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Smallholder farmers in northern Punjab struggle to adopt sustainable practices like essential oil extraction, despite their potential to improve livelihoods. Core elements from theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and innovation diffusion theory are amalgamated to develop an adoption model, which is subsequently analyzed using structural equation model. The results unveil significant mediating effects involving attitudes (perceived usefulness, easiness), normative concerns (social influence), and indicating maximum variation (R²) regarding by-product preparation (0.76) and steam distillation (0.65). The model successfully accounts moderating effects of socioeconomic variables, indicating a robust association among latent variables. Hence, improving the adoption behavior among smallholders necessitates a focus on socio-psychological and socioeconomic factors.

 

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A study was carried out to map dispersal of Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. on tomato in a 0.5 ha field. First, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 meter distances from the central point of the field were marked in form of squares. On each square, 8 points were selected and a wooden stake of 1.5 m length was vertically secured into the soil at each point equal to plant height and bearing a yellow sticky trap (YST, 10 × 20 cm) on the top. Moreover, three egg batches each containing ~200 fresh Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.eggs on cardboards(SEC) were stapled on top leaf of three plants around the wooden stake arranged in a 0.75 m arch. Evaluation was done two days before and 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after a release of 50000 newly emerged T. brassicae (~1:1 Male:Famale) from the central point. The number of T. brassicae trapped by YST, and number of parasitised eggs on SEC were counted under a stereomicroscope and noted down. The coefficient of fitting YST data to the model (R²) for all 4 sampling dates was as high as 86%. The average diffusion coefficient was equal to 16.89 m²/day for four times sampling. In general, the distance encompassing 98% of trapped T. brassicae predicted by the model was up to maximum 29.9 m from the central point 8 days after the release. The mean percent parasitism was 44.7, 5.5, 5 and 0.9 per SEC during 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after release, respectively. It is concluded that, the farther the distance from the releasing point and the longer the time elapsed after release, the less number of wasps were recaptured. Therefore, multiple releasing points are required to achieve even distribution and enough population of parasitoids in the field.

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Some plant extracts have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Plant based pesticides appear to be an alternative for the synthetic pesticides because of their less dangerous impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory activity of Brassica napus water extract on mycelial growth of six phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Phythophtora drechseleri, Pythium aphanidermatum, Verticellium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, and Gaeumannomyces graminis. Antifungal activity test was performed by disc diffusion method. Concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm had the highest and the lowest inhibitory effects on all studied species respectively. The shoot extract (SE) was significantly exerted higher antifungal activity than root extract (RE). At 100 ppm, V. dahliae (17.02% inhibition by RE) and F. oxysporum (50% inhibition by SE) were the most sensitive species however, R. solani (1.8 and 15%) was the most resistant fungus to both extracts. Active compounds of B. napus extract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenolic compounds had the highest concentrations in extracts and are probably the main cause of the mycelial growth inhibition. Application of canola aqueous extract or incorporation of canola in crop rotation program can be considered as a method for management of some soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi.

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This study tries to make a distinction between factors affecting adopters and non-adopters of domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) in Golestan Province, Iran. In order to better comprehend the differences, nine dimensions were considered in this study, including (1) social background (including respondents’ demographics, water sources, issues in accessing water sources, primary awareness of the DRWH systems, information communication channels, and their dwellings characteristics), (2) economic and financial scale (including construction, maintenance, investment rate of return), (3) scale (including law and regulation) (4) social scale (effect of social determiners on person’s decision making), (5) compliance with every day’s needs,(6) past experience, (7) image (importance of adopting DRWH systems on person’s social image and position), (8) providence (person’s outlook of the future), and (9) risk adoption. Results show that the surveyed groups vary remarkably in terms of considered dimensions. It seems that lack of experience and observation are the underlying reason of low adoption rate in this area.

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  The effects of air temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70 ^oC), air velocity (1 and 2m/s) and bed depth [1(monolayer), 3 and 5cm)] on drying time, drying rate and quality indicators of Pistachio-nuts such as peroxide value and free fatty acids was determined in an experimental air cross flow drier and optimum conditions for pistachio-nuts drying was obtained. Also effective diffusion coefficient (Deff(and activation energy were determined by using Ficks second law (between 40 to 70^oC) and Arrhenius model, respectively.

