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The use of enzymes in organic solvents has biotechnological and industrial importance. Organic solvents can decrease the stability of enzymes that is a challenge for the use of enzymes in organic media. There are several approaches such as protein engineering, chemical modification, and use of additives for stabilization of enzymes in organic solvents. In this study, activity and stability of trypsin were investigated in the presence of different organic solvents. Then the effect of sucrose on the stability of the enzyme was investigated in the absence and prescence of solvents. The result showed that the activity and stability of trypsin were decreased in the presence of organic solvents. DMF had a lowest effect on the activity and stability of the enzyme. The use of sucrose increased the stability of trypsin in the presence of organic solvents. The stabilization effect of sucrose in the presence of DMF was more than other solvents. Consequently, a mixture of DMF and sucrose is proposed for the use of trypsin in industrial applications.

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  Iranian tea industry problems caused to related section damage. Low quality of Iranian black tea and change in sense of consumers taste is one of the reasons. It is produced various teas to attract of consumer opinion. Permissible additives using is not usual in Iranian tea industry (before packaging). One of the natural additives of black tea (i.e. Qare-Qat) evaluated in this experiment. The experiment carried out by using a Split-Plot with two factors in three replications. Storage period was distributed in four levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 months) in main plots and added Qare-Qat fruit amount in subplots in four levels (0, 5%, 10% and 15%). Qualitative traits of tea including organoleptical tests (as made tea apparent, color, perfume, and flavor of tea beverage) and chemical tests (as measuring of theaflavin (TF), thearubigin (TR), total color (TC) and brightness (B) of tea) studied. Chemical tests results showed that "Tea + 5 and 10 percent Qare-Qat fruits" treatment has more TF, B and TF/TR ratio than control (pure tea) and this difference was significance in 1% level. However, taste tests did not revealed significance difference between control and tea + Qare-Qat blends.

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The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of roasting temperatures and additives application on pistachio oil quality during the storage. The chemical and sensory analysis were performed on samples of roasted pistachio nuts only with salt (F1), without any additive (F2), with salt plus 1% ascorbic acid (F3), with salt plus 2% ascorbic acid (F4), with salt plus 1% sodium metabisulfite (F5) and with salt plus 2% sodium metabisulfite (F6). All samples were roasted at three temperatures (90, 120 and 150 Ċ). The chemical analysis includes measurement of peroxide value, thiobarbitoric acid value (TBA) and free fatty acid (FFA), and also the sensory analysis includes rancidity and total acceptance were performed during 3 month of storage. Free fatty acid (%), peroxide and thiobarbitoric acid values as well as rancidity increased across the storage time for all treatments. Addition of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant, did not affect the total acceptance of the product but provided protection against lipid oxidation during the storage. Furthermore, using sodium metabisulfite prevented samples from oil deterioration being a little less efficient compared with ascorbic acid. During the storage, the pistachio nuts only with salt and without any additives (F1 and F2), had more FFA (%), peroxide and TBA values, and less total acceptance than other formulations. In addition, using of high temperature of roasting led to less quality of pistachio oil and decreased the total acceptance.

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Uricase or urate oxidase is an enzyme that converts uric acid (with low solubility) to 5-hydroxyisourate and finally to allantoin. The possibility of developing some diseases like gout and kidney stones will be increased in high levels of uric acid. Thus, uricase can be used as drug enzyme to reduce uric acid levels in the blood. The low stability of proteins (such as drug enzymes) is a challenge in the use of them. There are several approaches such as use of additives for protein stabilization. In this study, E. Coli BL21 (DE3) was transformed by pET28a (+) vector carrying Aspergillus flavus uricase gene. The recombinant protein was expressed and then purified by a Ni-NTA agarose chromatography column. After purification, the thermal stability of the purified enzyme was evaluated and then it stabilized by additives. The results showed that enzyme is active and purified very well. Thermal stability results indicated that uricase maintains its stability up to 20°C and then loses its stability. The half-life of enzyme was 30minutes at 40 °. The results of enzyme stabilization by 20% (v/w) concentration of glucose and sorbitol as well as by 20 % (v/v) of glycerol showed that glucose had the most stabilization effect on the uricase among the additives. The stability (half life) of enzyme was increased more than two times in the presence of glucose. Finally, we conclude that additives like glucose which increase surface tension have the most stabilization effect on the uricase enzyme stability.

