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In the present study, the effect of phytohormone gibberellin on some physiological parameters of Tetraselmis suecica microalgae was investigated. Algae culture was performed under standard conditions with Gillard culture medium, temperature 25 ± 2 C°, light intensity 16: 8 (light/dark), salinity 25 ± 2 mg / l, and 24-hour aeration for ten days. Concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg / l were added to the algae culture medium. Growth factors, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and biochemical composition were measured in the log phase. Based on results,  the highest rate of cell growth was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l, although in other treatments there was a significant difference with the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of protein and carbohydrates was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). ). Total lipid content increased from 15.23 in control to 18.53 in 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Antioxidant potential, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and dry weight also showed a significant difference in the concentration of 60 mg / l compared to the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was observed at concentrations of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Based on the results, gibberellin has a high potential for cell division, final density, antioxidant potential, cell size, and biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica. Also, Tetraselmis suecica can be a good candidate for marine aquatic larvae, drugs, antioxidants, and a rich source of compounds in biofuels.

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Wastewater treatment with microalgae and its reuse is an effective step toward reducing water consumption and preserving water resources. The possibility of growing spirulina microalga on cattle effluents and the possibility of purifying effluents using microalga were investigated. Different concentrations of standard culture medium (Zaruk)-wastewater were used to measure the optimal algal growth on wastewater and to determine the concentration of effluent-Zaruk for optimal algal growth. The treatments were T1 including 100% Zaruk and no wastewater, T2 including 75% Zaruk and 25% wastewater, T3 including 50% Zaruk and 50% wastewater, T4 including 25% Zaruk and 75% effluent and T5 including 100% effluent without Zaruk. Treatments that had more Zaruk, showed more optimal growth, and those that had a higher concentration of effluent often showed a relatively lower growth of algae biomass. The results showed the high growth of algae on the concentrated effluent. T1 with 0.35 and T2 with 0.3 g/liter of dry biomass had the highest biomass of microalgae. T1, T2, T4, T3, and T5 had the highest to the lowest amount of phycocyanin pigment production in microalgae, respectively. The highest removal of nitrate belonged to T5 and T4 with 82.57% and 78.21% removal respectively, and the lowest nitrate removal belonged to T1 and T2 with 57.17% and 70.94%, respectively. The highest removal of phosphate belonged to T1 and T2 with 94% and 92.11% removal, respectively. The lowest removal of phosphate belonged to T4 with 84% removal. Findings indicated the high potential of microalga for treating cattle wastewater.
 

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Shrimp by-products can be used as the cheapest raw material to extract bioactive compounds such as lipid extract rich in carotenoid pigments.  The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition of shrimp by-product powder, maximize the extraction efficiency of carotenoid extract using ethanol, hexane, hexane/acetone, and hexane/isopropyl alcohol solvents, and also evaluate the effect of solvent type on the solubility and antioxidant properties of carotenoid extract. According to the results, the shrimp by-product powder contained 53.11% protein, 4.51% moisture, 28.58% ash, 3.45% fat, and 10.45% carbohydrate. The results also showed that using a mixed solvent of hexane/isopropyl alcohol (1:1 ratio) resulted in the highest extraction efficiency of 1.81 g/100 g of dry powder, while the extraction efficiency with ethanol, hexane, and hexane/acetone solvents was 1.53, 1.42, and 1.17 g/100 g of dry powder, respectively. The results of the extract solubility test also showed that the lipid extracted with ethanol solvent has the highest water solubility and the highest antioxidant property (up to 99.10%). In general, the results of this study showed that the use of polar solvents can increase the solubility of carotenoid extract extracted from shrimp by-products and facilitate one of the most important challenges of using this compound in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Objective: Human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) is a cell monolayer located in the outer part of the retina that is in contact with photoreceptors. In many diseases RPE cells damage. One way for treating this disease is the implantation of intact instead of damaged cells. For this reason different types of substrates have been used for cell cultivation. This study has used alginate and a blend of alginate/gelatin (A/G) to study RPE cell growth. Methods: We prepared alginate solutions in concentrations of 1% and 2% (w/v) in water and DMEM/F12. The solutions were infused into each well of 6-well micro plates until a uniform culture substrate that had a 1 mm thickness was generated. Passage-4 hRPE cells were cultivated on the substrate and the cell characteristics studied. hRPE cells did not adhere to alginate in DMEM/F12 and did not exhibit interaction with alginate substrate. For this reason A/G solutions at concentrations of 1% and 2% (w/v) in water were prepared. We prepared A/G blends at weight ratios of: 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. These blends were infused into each well of 6-well plates until the appropriate 1 mm thickness of A/G was achieved. Isolated hRPE cells were cultured on synthetic substrate after which we studied the cells' characteristics.   Result: hRPE cell generated adhesive colonies on the A/G substrate. In all studied combinations of A/G, the diffused hRPE cells formed a monolayer under the substrate sheets. However the A/G 20:80 ratio had cell growth in the upper face of the substrate. hRPE survived indefinitely on A/G substrate. After the cells were re-cultured on polystyrene, they showed general morphological features of normal hRPE cells. Conclusion: The A/G blend at a 20:80 ratio was chosen to be used for future studies.

