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The grape erineum mite (GEM), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) is considered to be one of the most important pests, that sometimes causes irreversible damages to grapevine cultivars in western parts of Iran. Studies were carried out in order to find natural enemies associated with GEM, during 2011-2013. Results indicated that natural enemies included two species of predatory mites belonging to the families Phytoseiidae [Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) khosrovensis, T. (Anthoseius) bagdasarjani], Tydeidae (Neopronematus sp.), one species of Anystidae (Anystis baccarum), one species of Stigmaeidae (Zetzellia mali), one species of dipteran: Cecidomyiidae (Arthrocnodax vitis Rubsaamen), four species, belonging to the family Coccinellidae (Stethorus gilvifrons, Coccinella septempunctata, Hipodamya varigiata, Harmonia sp.), two species of predatory bugs belonging to the family Anthocoridae (Orius albidipennis, O. niger) and one species of Chrysopidae (Chrysopa carnea). Amongst them the cecidomyiid, the tydeid mite and the phytoseiid mites, had higher population densities in this area.      

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Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe necator is a common and severe fungal disease of grapevine all over the world including Iran. Although the application of chemical fungicides is the most common control method, the use of resistant varieties may be the most effective and environmentally sound strategy for managing the disease. Twenty two grape varieties were evaluated against powdery mildew under natural infection and artificial inoculation during 2011–2013 in Ardabil and Qazvin provinces of Iran. In this study, Perlett, Robee seedless, Flame seedless and Tompson seedless varieties were immune; Mish-Pestan, Khoshnav and Torkamanestan 8 were highly resistant; Torkamanestan 4 and Superior seedless were resistant; Shahani-e-Qazvin and Shast-e-Arous were tolerant; Ghermez-e-Bidaneh, Sefid-e-Bidaneh, Fakhri, Sahebi-e-Ghermez, Peikami, Rishbaba-e-Sefid, Siyah-e-Samarghandi and Rotabi were susceptible and Rishbaba-e-Ghermez, Asgari, and Shahroodi were highly susceptible varieties to grape powdery mildew. In general, findings of this research may be used as resistance genetic sources for management of the disease in national and international programs.

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Folkloric fictions are considered as part of cultural heritage of every nation that reflects customs, ideas, traditions, and world view of each nation. Sometimes mythical, cultural and sociological themes are placed in their deep structure. In the recent centuries with growth of technology, many of these oral fictions are going to be endangered, it is important that these fictions be recorded and analyzed before death of their narrators, as far as possible. So, in this study, some fictions of Doshman Zeyari region have collected with field study research methodology and then have analyzed based on mythical, cultural and sociological deep structure. Some mythical, cultural and sociological themes in these fictions are the woman valuable place, emergence of heroin, the battle of drought dragon with rainy year, the relation of horse and moon with fertility, existence of the universe from the cosmic egg, the growth of plant of God’s blood and revealing the secret of slain by the reed that has grown from the blood of slain. On the other hand, we can see the theme of discussed tales in other folkloric tales such as: "Girl and yellow cows "," Mah‌Pishani "," Ajah k m hoo "," Smiling flower "," The secret of the beautiful reed ","The Girls of pomegranate "and" Orange and bergamot "
 
 

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  In this experiment, acetone was used to extract the phenolic compounds of grape pomace by colorimetric method (Folin-Ciocalteu). The phenolics extract levels of 50, 150, 250 and 350 ppm were used to assess their antioxidant activity in raw soybean oil. On day 0, 4, 8 and 12 the proxide value for soybean oil was estimated. Also, the TBA value for soybean oil on day 0, 5, 9 and 13 was estimated. The results showed that the phenolic compounds whose content in grape pomace is 64 g/kg DM has an antioxidant activity. The level of 150 ppm of tannin extract from grape pomace showed a desirable activity to prevent the oxidation of raw soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of this level was higher than those obtained by the level 200 ppm from synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, the use of phenolic compound in grape pomace as natural antioxidants can be recommended.  