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In this study, the drying behavior and the effects of different drying conditions on the trend of moisture loss and effective diffusion coefficient in sweet and sour pomegranate were determined. The best drying model, energy consumption and activation energy values were also determined for the two varieties using microwave drying. Results of regression analysis of mathematical models points to the page model as the one best described the data. Effective diffusion coefficient of pomegranate arils was found to be 3.43´10-10 to 32.05´10-10 m2/s. Activation energy was determined to be 17.22 and 23.83 kJ for sweet and sour pomegranates respectively. In addition, consumed energy consumption drying of for sweet and sour pomegranate arils was 0.167 to 0.383 kW/kg respectively.

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Background: wrongs in experiments and laboratories are inevitable particularly if used non-standard methods and tools. In routine disc diffusion test used optical method for pouring media in petri dishes that create non negligible errors in experiments. Goal of this research is design and produce a standard petri dish for this tests and eliminate the wrongs.
Methods: According CLSI standards about sensitivity tests medium standard thickness is 4 millimeters. According these data designed a standard petri dish that determined this standard thickness exactly.
Results: Results of this research showed existing Petri dishes produce wrong and different reports about non-growth haloes even for identical antibiotics that cause to antibiotic unfit administration significantly (P<0.05). In addition, medium waste rate was 33-50% for different petri dishes.
Conclusion: Designed standard petri dish standardized disc diffusion tests and other sensitivity tests and makes accuracy, non- growth haloes uniformity in identical tests, and antibiotics fit choose. Also decrease medium waste rate significantly.

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Forest classification on the basis of satellite images is a promising technique both for primary map production and for map updating and forest monitoring. For accurate for-est classification into three classes, using mapping by canopy cover density “high spatial resolution satellite images have to be used in order to obtain the required spatial detail” [Schneider, 1999]. At the same time, the spectral information necessary for identifying certain class types can most economically be derived from multi-spectral images of me-dium spatial resolution. Fusion techniques have to be used to combine information from both sources. In this paper, a method was developed for object-level fusion of IRS-1C/1D pan images (5.8 m pixel size) and LANDSAT TM multispectral images (30 m pixel size) and subsequent classification to produce a canopy cover classification of the northern for-ests of Iran. The study area is located in Sari and its forest regions in 60,000Hec. (Figure 1) The individual processing steps included segmentation of a multi-band image consisting of both the high-spatial-resolution pan image band and medium-spatial-resolution mul-tispectral bands, with proper weighting of the individual bands in the segmentation pro-cedure in order to obtain both fine detail from the pan image and coarser boundary de-lineations which show up only in multispectral images. For classification, fuzzy logic membership functions were used. Verification of the classification was carried out and checked with error matrix and kappa calculation on a selected transect from a newly clas-sified map. The results showed that employing object-based fusion procedure using me-dium- and high-resolution data was an appropriate method that improved classification. Comparing the hard work of creating a new topographic map, a pixel-based fusion pro-cedure was demonstrated to be an acceptable method to create a satellite image map (Sat-map) for visual monitoring activities and programs. The overall accuracy of the map pro-duced was calculated as a topo-map of the region.

