a questionnaire. Thus, the strategic and internal-external organization factors have been ranked and the most important opportunities, threats, strengths and weakness points of the organization, with the aim of development of environmental protection based on HSE, have been introduced. Finally, evaluating the total function of strategic factors conclude that the strategic position of Pars Special Economic Zone (Assaluyeh), is able to overcome the opportunities to threats. Hence, it’s possible to apply “opportunities-threats, strategies” in order to recompense weak points of the organization.

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In order to study the acoustic features of stress in Tati language, one minimal pair has been selected where in one the stress was on the last syllable and in another on the first syllable. These minimal pairs were embedded in declarative and interrogative carrier sentences. Eight educated native speakers were participated in this experiment reading these in a silent room. Using PRAAT, a textgrid has been made for each in which the vowel boundaries determined, then by a script we measured duration, F1, F2, Fundamental frequency and intensity. The results show that the difference of duration, F0 and intensity between stressed and unstressed vowels is significant while the F1 and F2 are not important cues. So the most important cues distinguishing the place of stress in Tati are F0, Duration and intensity. A final observation concerns the utterance-final syllable interrogative contours Which is H% while declarative utterances end in L%.

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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause a wide range of infections in individuals; they are common nosocomial infections that have recently become difficult to treat because of the increased emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The present study aimed to determine and compare the minimum inhibitory concentration of gentamicin alone and in combination with cetirizine against Escherichia coli strains isolated from hospitalized patients with UTI.
Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 76 E. coli strains isolated from a total of 103 samples of patients admitted to three hospitals in Gonbad-e Kavus. Kirby Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution tests were used to determine antibiotic susceptibility and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin alone and in combination with cetirizine according to CLSI M100-S25 (2015) criteria.
Findings: Evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration of gentamicin-cetirizine combination against E. coli isolates showed that none were able to grow at a concentration of 8 µg/mL. The concentration of gentamicin in combination with cetirizine, inhibiting 90% of E. coli isolates (MIC90), was 4 μg/mL, which was 16 times lower than that of gentamicin alone (MIC90= 64 μg/mL) (p=.02).    
Conclusion: Gentamicin in combination with cetirizine was found to be more potent in inhibiting E. coli isolates than gentamicin alone. Therefore, the results of this study could provide a clear perspective for dealing with drug-resistant pathogens.

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Folklore and literature of each country is a valuable treasure which can be found in ceremonies, customs, tradition, and individual and social attitudes. Social and political culture shows the type of people^'s attitude toward collective life, its requirements and the network relations at the individual level and human society. Moreover, its effects can be found in the smallest and largest life affairs. The aim of current research is to study the attitudes toward collective life and its related issues in literature and folklore of Sirjan. The research questions are related to the attitudes toward social power and life and its individual and social components in literature and folklore in Sirjan. Thus, this research has tried to answer these questions using content analysis of words, terms, phrases, proverbs, tales and the existing legends in dialect and folklore of Sirjan. The findings indicate that the positive and negative elements such as participation, self-determination, duality, concealment, social responsibility, appreciation, relationships, pragmatism, realism are considered as components related to the social and political culture in folklore and literature of Sirjan.
 

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In recent decades, knowledge-based organizations (KBO) have played an important role in growth and economic development, especially in resistance economy by commercializing their scientific and technological achievements. This paper has identified the most important features of successful knowledge-based organizations in Iran. This article is a fundamental research in terms of purpose and utilizes mix method and content analysis based on papers found in the field of Iranian knowledge-based companies. At first features are identified and network analysis is done proportional to it. Then Shannon entropy is used to determine the impact coefficient of these features. The results show that 14 important features of these companies are as follows: qualified human resources, strong management, project and organizational capabilities, good business strategy, optimal management of financial resources, technical and production capabilities, marketing and sales capabilities, good technology strategy, receiving governmental timely incentives, receiving purposive incentives from funding agencies, appropriate networking, proper use of infrastructure, giving enough attention to the organization’s environment and focused activities .

