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It is possible to increase the efficacy of herbicides by adding vegetable oils to the spray tank. In order to evaluate and study this fact a greenhouse study was conducted. Three vegetable oils (coconut, sesame and almond oils at 0.3% (volume/volume)) were applied to compare their influence on enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl in 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized design with six replications in a factorial arrangement for each herbicide. The treatments were two herbicides, three adjuvants + untreated or control. The two herbicides were pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl that were divided into six doses (0, 6, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 percent of recommended doses) and applied with and without vegetable oils to control littleseed canary grass. Moreover, dose–response experiment was carried out for any applied herbicides. The results of experiment revealed that by adding all vegetable oils haloxyfop-R-methyl ester weed suppressing influence was increased more when it is compared to pinoxaden that was attributed to a positive relationship between oil receptivity and the high octanol–water partition coefficient of haloxyfop-R-methyl ester herbicide. Among evaluated vegetable oils, coconut oil owned highest ability to enhance the efficacy of two herbicides which is probably due to high saturated / unsaturated ratio of fatty acids. In addition to, the comparison of vegetable oils’ effects on efficacy of herbicides demonstrated that better performance of coconut oil is probably related to the existence of short-chain fatty acids in coconut oil particularly, Caprylic, Capric and Lauric.
 

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Aims: One of the challenges of today's world and also global health priorities is pandemicity of AIDS. Studies have shown that the scope and breadth of the immune responses induction are very effective to protect against HIV. Moreover, simultaneous induction of humoral and cellular immunity responses increases the effectiveness of candidate HIV vaccines. Hence, new approaches such as polyepitopic vaccine strategy and addition of different adjuvants in HIV vaccines’ formulations have been recently considered.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, eukaryotic expression vector (pcDNA3.1-tat/pol/gag/env) was transformed and amplified in the prokaryotic host cells E. coli (DH5α). After vector extraction, it was concentrated and formulated alone and in combination with Alum adjuvant and used as DNA candidate vaccines. DNA candidate vaccines were, then, subcutaneously injected to the BALB/c mice on 0, 14, and 28 days and elicited humoral and cellular immunity responses were finally evaluated.
Findings: The results showed that the candidate DNA vaccine could not efficiently induce immunity responses (both humoral and cellular responses) by subcutaneous route injection.
Conclusion: This observation can be due to a defect in each of the steps of vector harvesting by the target cell to express the surface presentation of the epitopes on the one hand, or the inefficiency of the subcutaneous injection method on the other. Therefore, other vaccines’ injection and deliveries routes along with addition of other adjuvants in vaccine’s formulations could induce immunity responses efficiently and increase vaccine efficacy.

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Efficiency of many herbicides can be increased by adding adjuvants to the spray solution. So, the addition of an appropriate adjuvant to foliar herbicides is important in weed control researches. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides against Japanese downy brome Bromus japonicus, two experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with two factors under field condition separately in Zabol and Zahedan, Iran. Factor A was different doses of herbicide namely 0, 50, 75 and 100% of their recommended dose and factor B was adjuvants including: sweet almond oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil and D-Octil. Results showed that efficiency of sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides increased by increasing their doses and adjuvant addition. The addition of sesame seed oil (followed by D-octil) had the highest effect on sulfosulfuron efficacy against Japanese downy brome control. In general, sulfosulfuron at 100% of its recommended dose (26.5 g ha^-1) plus sesame seed oil was the best formulation to control of Japanese downy brome. In addition, this formulation significantly improved wheat grain and biological yield. Adding of D-Octil had the highest influence on sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron-methyl performance in Japanese downy brome control. The highest wheat grain and biological yield were mainly obtained at 100% recommended dose (40 g ha^-1) of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl plus D-Octil followed by sesame oil.
 