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1- INTRODUCTION
Distributed Morphology (DM) introduced in Halle and Marantz (1993, 1994) in the early 1990s is a grammatical model that has emerged within the framework of Principles and Parameters. DM which represents a set of hypotheses about the interaction among components of grammar, including Morphology, syntax and phonology claims that the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a phrase or sentence. It is important to say that Distributed Morphology is a framework within the Minimalist Program (MP) which rejects the Lexicalist hypothesis and the notion of a generative lexicon (Siddiqi 2009). In this linguistic model, there is only one generative component of the grammar (the syntax) whereas in Lexicalist Minimalism, there are two (the syntax and the lexicon). The four fundamental differences between DM and Lexicalist Minimalism to be mentioned here are categorization, late-insertion, morphosyntactic decomposition, and underspecification. These key notions are very important for my revision in the Persian past tense inflection.
2- Key Concepts: Root and Root Allomorphy
As I told above, there are four characteristics that distinguished DM from MP. But before going through them, I should briefly discuss what is meant by Root and Root Allomorphy in DM. These two concepts are continuously referred through this article. In addition to functional morphemes, the grammar contains morphemes that are called Roots. By definition, Roots are the members of the open-class vocabulary of a language. This part of the vocabulary is typically thought of as connecting with concepts: a system of mental representations of classes, which exists outside of the grammar (Embick 2015 for an overview). The representation and use of Roots is a complex issue, because of their dual nature as grammatical objects that have important connections with (presumably) extragrammtical cognitive systems. A hypothesis that has been adopted in much work is that Roots can be represented by different allomorphs at the PF. Within this framework I will show that a Root like √bin (see) has two different allomorphs in Persian, one of them is bin and the other one is di. This article proposes an analysis of root allomorphy (e.g., ketāb “book”/ kotob “books”) within the framework of DM that showcases the economy constraint minimize exponence. It also accomplishes two other things: First, following Siddiqi (2009), it proposes some of the revisions to the framework of DM in related to the root allomorphy and readjustment rules. Second, it provides an analysis of verbal allomorphy in Persian (e.g., bin/ di). It should be emphasized that when roots appear in the derivation, they do not have grammatical category. This is the first difference between DM and MP which is discussed in the next part.
3- Theoretical Framwork
The theoretical framwork of DM is based on the following characteristics.
3-1- Categorization
An important property of Roots is that they have no grammatical category inherently. This assumption derives from earlier work on derivational morphology. According to the category-free theory of Roots, traditional lexical categories like ‘noun’ or ‘verb’ or ‘adjective’ are convenient shorthand labels that refer to syntactic structures in which a Root combines with a category-defining functional head such as little n or v or a. This is what happens for that a root like √bin (see). During the derivation, it may merge with a little noun head to generate the noun bineš (vision), or it can absorb a little adjective head for producing binande (viewer) and so on.
3-2- Late insertion
Terminologically, theories that allow for morphemes to receive phonological form after they are combined in the syntactic component are said to have late insertion process. In DM, unlike in GB and its Lexicalist derivatives, rather than manipulating fully formed words, the syntax only manipulates abstract formal features to generate syntactic structures. These morphosyntactic features (such as [plural] and [past]) are selected from a fixed list of abstract features (or feature bundles) rather than being selected from the output of a generative lexicon. The late insertion hypothesis (Halle & Marantz 1994) holds that the phonology which represents the morphological features manipulated by the syntax is provided at PF rather than being present throughout the derivation. At spellout, syntactic terminals in DM are entirely comprised of interpretable features (including roots). Only once all syntactic processes are finished with the structure is phonological content added. This phonology is provided by a component of the grammar called the Vocabulary. The Vocabulary is a static list of items whose function in the grammar is to provide phonology to realize the interpretable features contained in the terminal nodes of a derivation so that that derivation can be pronounced. Individual items within this list are called Vocabulary Items (or VIs for short).
3-3- Morphosyntactic decomposition
One of the strengths of the Distributed Morphology framework is the parallel between syntactic structure and morphological structure. Since the grammar of DM manipulates only syntactic features, the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a sentence. Spelling out a complex constituent of the syntax as a “phrase” or a “word” depends on the nature of VIs in the structure. In this model not only the verb mi-binam (I see) is produced in syntax, but also the noun bineš (vision) is derived in the same component.
3-4- Underspecification
Distributed Morphology uses underspecification in the insertion of Vocabulary Items into a terminal node of the syntax. The insertion of a VI is governed by the subset principle which allows for a VI with certain specifications to be inserted into any node that satisfies those specifications, regardless of whether or not it exceeds those specifications. This characteristic of DM is very important for my proposal regarding to past inflection in Persian.
4- Results & Discussion
Based on the above theoretical framework, I try to investigate the properties of the functional heads such as T and Agr to which verbal elements adjoin and show how past tense suffixes and phi-features are absorbed by the verbs. To account for this, first I briefly review the literature on the Modern Persian tense affixes and root allomorphy, before providing a survey of DM, specifically focusing on how it is different from Lexicalist Minimalism. In line with what holds for verb movement in simplex ‎and complex predicates, I will discuss in detail that lexical and grammatical verbs within the little vP move to T via a post-syntactic operation, i.e. morphological merger, to pick up inflectional morphology. Contrary to the claim in the literature, I finally suggest that the automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian (this explanation is also true for the past participle and infinitive affixes). According to this analysis, there are no present or past stems in Persian, but a Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs “bin” and “di” while condition under which they occur is predictable and can be described in purely phonological (not morphological) terms: the latter must always be inserted immediately before a morpheme with an initial /d/, and the former obeys elsewhere condition. This conclusion is based on the underspecification and subset principle introduced above.
5- Conclusions
The present study shows that:
1. The automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian.
2. The automatic phonological alternation “-de/ -te” is the only past participle affix in Persian.
3. The automatic phonological alternation “-dan/ -tan” is the only infinitive affix in Persian.
4. A Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs in Persian:
       4-1- Di: appears before an affix with an initial /d/, such as: didār, dide, didan, didam.
       4-2- Bin: appears elsewhere, such as: bineš, binande, binā, mi-binam.
 