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Eight species of Paratylenchus were collected and identified from vineyards in Kermanshah province, western Iran. Description, measurements, line drawings and microscopic photographs are provided for two new records namely P. humilis and P. prunii. Paratylenchus humilis have a lip region truncate-conoid with distinct small submedian lobes in lateral view of female head, stylet shorter than 40 µm, three lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. Paratylenchus prunii have a lip region rounded (slightly truncate in some specimens), without distinct submedian lobes in lateral view of female head, stylet shorter than 40 µm, four lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. Male of P. straeleni is reported for the first time.  

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Appropriate harvesting time of fruits and vegetables is one of the most important quality factors for many purposes such as storage, processing and fresh markets. For determination of maturity index and the best harvesting time of main fruits in Qoochan region the samples of Golden and Red Delicious apples, domestic varieties of cherry and sour cherry and Thompson seedless grape were harvested daily from one week before and after conventional harvesting time. Texture for apple varieties and other factors such as the total soluble solids, acidity, maturity index (TSS/acidity) and energy units were determined each day for all sample fruits. The data were statistically analyzed and the results showed that the best harvesting time for Thomson seedless grape, Golden and Red delicious apples are 2, 14, 15 October respectively, 24 May for cherry and 21 June for sour cherry are recommended . However the climate is very effective factor on date of harvesting and maturity of fruits

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    Drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. During this step, initial moisture content is decreased up to 15 – 17 percent (d.b) for suitable storage. Achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improvement of raisin quality. Temperature, air velocity and pretreatment are important factors in grape drying process and its quality. In this research, effect of the following conditions on time and drying rate of Black currant grape was studied: temperature at four levels of 50,60,70, and 80 ºC, air velocity at three levels of 1, 2 and 3 m/s, and four pretreatments including hot water, %5 potassium carbonate, %0.4 olive oil, %0.5 sodium hydracids and no pretreatment. Diffusivity and activation energy of all treatments were determined. The results show that factors such as temperature, air velocity and pretreatment have significant effects on drying time and average drying rate. Pretreatment has a significant effect on drying process and decreases the time of drying up to 68 percent in some temperature levels. Also by increasing the temperature, drying time decreases up to 66.5 percent in some pretreatments. Increasing the hot air velocity decreases it about 8.3 percent.

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Aims: Increasing the aquatic consumption, developing aquaculture, and the need for aquatic food production will make unclear the availability to fish oil in the future. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacement of fish oil by grape seed oil on growth indices and protease enzymes activity in Rainbow Trout.
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on 450 Rainbow Trout during a 60-day period. In this study, control diet (A) containing 100% fish oil and 25% (B), 50% (C), 75% (D), and 100% (E) grape seed oil were used instead of fish oil. The data were analyzed by Graph pad prism and SPSS 20 software, using one-way ANOVA test.
Findings: The highest final weight and weight gain was in diet C and the lowest was in D, having a significant difference. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) had no significant difference. The highest and lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in diets E and C, respectively, with a significant difference. The highest fat efficiency was in diet C. The highest feed efficiency was in diets C and D and the lowest was in E, and the diets were not significantly different. The most activity of pepsin and trypsin was observed in pyloric additions in diet C and in intestine in C and D. The optimal amount of fish oil replacement was satisfied by grape seed oil 50% (diet C).
Conclusion: The diet containing 50% fish oil and 50% grape seed oil is effective in improving the growth indices and activity of pepsin and trypsin enzymes in Rainbow Trout.

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Thrips species injurious to grapes are known as pests in vineyards all over the world and belong to the main pests of grapes in West Azarbaijan, Iran. In this study, thrips species occurring in West Azarbaijan vineyards were identified and the predominant species documented according to their relative abundance at different growth stages. The seasonal abundance of predominant species was investigated by means of yellow sticky trap catches and weekly sampling from vegetative and reproductive organs of vines. Five species including: Rubiothrips vitis (Priesner), Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Tenothrips discolor (Karny), Tenothrips reichardti (Priesner), and Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski, were collected and identified. R. vitis, constituting 92 and 66 percent of the thrips population on vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively, was found to be predominant. T. tabaci was not found on vegetative organs, but it was found to constitute 32 percent of the thrips found on reproductive organs (flowers). The two species R.vitis and T. reichardti are new records for the Iranian fauna. The number of adult thrips caught by sticky traps was positively correlated with the density of the adults on vegetative (buds and leaves) and reproductive (flower) organs in the first and second generations, respectively.

