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Background: In recent years we have successfully adopted an in vitro hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this protocol the biologically active hepatocyte-like cells were differentiated from the stem cells isolated from either bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the hepatogenic differentiation of MSCs isolated from UCB and MSCs. Methods: Differentiation process of MSCs was carried out in a selective medium supporting hepatogenic differentiation for 3 weeks. Then using specific markers we have examined the hepatocyte formation following hepatogenic differentiation of the stem cells. Hepatogenic markers namely albumin, α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) were monitored at different time intervals during differentiation. Results: Transdifferentiation of the UCB and bone marrow MSCs was also characterized by measuring albumin, AFP and CYP3A4 at mRNA levels using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AFP was expressed in the undifferentiated UCB-MSCs and increased on day 21 of differentiation. However, AFP was not detected in the undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs. But, AFP expression started during the first week of differentiation. Albumin expression was detected in hepatocytes from UCB as well as bone marrow. The expression of albumin and its secretion from hepatocyte prepared from bone marrow appeared earlier compared to the cells derived from UCB. Metabolic function of the hepatocytes evaluated by secretion of albumin in the culture media was also similar in the cells isolated from both the sources. Conclusions: The differentiation potential of MSCs derived from human UCB and bone marrow under in vitro condition is comparable. However, it appears that there is time-dependent difference in the onset of expression of liver specific markers particularly albumin synthesis in hepatocytes derived from different stem cells.

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Most patients with liver diseases are in the waiting list of liver implantation for a long period of time because of the lack of enough donors. Liver differentiation potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is a new perspective in curing these patients. Tissue engineering improves hepatocyte differentiation by coating the culture surfaces with Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as Heparan Sulfate (HS). Cell detachment and death during hepatogenic differentiation hamper the efficiency of cell therapy. This study aims to establish a matrix. mimicking the liver extracellular matrix, which supports the attachment and proliferation potential of MSCs, as well. Collagen was physically coated on polystyrene plates. Collagen-GAG matrix was constructed by covalently immoblizing the HS molecules on collagen by EDC. Cell attachment and proliferation were evaluated by direct cell-counting and MTT methods. GAG presence on collagen was verified by Safranin O staining. Comparisons showed that the highest attachment belonged to collagen, collagen-HS and polystyrene, respectively. Collagen matrix showed also the highest cell proliferation. Collagen-GAG provided more suitable matrix for cell proliferation compared to polystyrene. The results further showed that biomimicked collagen-GAG matrix supports superior attachment and viability for MSCs compared to polystyrene.

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  With ever increasing competition, enterprises as well as researchers are focusing on consumer and its priorities and thus everyday, new aspects of determinants of consumer choice become clear. One of such determinants is brand perception. Perception of consumer about technology of production -which is derived from brand and packaging-, can play a great role in the consumer choice when differentiation is little. Such role is investigated in this research work. We have studied a group of food products with very low level of differentiation and correlation between demand and technology perception is elaborated. Field study has been performed in Shahrvand department stores. Results show that in simpler, more commodity type products, technology perception has a greater role in finalizing customer choice. So making a more positive perception of technology can be considered as a rather inexpensive way for gaining competitive advantage. Additionally, based on interviews, it can be claimed that technology perception consists of sub-elements such as environment friendliness perception, healthiness perception, quality perception, etc. 

