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Detergents are a part of human life and are consumed for different purposes, particularly hygiene. In recent years, the detergent industry has experienced significant changes as a result of environmental concerns, the availability, and cost of raw resources and energy, consumer preferences, demographic and sociological trends, as well as global economic and political factors. Several review papers have been published on detergents, but no bibliometric research has been conducted in this field. This study aims to assess the trend of detergent research and show the related hotspots by conducting a bibliometric analysis based on 37650 published articles from Scopus from 2000 to 2022. Numerous significant aspects of these articles, such as subject categories, journals, authors, countries, and keywords, were examined systematically. According to the findings, the number of detergent-related papers has increased significantly over the past two decades. The United States was the leading country in terms of both quality and quantity, followed by China and Brazil. In addition, Detmann, E. from Sweden was the most productive author. Keyword analysis suggests that current research has focused on the development of effective cleaning products that are safe for humans and the environment.
 

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Proper solubilization after precipitation and keeping the purified proteins in solution during the whole separation process are very critical to achieve accurate and high resolution patterns in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Chaotropes and detergents are embedded in the sample and rehydration buffers in order to prevent hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic protein domains and avoid loss of proteins due to aggregation and precipitation. Unfortunately, detergents used for IEF must bear no net electrical charge and only week nonionic and zwitterionic detergents may be used in this process. Because of the low solubility of proteins at or very close to their isoelectric point, it seems that choice of chaotropes and detergents can dramatically affect on2D separations, especially in the case of very hydrophobic proteomes. Considering the physico-chemical heterogeneity of tear film protein content, it is deemed that solubilization can play an important role in 2D tear proteome analysis. So herein, we investigated the effect of some various detergents and chaotropes on the solubility of tear proteome during the sample preparation and IEF process. The results illustrated a very poor performance of non-ionic detergents (Triton­X-100 and Tween­80). Zwitterionic detergents (CHAPS and SB­3-10) had a better solubilization power and provided more reliable 2D maps. Last of all a great improvement in spot number and 2D resolution is achieved using a combination of urea/Thiourea in rehydration buffer and application of SDS in the sample buffer with a modified protocol, which ensures complete removal of anionic detergent during the first step of IEF and its replacement with the zwitterionic CHAPS.  

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In this study, a Bacillus species was identified from the Dosarri mineral spring in Jiroft microflora. This strain produce clear halo in casein agar media. It has been identified as Bacillus Pumilus (KHB3) based on biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To enzyme production, this strain was cultured in specific medium for 48 h. Supernatant was partially purified after precipitation with ammonium sulphate (85 %), dialysis and ion exchange chromatography (Q-Sepharose). KHB3 protease was characterized in the presence of different pHs, ions and detergents. Results indicated that the enzyme showed maximum activity and stability in pH 8.0. This enzyme retained about 100 % of its activity in the presence of 1.0 and 1.5 M NaCl. KHB3 protease showed 33 and 10 % increase in protease activity in the presence of MnSO4 and FeSO4. KHB3 protease retained at least 45 % of its activity and stability in the presence of commercial detergents. In addition, it show 12 % increase in enzyme activity in the presence of Banoo detergent. Activity and stability in alkaline pH, organic solvents and detergent compounds show that this protease has high value capacity in detergent industry.

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Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting plants growth and production in irrigated agriculture. The natural potential of salt tolerant plants like Kochia could be exploited through legume-containing intercropping systems as an effective strategy in mitigating the increasing salinity crisis.This experiment used split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 2016 and 2017, at the Iranian National Salinity Research Center, Yazd, Iran. Water salinity was considered as the main factor (EC= 4, 9, and 14 dS m^-1) and the cropping system was considered as subfactor with seven levels including sole cropping of Kochia (Kochia scoparia), Sesbania (Sesbania aculeate), and Guar (Cyamopsiste tragonoliba) and their possible dual and triple intercropping systems. The highest absorbed light was observed in triple intercropping and the total forage yield in triple intercropping was increased by 5% and 4.1% at 4 and 9 dS m^-1 salinity, respectively, compared to that in Kochia sole cropping, while it decreased by 1.5% at 14 dS m^-1.The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values ranged from 0.99 to 1.33. The total crude protein yield in triple intercropping was increased by 55.8 to 66.3% as compared to Kochia sole cropping. The NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) and ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) were decreased by 7 to 22% in various intercropping systems. Considering increased forage quantity and quality, mainly through decreasing NDF and increasing Dry Matter Intake (DMI) levels, cultivation of Kochia within triple intercropping systems can be recommended instead of Kochia sole cropping.