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       Drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. Achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improvement of raisin quality. In this research, effect of two-temperature and pretreatments on time and drying rate of Black currant grape were studied. Drying was performed in two ways: In the first one, temperatures was constant at four levels of 50, 60, 70, and 80 ºC and in the second one sample were placed at two temperatures. In the latter, samples were placed at 80 ºC and when moisture content was reduced to 50%, temperature was set to 70, 60 and 50 ºC. Four pretreatments including hot water, %5 potassium carbonate, %0.4 olive oil, %0.5 sodium hydracids and no pretreatment were performed. According to the results of the ANOVA, factors such as temperature, two-temperature and pretreatment have significant effects on drying time and average drying rate. Drying time of grape with two-temperature comparing with drying time of constant temperature was decreased up to 67% for some pretreatment. Maximum and minimum activation energy were determined 2893.9, 4538.8 kj/kg.

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Chitosan as a biopolymer has numerous applications in agriculture. Coating fruit and vegetables with chitosan has some positive advantages for the long-term storage of them, because the film of chitosan provides a kind of an active package which inhibits fungal growth and maintains the quality properties of the fruit for a longer time. In this study, the effects of chitosan in extending shelf life of grape (Shahroodi) and quality properties were investigated. The fruits were treated with aqueous solutions of 0.5 and 1% chitosan and then stored at 2°C and 90% relative humidity for 90 days. Changes in weight loss, color, pH, decay and sensory quality were measured. Results suggested that chitosan reduces weight loss, decay, browning, cracking and shatter also increases quality of berries. However, there was no significant different between two chitosan coating concentrations, but in some cases 1% chitosan showed better results than 0.5% for shelf life extension and quality maintaining.

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The larval nutrition of the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, is determinant for its fitness; the amount and quality of the food ingested by larvae strongly influence the insect growth and reproduction. Utilizing appropriate artificial diets is a critical step in establishing a laboratory rearing colony. Generally, two types of diets are used in grapevine moth lab rearing, diets that stay moist and soft (agar-based diets) and those that dry out and harden with time (non-agar-based diets). Agar-based diets are satisfactory for producing small quantities of insects in small food containers, but with large containers, difficulties may occur. The relatively high cost of agar is another reason that stimulated the search for less expensive binders. To the contrary, non-agar based diets are generally used when large numbers of insects are required and where cost becomes a critical factor. In addition, many general-purpose diets (with or without agar) are used for rearing this insect. The selection of a particular diet, however, is a personal decision that should be based on the quality of the produced insects and the diet suitability for the rearing purpose. This paper discusses the artificial diets used by researchers for Lobesia botrana laboratory rearing.

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Grape molasses is one of the famous by products of grape that more produced by traditional methods. In this research, some physicochemical properties of grape molasses such as SG, pH, total sugar, ash and rheological properties by using of a single cylinder rotary viscometer at three temperatures       (25, 45 and 65^oC) and three concentrations of 35, 50 and 76 were measured. Mathematical calculations  in basis of Mitchka method shown that it is non-Newtonian and have dilatant behavior. Arrhenius model used for temperature dependence of consistency coefficient and activation energy calculated in range of 15.197 to 34.070 kJ/mol. Finally, by using of exponential relationship concentration dependence of consistency coefficient was evaluated.

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This project was carried out in order to  Study of possibity of uses from Grape seed extract for prevention of melanosis in cultured shrimp and its instead to synthethic matterial.Treatments including of Grape seed extract processed with 10g/l concentration and control samples. The samples were kept at -18^oC. Chemical and sensory examinations were carried out for a period of six months. No statistically significant difference was observed in peroxide value and free faty acids in test samples compared with the control samples during storage period (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in thiobarbotouric acid and pH in test and control samples during storage period(P<0.05). TVN )Total Volatile Nitrogen( and trimetylamin factors were decreased in test samples compared with control samples. Statistically significant difference was observed in TVN, moisture and trimetylamin in test and control samples during storage period(P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in colour and melanosis in test samples compared with control samples during storage period(P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in Humidity, protein, lipid and ash in test samples compared with the control samples(P>0.05). Test samples had better quality compared with the control samples. The covered samples had a favorable quality until the end of storage period. But, the control samples had a favorable quality for a period of 20 days.