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Down syndrome (hereafter DS) is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. People with DS may have a variety of intellectual disabilities, a characteristic facial appearance and weak muscle tone. In addition, a global delay that affects their motor development, cognition, communication and language is often reported. This study aims to investigate and compare vowel spaces of healthy and DS children. This research is quantitative and to investigate vowel spaces of participants, twelve subjects (6 healthy children with the average age of 8 and 6 DS children with the average age of 10) attended the research project. The data were 36 monosyllabic (CVC) words and for each of them, the codas and onsets were occupied by similar voiced and voiceless Persian stops. The acoustic data were recorded in a soundproof chamber and the subjects’ production was recorded using SHURE® microphone (SM81 Condenser) placed at the mouth level. Each speech sample was segmented and analyzed acoustically using Praat® speech analysis software (Version 5.2.24). Making a text grid, it was possible to analyze both sound waves and spectrograms simultaneously, securing reliable analyses. Therefore, using PRAAT script, first formant frequency (F1) and second formant frequency (F2) of all the Persian vowels were measured for all the participants. In the next step, repeated measure ANOVA and SPSS (version 17) were performed to investigate differences between vowels of all subjects. The level of significance was α: 0.05. Thus, the confidence interval would be 95%. If the p-value of the repeated measure ANOVA was less than 0.05, post-hoc Bonferroni test would be employed to analyze the dependent variables. Statistical information on mean F1 of vowels shows that F1 of [ɑ, æ, o] in healthy children is more than that in children with DS. This result indicates that these vowels are articulated in a higher position in subjects with DS. From the other hand, mean F1 of [u, i, e] in healthy children is more than that of children with DS. It can be concluded that in children with DS, these vowels are articulated in a lower position. Analyzing statistical information on mean F2 of vowels in subjects with DS indicates that F2 of [æ, i, e] is less than those in healthy children. In other words, these vowels are articulated in a more back position in these participants. Also, analyzing F2 of [ɑ, u, o] in DS children shows that these vowels are articulated in a more front position. Another part of this research is dedicated to analytic statistics of vowels. It was hypothesized that the effect of DS on F1 and F2 of vowels is significant. This hypothesis is partially supported by the findings. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between F1 of all Persian vowels [æ, e, o, ɑ, u, i] in the two groups of subjects. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the difference between F2 of all Persian vowels except [ɑ] is significant between healthy and DS children. All in all, these results support the fact that formant values are more centralized for children with DS, which means a reduced vowel space area. Consequently, it can be concluded that, in DS children, structural features of oral cavity, like smaller oral orifice, narrower but not higher palatal curve and shorter vocal cords have an effect on formant structure of vowels.
 

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Objective: DNA vaccines have been widely used to develop immunity against various pathogens including parasites and viruses. The potential of DNA vaccine to induce an effective immune response is related to the expression levels of the encoded protein in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, optimization of plasmid DNA delivery system is a major concern in protein expression in order to make an efficient DNA vaccination. Non-viral vectors such as polymers and cationic peptides have been recently known as efficient gene delivery systems into eukaryotic cells. In this study, transfection efficiency of HPV16E7 gene was evaluated by two non-viral delivery systems in vitro. Materials and Methods: DNA construct encoding HPV16E7 (pEGFP-E7) was prepared in large scale with high purity. Then, two delivery systems including polymer PEI 25 kDa and polymer-peptide hybrid as PEI600-Tat conjugate were used to compare their efficiency for HPV16E7 DNA transfection in vitro. Results: Our data demonstrated that both delivery systems including PEI 25 kDa and PEI600-Tat are efficient tools for E7 gene transfection. Although the level of transfected COS-7 cells is higher using PEI 25 kDa in comparison with PEI600-Tat. Conclusion: Our study indicated that PEI potency for E7 gene transfection was higher than PEI600-Tat in vitro, but its toxicity was obstacle in vivo. Therefore, with regard to low toxicity of PEI600-Tat delivery system and its potent plasmid DNA delivery, it is critical issue to study its potency as new delivery system in vivo.

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Nowadays, the effect and importance of housing and its role in Iran’s economy cannot be underestimated. Housing as a fundamental and basic need for Iranian households is not just a shelter, but is considered as a crucial asset. It has a superior financial value as well. Expansion in urbanization, especially in Tehran, regarding its financial and political importance has contributed to this situation. In this paper, using time interval data between the years 1981 to 2005, the casual relation between variables which affect housing in urban districts through analyzing and monitoring Granger-Hissao, Simes causality test, have been utilized and its impacts are examined in self-regression model. The results indicate that there was a causality relation between price of house, bank loans, number of households and their incomes. Nevertheless, house price had the most impact on instabilities of housing during this period.

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According to Arnold Joseph Toynbee's (1889-1975) theory, the static period of society can be regarded as a period of stagnation and inactivity. Members of such a society do not have responses to the challenges ahead and they are passive and surrendered to existing conditions. In other words, a static society is a society that in general is somewhat lacking in fundamental transformational mechanisms. According to such a theory, the advent of ancient Iranian civilization is the result of a revolution, as well as the movement of society from a static past to a dynamic future.However, this paper, using the historical research methods, being sought to examine and analyze the characteristics of the Medes society before the dynamic stage based on existing evidence. Whether Society such as the Medes, in spite of stagnation, has absolutely no internal transformation or have. Achievement of this study is to demonstrate the adaptation or perhaps incompatibility of Toynbee's civilization views with part of ancient Iranian history. Meanwhile, the analysis of the general characteristics of the static society of the Median society based on historical facts and evidences, is one of the other achievements of the present study.
Keywords: Ancient Iran, Median community, Arnold Toynbee, civilization, Static Sociology.
 