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The choice of an efficient breeding procedure depends to a large extent on knowledge of the genetic system controlling the character to be selected. The objective of this study was to determine genetic parameters for yield and other traits including some of the yield components under three planting densities, using analysis of generation means (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) derived from crosses of B73 with Mo17 and K74/1 inbred lines of corn. Analysis of variance reinforced the hypothesis that interaction of plant density on genera-tion means depends on evaluating genotypes and the kind of trait. Generation mean analysis suggested that both additive and dominance effects were important for most of the traits evaluated in this study, but dominance had a more pronounced effect. Epistasis affected the expression of nine traits in both crosses at three planting densities. Expres-sion of epistasis and genetic parameters differed in the two crosses and were influenced by plant density. Plant densities interacted more strongly with epistasis gene action than with additive or dominance gene action in both crosses.

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Using well method and Macrodilution technique, the effect of annatto extract (norbixin 1%) on growth ability and spore germination of several pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sereus, Clostridium perfringens and Escherchia coli) was investigated. According to the results emerged from inhibition zone diameter evaluation, the annatto extract showed inhibitory effect on S. aureus, B. sereus and C. perfringens (with 13, 12 and 10 mm inhibition zone diameter, respectively), but it was inactive against Ecoli. The outcome of Macrodilution technique indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentrations in 10⁶, 10⁴ and 10² cfu/ml of S. aureus and B. sereus are 1.2, 0.6 and 0.3 g/l of the annatto extract. The concentration values, however, are 2.4, 1.2 and 0.6 g/l at the same cfu/ml of C. perfringens. In addition, the abovementioned concentration values of annatto were capable of inhibiting spore germination of B. sereus and C. perfringens. As an overall result, annatto can be used as a natural antibacterial food additive in many food products.  

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Abstract The main purpose of this research is studying stripping of asphalt mixtures. Key factors were the aggregate properties and the suitable methods to control and assess the stripping distress in laboratory conditions. Our case study was the "Zanjan-Qazvin" freeway in which this distress is manifested extensively. The aggregates for the tests were selected from the sections in which stripping were more serius. stripping was found to be caused by excess values of siliceous minerals. This resul were obtained using XRF & XRD analyses. Primary estimation of stripping was determined using boiling test over the loose mix specimens. Specimens were tested under theWTAT. Hydrated lime was utilized as the antistripping agent. It is concluded that if hydrated lime is utilized as an additives, not only stripping is reduced but also the stability and durability of the asphalt pavement is increased. The presented approach ultimately resulted in improving mix properties.

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Sand and gravel materials are commonly use for structure layers of roads. These materials are providing from riverbeds and mines, which are usually far from the operation site area. While the process involves manipulation of riverbeds and mines it also has a significant cost, most of it in extraction, transportation, Gradation correction, fuel and machinery.Researches done in different countries are showing that in cases soil is in good quality, stabilized mixture of soil can be used instead of sand and gravel. These can reults a signifactnt amount of money saving by providing soil from near the road and eliminating the process of Gradation correction. However, there are resistance and inflammatory parameters of fine soils, which play an important, usually problematic, role in structure buildings. The abundance of fine-grained clayey soils in the country, have created serious problems in construction projects. One of the ways to modify or improve the properties of these soils is stabilizing. Lime as a stabilizer for fine-grained soils is famous. In this thesis, the effect of four chemical additives on the CBR strength of soil stabilized with lime is studied. In addition, effect of additives on properties such as swelling, water absorption and density of soil stabilized with lime is studied. These additives with names "Panplast R", "RB - PC 386", "RB - PC 375" and "Planicrete SP" as a lubricant and concrete superplasticizer have the desired effect on the chemical and physical properties of concrete. Moreover, the Cementation act of stabilized soil with lime is like cement. In this study, the effects of those additives on lime-stabilized soil are studied. First four different combinations of soil and different percentages of lime made. The results obtained optimized percentage of lime. Then optimized percentage of lime and different percentages of additives used to build the different samples. In order to avoid faults and testing errors, each combination made by two samples. All desired results were presente as mean values obtained from two samples. Total of 49 samples were built and tested. Due to determine the effect of curing time of each combination, two sample with 7-day curing time and two other with 14-day curing time are made. In order to preserve the moisture in the samples during the curing time they were stored in sealed thick nylon bags. After curing time for each sample for 96 hours at constant temperature water baths were maintaine to monitor inflation and the water absorption. After time the CBR test done. Finally, the Additives "Panplast-R" and "RB-PC 375" had a favorable impact on listed properties, so that the CBR result was 90% and 99%, the "RB-PC 386" was almost effectless, and the "Planicrete-SP" has shown Negative impact on the properties of interest. so that the CBR result was 65%.