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Aims: In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model with the capability to simulate the diffusion of chemical pollutants released in marine basins was developed and used as a case study to simulate the diffusion of phosphate released by fish culture cages located in the Sisangan marine basin.
Materials & Methods: The equations of the model including momentum equations, continuity of mass equation, temperature, salinity, representative of vertical velocity, the tendency of bottom pressure equations and an extra three-dimensional advection-diffusion equation for simulation of pollutant’s diffusion rewritten in the earth’s spherical coordinates with a vertical Sigma coordinate were solved using finite difference method. To provide the open boundary conditions, the model was used for simulation of wind driven currents in the Caspian Sea from 20 October 2018 to 20 May 2019. For the application of wind field and real geometric condition, it was used the time series of wind fields supplied by ECMWF reanalysis dataset and GEBCO bathymetry with 0.125 degrees resolution and 15 seconds of geographical resolution, respectively.
Findings: Considering the concentration of 17ppb for the phosphate as a concentration of pollutant in the source of the pollution in the location of the fish culture cages, wind induced currents and the diffusion of the phosphate were simulated for 8 months in both horizontal and vertical directions. The results of the simulations were demonstrated and analyzed within the framework of the horizontal surface current, distribution of the phosphate’s concentration in both horizontal and a vertical latitude-depth cross section.
Conclusion: The phosphate’s diffusion is affected by the wind induced currents and after 8 months, it could be extended to the distance of 11, 8.5, 9.5, and 5.7 kilometers far from the cages in eastern, western, southern, and northern directions, respectively. With the generation of vertical velocity and the turbulence effects in the upper layers, phosphate might be diffused in the vertical direction up to 400m depth, as well.

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Landform maps show the earth’s surface phenomena and nature of the processes that have been working to produce them. These maps are valuable in spatial planning, agricultural purposes, environmental conservations and forecasts and natural hazards prevention. The study area is a vast province of semnan/Iran (area:96816 km2) with different physiographical conditions from mountainous areas to playas and desert landscapes. Because of difficulties for deep field surveys and time limitation, investigation of the region was done by RS data and some geomorphologic sampling. So, RS data with high spectral characteristics such as LANDSAT were used and combined with those of high spatial resolution such as IRS-PAN in ER-MAPPER 6.3 for better analysis and enhanced classification of geomorphologic features of the study area. Therefore, the region was classified in to 27 classes in ARC/VIEW 3.2a.Then, the results were loaded in Arc Info7.2.1 in order to generate a GIS-ready system. Also, DEM of the region was produced using topographic maps for further studies. The produced landform maps can be used for many environmental plans and reasonable adaptation by real world.

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Objective: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells which results in increase of myeloid cells, erythroid cells and platelets in the peripheral blood and hyperplasia in bone marrow. Investigations have shown different types of BCR- ABL variants in these patients. In Iran only 3 types of these variants have been identified because most of the clinical laboratories usually use only few sets of primers which can not detect all types of the variants simultaneously. In this study we developed a method with which all types of variants in chronic Myeloid leukemia patients can be recognized. Materials and Methods: blood samples from 100 persons who were under treatment or diagnosis for CML were received from Clinical laboratory. RNA was extracted from 600 µl of each sample using Roche Commercial kit and converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase enzyme the cDNAs were analyzed for BCR- ABL variants using two sets of primers. All samples were also studied by RT- Multiplex Nested PCR method. Results: RT-Multiplex PCR could detect BCR-ABL in all samples which were positive for these Fusion Gene mRNA. From 100 collected samples 46 percent were positive and 54 percent were negative by RT-Multiplex PCR method and 44 percent were positive and 56 percent were negative by RT-Multiplex Nested PCR method. Conclusion: By using one step PCR we detected more variants of BCR- ABL in one tube at shorter time and lower cost. This method showed 100 percent specificity and can further be improved by taking more samples and also real time PCR for quantitative analysis.