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In this study, lutein Pigment (0.07, 0.13 and 0.2 %w/w ) and whey protein concentrate (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %w/w) were added to the milk.  Qualitative characteristics of yogurt samples were analysed regarding physico-chemical, microbiological, textural and sensory properties over 21 days. Adding whey protein concentrate and lutein, lowered the level of synersis and acidity but increased the amount of dry matter, fat, viscosity and pH of yogurt samples. According to the results of microbe analysis, there was not any evidence of the growth of mold, yeast and coliform bacteria in the samples. In the case of sensory properties, adding whey protein concentrate and lutein, raised the scores of texture, mouthfeel evaluation and lowered the scores of appearance evaluation. Among all treatments, yogurt containing 0.2 %, w/w whey protein concentrate and 0.07 %, pigment lutein earned the best score with respect to overall flavor and quality acceptability.   

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Norbixin is the water-soluble part of anatto natural pigment which has healing, anti-cancer and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of commercial Norbixin 1% (widely used in the food industry) on Clostridium sporogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus licheniformis. In this study, two methods of Well diffusion and Disk diffusion were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Norbixin (1%) at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8%. The results of the Well method showed that Staphylococcus aureus with 22.74 mm and Clostridium sporogenes with 14.44 mm have revealed the highest and lowest sensitivity, respectively. The results of Disk method showed that the highest mean diameter of Norbixin inhibitory in all tested concentrations is attributed to Listeria monocytogenes with mean diameter of 19.09 mm and then is related Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 4% with a diameter of 18.21 mm. It was also observed that in the Disk diffusion method, Norbixin was able to prevent the growth of Escherichia coli (9.09 mm) at concentrations of 4 and 8%. Accordingly, it was found that Norbixin has an inhibitory effect on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and this effect on gram-positive bacteria was more than gram-negative. Therefore, due to the disadvantages of synthetic preservatives and the unique properties of commercial Norbixin pigments such as natural and safe, having antimicrobial and therapeutic properties as well as good thermal resistance (because of apocarotenoid structure during processing), this pigment can be used as a natural antibacterial preservative and health-giving properties in various foods.

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Today, biodegradable packaging materials have received a great deal of attention due to growing concerns about non-degradable materials; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of betanine pigment on surfaces (0, 2/5, 5 W/V%) and CuO nanoparticles on surfaces (0, 2, 4 W/V%) in nanocomposite film based on whey protein isolated / pectin in the form of a central composite design on the mechanical properties and physicochemical properties of the film is produced. The results showed that with increasing the percentage of betanine pigment and CuO nanoparticles, the thickness and moisture of the samples increased and the solubility decreased (P­<0.05). Also, by adding high levels of betanin pigment, redness (a) increased and brightness (L) and yellowing (b) of the samples decreased. Addition of nanoparticles decreased b value while it had no significant effect on a value of the samples. Also, by adding pigments and nanoparticles, tensile strength and elongation of film samples increased significantly (P <0.05). According to all the results, the use of CuO nanoparticles and betanine pigment in nanocomposite film leads to the production of a film suitable for food packaging with desirable physicochemical and mechanical properties.

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Introduction: Food safety and hygiene has become a point of concern for all societies. Diseases caused by the change in industrial food production have increased significantly.
method: In this study, the amount of protein, fat, total sugar, aeration, melting speed, ice cream enriched with different concentrations of phycocyanin pigment was determined. In addition to the total bacterial count,Identification of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, salmonella, cold-loving bacteria, mold and yeast along with evaluation of antioxidant property was done through DPPH, FRAP and ABTS tests.
method: In this study, the amount of protein, fat, total sugar, aeration, melting speed, ice cream enriched with different concentrations of phycocyanin pigment was determined. In addition to the total bacterial count,Identification of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, salmonella, cold-loving bacteria, mold and yeast along with evaluation of antioxidant property was done through DPPH, FRAP and ABTS tests.
Discussion and conclusion: The general results of the study show the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of phycocyanin pigment in the shelf life and quality of ice cream. It is hoped that the results of this study will be the basis for empowering the food industry in the use of pigments obtained from cyanobacteria
 

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Since dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have good efficiency in the visible region, they offer a promising way to generate sustainable energy, especially in indoor environments and building applications. Investigating the effect of dye specifications and photoanode thickness changes on cell performance is very important for improving DSSCs. This research focuses on the sensitivity analysis of the impact of important parameters to increase DSSC efficiency using a new numerical model considering factors such as radiation intensity and spectral composition, from conventional indoor light sources such as LED and fluorescent lights. These parameters include dye types, trapping parameters, diffusion coefficients, and photoanode thickness. This model examines steady and transient currents under internal radiation conditions, incorporates time/space-dependent relationships to increase accuracy, and examines electron, iodide, and triiodide interactions under different environmental conditions. The results showed that N749 and 20µm thickness of photoanode have the best effect on cell performance. This study presents a sensitivity analysis to find optimal parameters to improve DSSC performance in real indoor conditions opening avenues for further research in optimizing DSSC technology for indoor energy harvesting applications, thereby advancing the field of renewable energy and sustainable technology integration.