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The Assessment of Financial Distress in Tehran Stock Exchange: A Comparative Study Between Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Logistic Regression (LR) Mohammad Reza Rostami1, Mirfeyz Fallahshams2, Farzaneh Eskandari3 1- Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Social Sciences & Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 2- Associate Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Social Sciences & Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 3- Msc., Department of Management, Faculty of Social Sciences & Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Received: 5 /9/2010 Accept: 13/8/2011 Financial distress evaluation is important because firm failure imposes significant direct and indirect costs on a firm’s stakeholders. Hence, using financial ratios has been considered by bank loan officers, creditors, stockholders, financial analysts, and the general public in order to provide them with timely and accurate assessment. Timely evaluation can help decision makers to find the optimal way and predict bankruptcy. There are different models for financial distress evaluation, which are mainly applied in decision making by financial market players. It has been attempted to improve the accuracy of these models by more developed techniques. The main goal of this research is to examine the capability of the additive model of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model in assessing corporate financial distress by comparing it with logistic regression (LR). The results showed that in within-sample evaluation, LR outperforms DEA (Additive model) in correctly identifying the default firms significantly.

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In this paper, efficiency of defected graphene nano ribbon incorporating with additional nanoparticles on mass detection operations is studied via the Reverse Non Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (RNEMD) method. Thermal conductivity management of this structure is challenging because of imposed losses in electrical conductivity and any procedure could manage the thermal conductivity of graphene will be useful. In this paper it is observed that on the mass detection operation, due to the porosity generation in the nano ribbon surface or even creation of external nanoparticles, thermal properties of graphene change considerably. This should be noted in calibration of graphene based mass sensors. In summary, results show that the graphene’s thermal conductivity would reduce by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles and thermal conductivity of graphene is higher when porosities and impurities are at the edges. This indicates that the location of vacancies and nanoparticles influences the thermal conductivity. For a better thermal management with the help of nanoparticles, wither respect to the porosities, addition of nanoparticles decrease the thermal conductivity more and more. By increasing the cavity’s diameter from 0.5nm to 4.4nm in a specific single layer graphene, thermal conductivity was reduced from 67 W/mk to 1.43 W/mk.

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In order to ensure sustainable activities, companies independent upon working with defrent supplier's .In the manufacturing industries, raw material and assembly parts main comprise as much as 70 percent of production cost. For that, a purchasing department can play a vital role in reducing costs, and a purchasing manager's skill in performing his/her responsibility of choosing proper suppliers can greatly contribute to achieving that goal. This article focuses on the above-mentioned subject due to the importance of supplier choice for companies. Since the first times in history when the need for choosing proper suppliers was felt, many different methods and strategies have been utilized for such a task. Because of nature of that challenge, decision makers are faced with more than one criteria and high number of such criteria makes the challenge even more complex for them. Multi-criteria decision making has frequently been one of the approaches used by decision makers in the evaluation and selection of suppliers. In the research of this thesis a model of fuzzy multi-criteria and non-additive fuzzy integral has been presented for the supplier selection. The advantage of this model is that with the aid of Fuzzy Analytic Network Process the effects of the criteria on each other can be analyzed and with the fuzzy measure and fuzzy integral methods these interdependent relation between effects can be eliminated.