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Background: A promising strategy in cancer therapy involves the production of fusion proteins, which entail the fusion of two distinct proteins. This study aimed to produce and assess the cytotoxic effects of the Nisin-arginine deiminase (ADI) fusion protein on the SW480 cell lines, a common model for studying colorectal cancer (CRC).
Materials & Methods: The designed Nisin-ADI gene fragment sequence was sent to Biomatik Company for synthesis in pET-28a vectors between SacI and HindIII restriction enzyme sites. Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α and BL21 were utilized for cloning and protein expression, respectively. The recombinant fusion protein expression was induced by Isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified using Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid (1) resin affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting were conducted to analyze the purified protein. The cytotoxic effect of the purified recombinant fusion protein on SW480 and NIH3T3 cells, as a control, was evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
Findings: The results of this study showed that the fusion protein had a significant impact on the SW480 cell lines. The Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the fusion protein was 30 µg/mL, indicating that it effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cells. However, the fusion protein did not significantly affect the control group.
Conclusion: This study provides helpful insights into the potential application of recombinant Nisin-ADI fusion proteins as a potential treatment option for colorectal cancer. The potential for selective targeting of cancer cells is promising as normal cells are unaffected by this fusion protein.

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Background: Medicinal plants possess considerable potential for discovering new phytochemicals that could be considered as a solution to fight against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis) is used worldwide due to its antimicrobial properties. This pilot study assessed the antibacterial activity of herbal extract and homeopathic preparation of C. officinalis flowers against South African ESKAPE pathogens.
Materials & Methods: Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (with a 6.0 mm disk diameter) was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of herbal extract and homeopathic preparation against South African ESKAPE pathogens. Various ethanol concentrations of herbal extract (50, 60, and 90%) and 62% ethanol concentration of homeopathic preparation were tested.
Findings: The inhibitory effect of C. officinalis did not surpass that of antibiotics. However, the ethanol herbal extract of C. officinalis showed some antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens compared to its homeopathic preparation. Moreover, 50% ethanol extract of C. officinalis (20 µL) showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus species compared to its homeopathic preparation.
Conclusion: The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for plant-based antibacterials. Due to their wealth in phytochemicals, medicinal plants provide a rich resource for producing novel antibacterial drugs. The current study attempted to demonstrate the inhibitory activities of ethanol herbal extract (HEs) and homeopathic mother tincture (MT) of C. officinalis flowers against ESKAPE pathogens and Escherichia coli species.

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 Mosses have proved to have antifungal properties due to their specific chemical compounds. In this study, the different extracts of some mosses collected from Khuzestan province were tested on a phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani, an important pathogen of crops, especially wheat, and compared to the commercial fungicide Benomyl. For this purpose, the dried mosses samples of ethanol, methanol, and acetone were extracted. The antifungal activity was tested by the disc diffusion method, and the growth inhibition zone was measured. Wheat seeds of the “Chamran” cultivar were implanted into moss extract and then transferred into pots containing 1: 10 mixture of soil and soil contaminated with F. solani. After 35 days, the root and crown of wheat plants were examined based on the Wallwork scale. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts caused an inhibitory of 90% and 81% relative to Benomyl, while acetonic extract had fewer effects (76%) in the in vitro tests. In vivo observations had also indicated that ethanolic extracts can significantly control root and crown rot 63.8%.

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Abstract: The influence of cement content increase on corrosion resistant behavior in concretes containing nano-SiO2 was experimentally studied. For comparison, the chloride diffusion of plain concrete and the concrete containing nano-SiO2 was also experimentally studied. The test results indicated that the corrosion resistance of concretes containing nano-particles is significantly improved. However, the index of diffusion chloride ion in the concretes containing nano-SiO2 is directly related to cement content in the mix. The SEM oservations revealed that the microstructure of concrete with nano-SiO2 is more uniform and compact than that of normal concrete, but higher pore size distribution was observed when cement content is increased, which in turn leads to the increase in the diffusion of choloride ion.