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Aims: The induction of artificial over-expression of miRNAs is an appropriate approach to more effective cell differentiation. The significant role of microRNA-1(miR-1) has been reported in the development and differentiation of cardiac cells. Lentivirus is an effective vector for stable cell line production. The aim of this study was the production of recombinant HEK293T with miR-1 overexpression as a biological model for cardiac studies.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, HEK 293T cells were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and L-glutamine 2mM and Penicillin-Streptomycin 1X in incubator medium. After cloning of miR-1 gene, recombinant clones were selected and the recombination was confirmed by sequencing. The miR-1 carrying vector and auxiliary vectors were packaged in the HEK293T to produce the recombinant virus. The infection of HEK293T by recombinant virus was performed in order to achieve stable cell line. Then, GFP fluorescent marker evaluated the efficiency of transfection and effective virus dilution. Finally, the alteration in expression level of miR-1 was assessed by qPCR. Data analysis was performed by comparing the threshold cycle and Pfaffl method.
Findings: The most GFP expression was detected in transfected cells by 150 micromole dilution. GFP fluorescent marker facilitated optimization and purification of recombinant cells. qPCR investigation demonstrated the significant increase in expression of miR-1 in transfected cells in comparison to controls.
Conclusion: The stable recombinant HEK293T miR-1 over-expressing cell line in lentivirus can be utilized as a suitable biological model for investigation of cardiac evolution and development processes.

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Politics is specifying the will of the state - which is the subject of politics science- and the Public Administration is implementing the will of state- which is the subject of Public Administration. These two have interaction. The Public Administration is a infrastructure for implementing the will of state and politics specify the structure of Public Administration. Analyzing one of them must be along with the other. One of the subjects that related to them is delegation of power. According to the rate of delegation of power, the methods of managing the Public administration are as following: centralized, concentrated, decentralized, federal and confederation. Federalism (that in this article is synonym to Administrative Federalism) is the subject of this article. In this article, at first definitions, related concepts, strengths and weaknesses of the Administrative Federalism, and the origins and circumstances necessary for the implementior of Administrative Federalism were explained and a kind of comparative study is rendered. Furthermore, the history and present status of centralization and decentralization in public administration in Iran were analyzed. Then, the possibility of implementing of Administrative Federalism in Iran was analyzed. Finally, the model of implementing Administrative Federalism in Iran was suggested.

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Due to scientific, technical or low productivity in the commercial sector of our economy, we are not able to compete with foreign competitors. In fact, the real situation of our country (Iran) does not create sufficient opportunity for competitive commercial advantage and filling the technological gap with developed countries. Generally speaking, from the viewpoint of development, policy - makers call the current situation in the world as transitional or unstable period. In such a situation, the commercial scheme of world is changing and the business – industrial policies are changing in the international or local arenas. Therefore, in order to prevent negative consequences of this situation, developing a comprehensive flexible and complete plan is of vital importance. The present paper intended to develop such a comprehensive plan for policy – makers in order to help the quantitative and qualitative development of contingency methods and to evaluate those companies in the stock market who have used those strategies. The most recent studies in the field of strategic management were used in this paper to present the following hypotheses: 1) The cost – leadership strategy is the most important strategy in comparison with other competitive strategies. 2) There is a correlation between the process of competitive strategies and financial performance indicators. The obtained results confirmed to some extent the intensity of the effect of the strategies in terms of practicable possibility of their utilization and priority of those strategies for trading companies. Also, the findings showed that the priority and importance degree of the mentioned four dimensions in competitive strategies are significantly different to each other. Accordingly, the cost leadership is the first priority and has the most impression in the trade companies' efficiency. After that, the best cost strategy is the second preference and then distinction and concentration are next priorities which may promote the trade companies' efficiency. In other words, these strategies have impressed the indicators of financial operation and suitable adopting of those strategies crystallized in indicators of financial operations. Finally, we can express that making use of the suitable strategies and observing of restricted area of each strategy will impress the trading companies' efficiency.

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 Graphene-based nanomaterials are being investigated for their biocompatibility and bioactivity, as well as their ability to improve osteogenic differentiation. In this research, the base material, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets, were decorated with hydroxyapatite and strontium (rGO / HAp-Sr) to induce osteogenic differentiation in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Different techniques were used to determine the properties of the nanocomposite such as diffraction analysis techniques (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (to evaluate the size and morphology of HAp-Sr on rGO plates), FT-IR (to analyze the nanocomposite functional group), Raman spectroscopy (to investigate possible disorders in nanocomposite structure and number of layers), induced dual plasma emission spectroscopy (to assess atomic concentration of Ca and Sr), zeta potential(electrical potential of the nanocomposite) and MTT (nanocomposite cytotoxicity assessment) were used. The ossification potential of the synthesized nanocomposite was investigated and confirmed using the calcium deposition test in dipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. According to the obtained results, osteogenic differentiation induction is possible using synthesized nanocomposites without the need for chemical inducers.
 