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Suitability analysis is a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production and it involves evaluation of the environmental parameters. The development and creation of appropriate points for this land use without considering environmental capability will result in the appearance of several ecological, economic, and social problems. The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Models were used for solving such problems. Takestan-Qazvin region is one of the biomes that have difficulties due to lack of a systematic administration on environmental resources. This research was done in the framework of the ecological model and by using multicriteria decision making methods such as Analytic Network Process (ANP), Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje - Analytical Hierarchy Process (VIKOR-AHP)in GIS environment with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agricultural land use in Takestan-Qazvin Plain. However, the purpose of this study was twofold: first, it was aimed at determining the ecological capability of agricultural land use by using ANP and SAW methods. Second, the suitable agricultural alternatives in this region were ranked using the integrated VIKOR and AHP models. In these methods, the ratings and the weights of the criteria are known precisely. Ecological factors such as physical and biological parameters and economic - social factors were chosen as the major criteria affecting the agriculture land use. The research indicated that north parts of the study area were not suitable for agricultural development. Finally, the conclusion showed that the application of decision making models could be useful in environmental capacity evaluation of agricultural land use.

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In recent years, synchronous with the development and diversification of bread production, have expanded various processing methods, as well as the co processes (additives). One of the traditional products that have been welcomed by consumers for many years in eastern Asia due to the simplicity of raw materials and ease of using is roti bread. Therefore, in the present study, has been investigated the use of baking methods, such as hot-electric plates and rotary oven and compare them with the traditional method and so on is evaluated using of guar, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Carrageenan hydrocolloids (each one 0.5%) in roti bread formulation in a completely randomized double factorial arrangement test (P≤0.05). The results of this study clearly showed that application of hot-electric plates for baking along with addition of both CMC and guar gum in the formulation, had effect on the moisture content and crust L* value and in this regard the effect of CMC gum was higher than guar gum. Also, based on the results, it was found that the sample produced by the hot-electric plates containing CMC gum had the least firmness of the texture during 2 and 72 hours after baking, as well as one week after baking (P≤0.05). Finally, tasting the samples, the panelists introduced the samples produced with hot-electric plates containing CMC gum and samples produced with hot-electric plates containing guar gum as the best samples.
 

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Adhesion of bitumen to Aggregates is the basis of the strength of the asphalt pavements. The term "stripping" is used for hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures to show the separation of asphalt binder film from aggregate surfaces, due primarily to the action of moisture and/or vapor.  If this phenomenon is eliminated for any reason, stripping will be occurred. This problem not only is as a distinct distress but also can cause other asphalt distresses which are finally resulted in the overthrow of road. Mainly because this distress either results from or is dominated by moisture, it is usually called “moisture damage” or “moisture susceptibility”.  The main goal in this research is to study stripping in asphalt mixtures. The key factors which must be considered in this research are aggregates and selecting the suitable approach for controlling and assessment of this distress in laboratory conditions. the most recent approach introduced is the rehabilitation and modification of asphalt mixtures against stripping, whether asphalt concrete or surface treatment. Thus, in this study on "Zanjan-Qazvin" freeway where this distress have usually been observed, the aggregates for constructing the asphalt was selected from sections of the aggregate the stripping intensity of which is higher than the others. First, the sensitivity of stripping was specified by XRF & XRD analysis. There is a requisite to do a realistic laboratory test method to predict moisture susceptibility of HMA mixtures. It was observed in the case histories that the asphalt pavements were saturated with water (55-80% saturated as specified in ASTM D4867 or AASHTO T283). Thereafter, in order to calculate the tensile strength ratio, it is required to consider unsaturated specimens some of which remained with no conditions. A laboratory test procedure that simulates such conditions will be more realistic. The cylindrical asphalt concrete specimens are constructed by marshal method. Thus, their durability is evaluated according to AASHTO-T283. In this method, those stabilities are measured by indirect tensile test; the amount of their stripping was previously estimated by boiling test. Results showed that according to literature boiling test method is not reliable enough to be accurate. On the other hand, the result of laboratory test of AASHTO-T283 is quantitative and much more technical. Also, using hydrated lime 3% for this material can be useful to reduce the adverse effect of stripping, and it can be used as a suitable anti-stripping. Based on the probabilistic analysis, all the specimens result either in Indirect Tensile Test, or in the TSR results. This showed the improvement of the strength. Also, the rate of increasing is close to that of the parabolic curve. WTAT test was carried out over the surface treatment specimens constructed using these aggregates. Hydrated lime was utilized as the most important anti-stripping additive for prevention and rehabilitation of this distress in all of the experiments.  