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This work supports the effectiveness of the employment of communication strategies for bet-ter and more efficient communication. Communication strategies varies as a function of dif-ferent factors such as personality traits, pedagogical setting, L2 context, etc. The present re-search aimed at delving into the relationship between shyness, task nature and the frequency and type of communication strategies used by the subjects. The subjects of the study were 168 male and female students at Ilam university and Islamic Azad University of Tehran (South Branch). The subjects took a Michigan test of language proficiency. Out of 168 sub-jects taking the Michigan test, 106 were found to be homogenous and qualified to take part in three different communicative activities: Free Discussion, Translation, and Story Recon-struction. Out of the 106 subjects 102 took part in the above-mentioned activities. They were also given to fill up the Stanford Shyness questionnaire. The statistical procedure of Chi-Square was used for the purpose of the study. It was shown that shyness affects the adoption and choice of communication strategies negatively. i.e. non-shy students use more communication strategies than their shy counterparts, and also that non-shy students use more achievement strategies vis-à-vis their shy friends, while the latter group preferred to use more avoidance strategies. The study, however, couldn’t establish and confirm any relationship between the type of task and the type of communication strategies used by the subjects.

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We live in a world of language and we communicate with each other using language (Fromkin et al., 2007). Deafness occurs when a person cannot understand speech through hearing, even when the sound is amplified. The degree of hearing loss is measured according to the sensitivity of deaf people’s ears to the sounds (Ganji, 2017) and then those people are asked to use hearing aids or do cochlear implantation surgery (Ebrahimi, 2006). Children have the opportunity to hear others’ speech during normal speech development while children with hearing impairment lose much of the auditory input, which may hinder speech development (Tseng et al., 2011 as cited in Serry and Blamey, 1999; Blamey et al., 2001; Peng et al., 2004; Bouchard et al., 2007). Different factors will affect speech development. One of these factors is DISABILITY, any disorder in hearing will affect speech and subsequently will cause problems in communication (Amiri et al., 2014). Some speech characteristics of children with hearing loss are different from each other and different from normally hearing children (Kord et al., 2012). GENDER is another factor affecting speech. While analyzing vowels produced by Azari speakers, Mirahadi et al. (2018) proved that men produce some vowels different from women.
Vowel space is a vowel quadrilateral which is used to shows the first and the second formants. Phoneticians put vowels in the vowel space according to their position in the oral cavity, which was first introduced by Essner (1947) and Joos (1948) (as cited in Harrington & Cassidy, 1999). The first formant will increase as we go down the vowel space, it shows highness of tongue while producing vowels in the oral cavity. The second formant shows anterior or posterior position of tongue in the process of production of vowels in the oral cavity and will increase as we go to the left side of the vowel space (Hayward, 2013: 227, 228 & 502).
The present study aims to compare the vowel space of hearing aided, cochlear implanted, and normally hearing children, with DISABILITY and GENDER as factors, in order to investigate the difference between the vowels produced by these children (Their average age was 10 years and 4 months and their participation in the study was optional, after getting permission from their parents.) and find out more effective hearing aid tools among two groups of children with DISABILITY (They did not have any mental or physical problems except hearing impairment and took part in language therapy classes for about 450 hours.), the group which makes vowels similar to normally hearing children will prove the effectivity of the hearing aid tools. So, the results will be useful for language therapists while helping children learn how to pronounce vowels.
Therefore, the participants, 5 girls and 5 boys in each group, were asked to repeat thirty-six CVC framed words. Each word consists of one of the stops [p, b, t, d, k, g] in the onset and offset of the pattern and one of the Persian vowels [æ, e, o, a, i, u] in the center. Then the words were recorded using a Shure microphone in PRAAT software. After that, the first and the second formants of each vowel were measured and by using SPSS software the data was analyzed.
The results showed that the effect of DISABILITY on the first formant of vowels [æ, a, i, u] and the second formant of vowels [a, e, o, u] was significantly different (p < 0.050). The results of a Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed that children with DISABILITY produced vowels [u, i, e, ᴂ] in a lower place in the vowel space comparing to normally hearings. Cochlear implanted children produced vowel [a] in a lower place and vowel [o] in a higher place in the vowel space comparing to normally hearings. Hearing aided children produced vowel [a] in a higher place in the vowel space comparing to normally hearings. All vowels in cochlear implanted children and vowels [ᴂ, a, e, i, u] in hearing aided children were produced in an anterior place in the vowel space comparing to normally hearings.
The results also proved that the effect of GENDER on the first formant of vowel [a] and the second formant of vowel [i] was significantly different (p < 0.050). The results of a Post Hoc Bonferroni test revealed that the mean of the first formant of vowel [a] in girls was more than boys and the mean of the second formant of vowel [i] in girls was less than boys.
It is also important to mention that hearing aided children had the smallest vowel space among three groups of participants while the vowel space of cochlear implanted children was not so different from the vowel space of normally hearings. So, language therapists have to try more to teach vowels to the children who use hearing aids comparing to the children who are cochlear implanted.