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Objective: Average Age of population in the industrial countries has increased. Because of aging the percent of the diseases related to the oldness such as multiple myeloma have also increased. It has both common and unique symptoms and effects. The unique effects include wide bone reabsorption. It seems necessary to understand the structure of Bone Marrow Niche and the effects of Myeloma cells on adjacent hematopoietic Stem cells with a new approach. Materials and Methods: We have studied the differentiating effect induced by the Myeloma cells through co-culturing the Myeloma cells and hematopoietic stem cells, extracted out of cord blood. In this investigation we also cocultured myeloma cells with the monoblastic cell line (U937) in order to evaluate the effect of myeloma cells on monoblastic cells differentiation. Results: Our findings show that increased expression of myeloid and monocytoid markers in coculturing of myeloma cells and HSCs. Moreover following monoblastic and myeloid cells coculturing, we observed probably TRAP positive osteoclastic like cells. Conclusion: Our findings show that presence of myeloma cells in Bone Marrow play essential role in HSCs differentiation to monocytoid (osteoclastic) lineage.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally the number 1 cause of death. Despite improvement in treatment strategies, heart disorders are strongly increasing. Therefore, identification of new regulatory factors involved in the cardiac differentiation is very important. TRKC receptor, part of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in development of the heart and central nervous system. There are many contradictory functions related to the TRKC gene which might be attributed to the non-coding RNAs located in it. Recently, a novel miRNA, hsa-miR-11181-5p located in TRKC gene, has been reported which is involved in nervous differentiation. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs regulating their target genes via mRNA degradation or protein inhibition. The goal of the present study was to investigate the expression pattern of hsa-miR-11181-5p during the course of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) differentiation.

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Evaluating the response of the stem cells to different mechanical stimulation is an important issue to obtain control over cell behavior in the culture environment. One of the effective parameters in the mechanoregulation of stem cells is the microstructure of scaffolds. Evaluating the effect of microstructure of scaffold in the lab environment is very complicated. Therefore, in this study, the effect of scaffold architecture on mechanical factors in the scaffold was investigated under oscillatory fluid flow by using numerical modeling. In this study, distribution of shear stress and fluid velocity in three types of scaffolds with spherical, cubical and regular hexagonal pores with length of 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 micrometers were investigated by using computational fluid dynamics method. The results of the computational fluid dynamics model showed that the scaffold with spherical and cubic pores shape with length of 500 micrometers and scaffold with hexagonal pores with length of 450 micrometers experienced shear stress in the range of 0.1-10 mPa. This range of the shear stress is suitable for differentiation of the stem cell to bone cells. Moreover, the result of exerting oscillatory fluid flow to these scaffolds indicated that dead zones of the scaffold, where isn’t suitable for cell seeding, was decreased due to the access of fluid flow to the different area of scaffold. The results of this study can be used in a laboratory to achieve optimal stem cell culture to provide suitable environment culture for differentiation of stem cells toward the bone cell.
 

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Objective: Zoledronic acid as a main treatment for osteoporosis has an important role in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, mechanism of osteoblastic differentiation induction by zoledronic acid is not well understood until now. In this research we evaluate zoledronic acid effect on methylation status of RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters. Materials and Methods: After isolation and expansion of hMSCs from BM, they were pulse treated with 5μM ZA for 3h, and incubated in osteogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks. DNA was extracted after first, second and third weeks of culture and also from undifferentiated MSCs. After SBS treatment, gene specific methylation analysis for RUNX2 and DLX5 were carried out by MSP using methylated and unmethylated primers. Results: In the genes RUNX2 and DLX5, M and U primers of MSP amplified promoter regions of undifferentiated and osteoblastic differentiated MSCs. Therefore, methylation status in RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters present incomplete methylation. Conclusion: Methyltion patterns of RUNX2 and DLX5 don’t change during zoledronic acid osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Our findings show that zoledronic acid does not induce osteoblastic differentiation via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, zoledronic acid can induce osteoblastic differentiation in a manner independent from DNA epigenetic changes.