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Additive manufacturing methods and/or 3D printing have become increasingly popular with a particular emphasis on methods used for metallic materials. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process is one of the additive manufacturing methods for production of metallic parts. The method was developed in particular to process metal parts that need to be more than 99 percent dense. In this method, according to a predefined pattern, the top surface of the powder layer is scanned by the laser and a local (selective) melt pool is produced in the place of the laser spot which results in a fully dense layer after solidification. In this study, a semi-coupled thermo-mechanical simulation of SLM process is carried out in ABAQUS finite element software. In order to simulate the moving heat flux and update material properties from the powder to the dense solid, the ability of the software for employing user-defined subroutines is employed. Investigation of the residual stress distribution and distortion of a part built using SLM process are the main objectives of this simulation. Results which are presented for two different mechanical boundary conditions show that when the bottom face of the layer is clamped, the top face of the built layer deforms in a concave shape, while the lateral faces of the layer have simply-supported boundary conditions and the bottom face of the layer is free, the part is warped.

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Acting as a surface which is supposed to tolerate several reloading of heavy axes, pavement shall hold enough resistance against failures. Fatigue phenomenon is one of the most important causes of weakness in road pavement, which is occurred due to reloading of it. Many laboratory researches are carried out with the purpose to enhance fatigue life of asphalt concrete mix, in which researchers have tried to improve quality of asphalt concrete mix against load carrying transportation vehicles. During recent years, additives like polymer, iron powder, hydrated lime, glass wastages, crumb rubber and brick powder are also considered for improving tar and, consequently, asphalt mix properties. Generally, hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures consist of three components: mineral aggregates, asphalt binder and air voids. It is well recognized that mineral fillers play an important role in the properties of mastics and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Better understanding of the effects of fillers on the properties of mastics and HMA mixtures is crucial to good mix design and high performance of HMA mixtures. In this stydy, the effect of brick powder on fatigue parametrs have been investigatedFiller content for mix design should be determined based on the overall performance of HMA mixtures.It has been recognised with growing concern that agricultural and industrial wastes are increasingly produced in large volume. In order to reduce environmental hazards and conserve natural resources, the use of waste materials in highway pavements would be extremely effective in terms of recycling waste materials. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of waste materials as filler on the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures.It is well recognized that mineral fillers play an important role in the properties of mastics and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Better understanding of the effects of fillers on the properties of mastics and HMA mixtures is crucial to good mix design and high performance of HMA mixtures. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fillers on properties of mastics and HMA mixtures. The properties of HMA mixtures were investigated by Marshall, indirect tensile stiffness modulus and indirect tensile fatigue tests. The results indicated that WBP mixtures exhibited higher fatigue life and better performance than control mixtures. With the increase of filler content, some properties of HMA improved while others decreased. The effects of filler were exerted on HMA mixtures through the mastic. Fillers with rough particle texture (such as manufactured sand) tend to increase the stiffening effect of the mastics and mixtures. Considering the overall effects of filler on the properties of HMA mixtures, a filler content range would be required in order to ensure the performance of the mixtures. Waste materials can be mainly regarded as the following classifications: (a) industrial wastes such as cellulose waste, slag, bottom ash and fly ash; (b) municipal/household wastes such as incinerator residue, scrap rubber and waste glass; (c) mining wastes such as coalmine refuse and (d) construction and demolition Based on the results, in consequence of increased awareness of environmental issues and natural resources constraints, the studied waste materials can be advantageously utilised in road construction.