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Whether fenoxaprop-p-ethyl activity could be affected by the carrier volume and whether this relationship can be affected by two types of bio-surfactants, rhamnolipid and surfactin, was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of herbicide dose (0, 18.75, 37.5, 56.25, 75, and 93.75 g ha^-1), spray volume (60, 120, 240, and 480 L ha^-1), surfactant type above, and surfactant concentration (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8x critical micelle concentration (CMC). The dry matter of sterile oat was regressed over the doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl to obtain a dose causing 50% sterile oat control (ED₅₀). Without surfactant, a 38% increase in the ED₅₀ with increasing the spray volumes from 60 to 480 L ha^-1 (44.7 and 72.1 g ha^-1, respectively) revealed a negative relationship between fenoxaprop-p-ethyl activity and spray volume. In other words, a low-volume spray solution, creating smaller, more concentrated spray droplets, is necessary to get the optimal action of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. This relationship could also be observed when both surfactants were used at 0.125 to 1x CMC. At 2 to 8x CMC, the relationship mode changed from negative to neutral for rhamnolipid, while it did not change for surfactin. This study shows that, unlike surfactin, rhamnolipid worked better at a low concentration in a low-volume spray solution to get the optimal action of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.

 

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Objective: Several vaccines against HIV have been investigated but none has been approved as an effective HIV vaccine. An approach that could induce stronger immune response against the pathogen is utilizing a multi-epitopic vaccine. This strategy was used in the design of several vaccines and resulted in improved immune responses. Materials and Methods: In this study a multi-epitopic fusion peptide including parts of HIV-1 Nef and P24 as a vaccine candidate was injected into mice and immune humoral responses measured with total antibody and IgG sub-classes using ELISA. Also measurement of cellular immune responses through evaluation of spleen cells proliferation response using MTT and cytotoxicity by LDH were performed. Finally, the cytokine pattern of IFN-γ and IL-4 were also determined with ELISA. Results: The results indicate that candidate vaccine stimulated mouse splenic lymphocyte proliferation response and also induced strong cytotoxicity responses. Analysis of humoral immune response has shown that the candidate vaccine has induced specific antibody production mainly of the IgG2a sub-class. Also cytokine pattern evaluation has shown that IFN-γ secretion was dominant. Conclusion: The use of immunogen and conserved epitopes from P24 and Nef induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses and this construct could be candidate for further studies in animal models.

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Objective: IL18 is a cytokine that plays an important role in the T-cell-helper type 1 (Th1) response and hence, plasmid-encoded IL18 is considered as a potent genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccine studies. In this study, a bicistronic eukaryotic plasmid capable of secreting a more stable mouse IL18 (fused with Fcγ2a fragment) was constructed and expression of this chimer cytokine was also assessed. Materials and Methods: RNA purified from stimulated mouse spleenocytes and then cDNA corresponding to mouse IL18 (mIL18) and Fcγ2a fragments were constructed by RT-PCR. Sequential subcloning of mIL18 and IgG2aFc fragments first into pSL1180 and then pSecTag2 plasmids resulted in the fusion of mIL18/Fc and addition of immunoglobulin kappa signal sequence (Igk/mIL18/Fc), respectively. Final cloning of Igk/mIL18/Fc sequence downstream of CMV promoter into the NheI/XmaI sites of pIRES2-GFP plasmid and led to the construction of pIRES-Igk/mIL18/Fc plasmid, which was transfected to HEK293T cell line by Turbofec Transfection reagent and expression analysis, was evaluated by ELISA assay. Results: Restriction enzyme analysis of pSL-mIL18، pSL-mIL18/Fc، pSec-mIL18/Fc and pIRES- Igk/mIL18/Fc plasmids with the enzymes that were applied for clonings led to the isolation of fragments with expected size and then plasmid of pIRES- Igk/mIL18/Fc was also confirmed following sequencing reactions. Moreover, expression and secretion of mIL18 to the medium was evidenced in transfected 293T cells, compared to non-transfected controls. Conclusion: pIRES- Igk/mIL18/Fc plasmid possesses the capacity of the cloning and expression of putative antigen gene under the direction of IRES sequence, and also expression of mIL18 as a great secretive genetic adjuvant. This results can be useful to design an efficient DNA vaccine especially for inducing host cellular immune response, moreover, cab be considered a promising for accessing to new generation of DNA vaccine.