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Objective: Evaluating the effects of p-benzoquinone and hydroquinone on the RUNX2 expression and osteoblastic differentiation of human marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods: Bone marrow MSCs obtained by cultivating marrow mononuclear cells, were exposed to 10μM of either p-benzoquinone or hydroquinone. Following chemical treatment, RUNX2 gene expression was assessed by Real-time RT PCR 1, 6, 24 and 48 hours later and osteogenic differentiation was analyzed using alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining methods on days 7 and 14 after ostegenic induction. Results: RUNX2 expression was significantly elevated (up to approximately 8 times) due to chemical exposure but the applied chemicals exert no considerable effect on MSCs osteogenic differentiation. Conclusion: According to the literature, despite the necessity of RUNX2 overexpression on the induction of osteogenic differentiation, but it is not sufficient for osteogenesis to occure so increase in RUNX2 expression observed in our study is not the indicator of the induced osteogenic differentiation. Instead, this elevated expression could be the sign of increased activity of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway thereby its involvement in the development of AML due to exposure to benzene and its metabolites. Moreover, this augmented expression of RUNX2 in MSCs can indicate the RUNX2 overexpression in myeloid progenitors as an expected similar effect of exposure to benzene and its metabolites to contribute in myeloid malignancies developed due to benzene exposure.

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Research on mass customization suggests that this type of offer delivers more value to the customer. This article provides answers to the following research question: How interpersonal differentiation value of the mass-customized Product influence the overall perceived value of MC?. we explore interpersonal differentiation value in need for optimization (NFO), centrality of visual product aesthetics (CVPA), and consumer need for uniqueness (CNFU) . A conceptual model grounded in involvement theory, the functional theory of attitudes, and theories on the desirability of uniqueness is proposed and empirically tested. The goal of this research is development and the way of this research is survey- analysis. Statistical population of research is two hundred one undergraduate business students of Iranian universities. Generally, the data support significant relationships between the three dimensions of interpersonal differentiation value and the overall perceived value and buy tendency of MC .

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Objective: Cardiac cell differentiation with the help of miRNAs has recently opened a promising window for the restoration of myocardial infarction. Independent miR-1-2/133a-1 and miR-206/133b clusters are known to be expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscles, respectively. miR-133b differs from miR-133a by only one nucleotide. The sequence similarity of these two miRNAs suggests that they target the same pathways and similar mRNA targets. The present study seeks to determine if miR-133b is expressed during the cardiac cell differentiation and if its expression is in reverse correlation with the SRF and CCND2 (as potential target genes) expression patterns. Methods: Human cardiac progenitor cells were prepared from Royan Stem Cell Bank (RSCB) and differentiated into cardiomyocytes. To initiate differentiation, cells were treated with 5-azacytidine as a demethylation factor. Then, ascorbic acid and TGFB1 were added every other day and twice per week, respectively. Differentiation into cardiomyocytes was confirmed by immunocytochemistry (ICC), flow cytometry and real-time PCR for some of the cardiac marker genes. The expression profiles of hsa-miR-133b and two of its potential target genes were also analyzed during the cardiac differentiation. Results: Three weeks after the first differentiation induction, expression level of hsa-miR-133b was approximately five times higher than early stage expression (phsa-miR-133b expression. Conclusion: It is known that SRF is critically involved in the cell cycle. Considering increased miR-133b and decreased SRF expression levels during the late stages of heart cell differentiation, here we speculate that elevated expression of miR-133b blocks SRF expression and decreases cardiomyocytes proliferation in order to induce differentiation with direct targeting of SRF. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-133b along with miR-133a may be involved in cardiomyocytes differentiation.