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Brassica juncea L. is an important oilseed crop which occupies premier position in Indian agriculture. Developing high yielding genotypes has been a major breeding objective in Indian mustard. Present study was conducted at Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, India, during 2010-2013 to determine General combining ability (GCA) and Specific combining ability (SCA) of parental lines and better parent heterosis of 36 crosses of Indian mustard. Parents and F₁ hybrids were evaluated in RCBD with 3 replications. Line×tester analysis involving nine breeding lines and four testers revealed the operation of both additive and non-additive gene actions with predominance of non-additive gene action in controlling yield and contributing traits. Four lines, namely, DRMR 2243, DRMR 2341, DRMR 2486, DRMR 2613, and one tester, NRCHB 101, were adjudged the best general combiner possessing highly significant positive GCA effects for seed yield and yield contributing traits. Significant SCA effects for seed yield, 1000-seed weight, oil content, and other attributing traits in desirable direction were recorded in a series of hybrids and a close association between SCA effects and heterosis was observed amongst the best hybrids identified on the basis of SCA effects. Hybrids DRMR 2243/NRCHB 101, DRMR 2269/NRCHB 101, DRMR 2326/NRCHB 101, DRMR 2341/NRCDR 2, DRMR 2398/NRCHB 101, DRMR 2486/Ashirwad and DRMR 2613/NRCDR 2 exhibited highest magnitude of better parent heterosis with highly significant SCA effects and higher per se performance for seed yield. The high yielding crosses may be exploited for developing superior genotypes and the parents involved may be converted to well adapted cytoplasmic male sterile or restorer lines.

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The orientation of part in the additive manufacturing process is one of the most important factors should be considered in the additive manufacturing process. In the additive manufacturing process, the part orientation factor can significantly affect the part properties such as the surface roughness, strength, the manufacturing time and amount of support materials. The manufacturing time is a key factor that can influence the total production cost. Therefore, to minimize the manufacturing time, the optimum orientation of parts should be determined. In this paper, a new method is introduced to estimate the built time of the parts through the additive manufacturing process. According to the proposed method, a practical equation is extracted to estimate the built time of the parts with related to the number of layers and amount of the support materials. The method is capable to estimate the built time of a part associated to the part orientations. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study in two different type of orientation, and the computational results are compared with the obtained results from the simulations in MankatiUM V5.3 and Repetier-Host software. The average of proposed method relative error in the first type of orientation in comparison with MankatiUM and Repetier-Host software results are, respectively, 5 and 10 percent and for the second type of orientation are 7 and 8 percent. Moreover, calculation cost of proposed method is 140 and 100 times faster than MankatiUM and Repetier-Host software, respectively.

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a method to build parts by adding layer-upon-layer of material. The selective laser sintering (SLS) method is one of the most important methods of additive manufacturing processes. The low time and the variety of materials used to build the parts are major advantages of SLS method. The high quality of the product is one of the main goals in the additive manufacturing processes. The part warping is one of the factors that reduce the quality of the products which are built by the SLS process. The hatching patterns and scan algorithms in the SLS process are important factors that affect the product quality. In this paper, the effective parameters of the SLS processes such as the scan vector length and the number of offsets or contours, the laser power, the laser speed, and the hitching spacing are optimally determined to minimize the part warping of the product based on the finite element simulations and Taguchi method. For this reason, SLS process has been modeled on the SLS process. Then, to illustrate and validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, and the computational results are compared to the obtained results from the experimental tests Using SLS containing CO2 laser. Finally, using the Taguchi design of Experiments, the process parameters have been changed at different levels and optimal parameters have been obtained.