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Aims: Vaccination is the only approach to prevent hepatitis B virus infection, But some people do not get a good immune response to the commercial hepatitis B vaccine. The purpose of the present study was to compare the immunization of Iran's Hepatitis B vaccine, vaccine formulated in montanide ISA 720 adjuvant and Fendrix vaccine from GSK company on the Balb/c mice.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 54 female inbred Balb/c mice were injected in three different formulations of vaccine subcutaneously with two-week intervals. Quantitative amount of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-2 cytokines and the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio from spleen cell culture Supernatant and the anti-HBs Ag antibody level After each injection withBlood sampling were evaluated by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by Graphpad prism 6.1 software via one way analysis of variance.
Findings: The vaccine recipient groups did not show significant differences in IFN-γ, IL-2 cytokines and IFN-γ/ IL-4 ratio (p>0.05). Iranian commercial vaccine significantly increased the cytokine IL-4 in comparison with the Fendrix and HBs-MON720 groups (p<0.05). Antibody responses after the first and second injection of Fendrix and HBs-MON720 showed a significant increase in comparison with the HBS-ALUM group (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed after the third injection (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Cytokine responses in The Fendrix vaccine and HBs-MON720 vaccine are partly similar to the Iran's Hepatitis B vaccine but after two injections, Fendrix and HBs-MON720 vaccine showed a higher antibody response.

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Aims: New vaccines based on recombinant and DNA proteins are safer than traditional vaccines, but unfortunately, they have lower Therefore, there is a need for the development of safe and strong that can increase the immune PLGA), ester, consists of acidic and lactic acid. Its hydrolysis leads to the production of lactic acid and glycolic acid monomers. The aim of this study was to compare humoral and cell mediated immune response to coated PLGA in mice.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, PLGA nanoparticles were produced by water/oil (W/O) method. Tetanus toxin attached to by EDC. After coated characterization, they were injected into different groups of mice. The complete and Alum as After a single injection, the of was investigated by ELISA and cellular analyzed by spleen cell proliferation assay. One-way analysis of variance was used.
Findings: PLGA nanoparticles had a strong effect, and when used with antigens, could produce cellular and humoral immune response far more powerful than alum and than Freund’s adjuvant.
Conclusion: Glycolic polyester, in the form of conjugation with an antigen, can be used to increase the immune response, especially in the cellular immune arm, relative to the antigenic solution. Although PLGA seems not so successful to the humoral immune stimulus against in comparison to the full of it can be a significant competitor with

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Water hardness can negatively affect the efficiency of pesticides. This study aimed to determine the effect of water hardness and adjuvants added to spray solution on the efficiency of insecticides. Three insecticides, namely, malathion, acetamiprid, and spiromesifen, were mixed in well water samples at 1,869, 645, and 265 mg L^-1 hardness, standard, and deionized water, and applied against the second instar nymph of Bemisia tabaci using leaf dip method. In another experiment, Zero-7 at 150 ppm and Arkan at 180 ppm as additives were added to water with 1869 and 645 mg L^-1 hardness, separately. LC₅₀ values showed that the toxicity of malathion, acetamiprid, and spiromesifen was 40, 157, and 84 times less in hard water (1,869 mg L^-1 hardness) than deionized water. The efficacy of malathion, acetamiprid, and spiromesifen was 13, 65, and 39 times less when they were diluted in water with 645 mg L^-1 hardness than deionized water. Malathion provided 37.28 and 18.59% greater toxicity when applied in hard water containing Zero-7 and Arkan than water without the adjuvants. The efficacy of acetamiprid was, respectively, 16.93 and 18.68% greater when it was applied in hard water containing Zero-7 and Arkan compared to water without the additives. Zero-7 and Arkan in hard water enhanced the efficacy of spiromesifen by 10.26 and 13.68% compared to water without adjuvants. Generally, the toxicity of the insecticides on B. tabaci was considerably reduced at the highest levels of water hardness. In contrast, adjuvants overcame the antagonistic effects of cations in hard water.