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Objective: Growth differentiation factor 9B (GDF9B) is an oocyte-derived growth factor. This protein is essential for the development of ovarian follicles and acts mainly by binding to its receptor on the surface of granulosa cells. The effect of GDF9B on the growth of follicles in various developmental stages, particularly primordial and primary follicles, is unknown. Thus the aim of this study is to investigate these effects after mouse whole ovarian culture. Methods: Female NMRI mice (14 day-old) were sacrificed by cervical dislocation Subsequently their collected ovaries were cultured in α-MEM basic medium (control group) and medium supplemented with different doses of recombinant GDF9B (10, 20, 40 ng/ml) for seven days in 5% CO₂ and 37°C. At the end of the culture period, serial sections of ovaries were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The follicles were counted in the primordial, primary, preantral and antral stages and compared among the different groups. Results: In GDF9B supplemented groups the percentage of antral follicles significantly increased whereas the percentage of preantral follicle decreased when compared with the control group. However there were no significant differences between the percentage of primordial and primary follicles in all supplemented GDF9B (10, 20, 40 ng/ml) groups and the control. Conclusion: Overall, this study showed that GDF9B stimulated the growth of preantral follicles to the antral stage. However this factor did not have a remarkable effect on the growth of primordial and primary follicles.

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To evaluate the genetic variations in eleven fennel populations in Iran, 55 accessions were analyzed by SRAP markers. Twelve primer combinations produced 171 polymorphic bands. The cumulative dendrogram delineated fennel accessions into five major groups in accordance to the geographical regions from which the populations were originated. About 43.57% of total genetic variation was detected among the populations, while 56.43% of total variation were observed within the populations. The studied populations showed high genetic differentiation (Gst= 0.52) and low gene flow (Nm= 0.46). Among the studied populations, Yazd and Kerman accounted for the highest values of PPB (%), Shanon index (I), and heterozygosity. The self-pollinated seeds were in the range of 2.01% in Paveh-2 to 9.24% in Isfahan-2 accessions. The essential oil content ranged from 0.62% in Isfahan-3 to 2.21% in Tabriz-3. Generaly, the dwarf populations viz., Tabriz and Paveh, had higher essential oil yield and their pollination was less affected by environmental factors than the average.

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Stem cells due to their ability of self-renewing and the potential of differentiating to different cell lineages are the ideal choices in regenerative tissue engineering. Under cyclic loading, these cells could differentiate to those kind of cells that experience similar conditions inside the body, like osteocytes and chondrocytes. In this research, the purpose is to investigate the effect of the 10 percent cyclic strain with the frequency of 1 Hertz on the mechanical response of a single mesenchymal stem cell cultured in a fibrin hydrogel block, using the finite element method and considering the role of integrins and implementing the Simo’s hyper-viscoelastic model for the cytoskeleton as long as the uniaxial loading leads the cell to differentiate toward Fibrochondrocyte. The results of presented model show that the averages of the circumferential, radial and shear stresses are 240, 260 and 140 Pascal, respectively and corresponding forces are 24, 45 and 15 Pico-Newton. The results imply that stresses and forces generated inside the cytoskeleton are large enough to elicit a different response from the cell. This research results can be very effective for better designing of biological experiments.

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Macrophomina phaseolina is an important soil-borne pathogen causing charcoal rot in many important crop plants including sesame, in Iran. A total of 60 isolates of M. phaseolina were collected from the main sesame producing regions in ten provinces of Iran. The genetic diversity among M. phaseolina populations was estimated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR), focusing particularly on geographic differentiation. Five ISSR primers generated 105 discernible DNA bands, of which 85 (77.11%) were polymorphic. The greatest value of variability (PPB: 60.00%; H: 0.185; I: 0.284) was estimated for Fars population, whereas the least variability (PPB: 9.52%; H: 0.042; I: 0.060) was estimated for Kerman population. Total gene diversity exhibited high levels of variability (H_T = 0.186). Analysis of molecular variance indicated a large proportion of genetic variability within populations.