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The yield and quality features of raisin are affected by various factors especially har-vest date and dipping solutions. Combinations of different harvest date (four harvest dates) and post harvest alkaline emulsion (three alkaline solutions) were tested in Vitis vi-nifera L. cv ‘Paycamy’ green raisin production in Kashmar, Khorasan Province of Iran. Such raisin quantitative and qualitative characteristics as: yield, drying ratio (fresh: rai-sin yield), raisin wastes, sugar content, price, color, homogeneity of color, raisin size, alka-line solution residues and surface texture of raisin (shrinkage) were assessed. Harvest date results showed that grape °Brix and raisin sugar content increased from 15.5 to 21 and 53% to 62% respectively. In addition, fourth harvest yield increased raisin yield up to 30% as compared to the first harvest. The amount of wastes resulted from decayed berry in the fourth harvest was higher than those for the other harvest dates, but such qualita-tive traits as color, size and texture softness improved through further fruit ripening. In-teraction effect of alkaline solution and harvest date on price and raisin size (number of raisins per 100 g) were significant (P< 0.01). Alkaline solution affected raisin waste, the differences among post harvest treatments being significant. The color of raisin was not affected by alkaline solution but it was steadily improved with each succeeding harvest date.

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Grape seed oil is the vegetable oil which has essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols and polyphenols. Production and consumption of this oil has gained attention in recent years. Using this oil in diet due to its nutritional properties can have a significant role in health. Therefore, in this research, the effect of frying on some qualitative properties of grape seed oil has been investigated. For this purpose, grape seed oil was heated at 180 ºC for 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Then chemical analysis such as acidic value, peroxide, anizidin value, the amount of tocopherol, polyphenols, carotenoides, chlorophyll and oxidation stability were carried out on the oil. The results showed that the acidic value was increased significantly by heating. The peroxide value first was increased and then was decreased significantly by heating. The anizidin value increased significantly as the peroxide value was decreased. The amount of tocopherols, polyphenols, carotenoids and chlorophyll were decreased significantly during the heating process. The results of oxidation stability showed that the grape seed oil has not high oxidation stability against heating.  

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Grapevine viruses cause significant losses in the yield of grape. This study describes applying silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to produce virus-free grapevine plants and compares it with chemo and thermotherapy. Preliminary molecular analysis proved the presence of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) in the ʻAsgariʼ, ʻPeykaniʼ, and ʻShahaniʼ cultivar samples, then single node explants were cultivated in the MS medium. Thermotherapy at 35 ± 1 ºC and cycles of 35/38 ± 1 ºC, chemotherapy with ribavirin 0, 20, 25, and 30 μg.ml^-1 and using AgNPs at 0, 10, 15, and 20 ppm in medium and 40, 50, and 60 ppm sprayed during acclimatization stage were applied to obtain virus-free explants. The results indicated that using 20 ppm AgNPs in medium and AgNPs combined treatment (15 ppm AgNPs in medium and sprayed with 50 ppm AgNPs in the acclimatization stage) were the most effective treatments for the elimination of viruses. The best treatment led to 100% eradication of GLRaV-1 and 67% of GFLV in ʻAsgariʼ, 100% eradication of GLRaV-1 and GFLV in ʻPeykaniʼ and 100% eradication of GLRaV-1 and 67% of GFLV in ʻShahaniʼ. Furthermore, applying of AgNPs improved plant growth parameters, including plant height, which in infected plantlets was (18.06, 12.36, and 14.92 cm in ʻAsgariʼ, ʻPeykaniʼ, and ʻShahaniʼ, respectively) less than virus-free plantlets. Leaf number was 45, 34, and 27 in virus-free plantlets of ʻAsgariʼ, ʻPeykaniʼ, and ʻShahaniʼ, respectively, but in infected plantlets, it was 24.40, 19.80, and 12. Leaf area increased from 5.34, 5.50, and 5.94 cm² in infected plantlets to 9.56, 11.43, and 12.33 cm² in virus-free plantlets of ʻAsgariʼ, ʻPeykaniʼ, and ʻShahaniʼ, respectively. Complementary results proved that chlorophyll content in virus-free is significantly higher than in virus-infected plantlets, which explains and confirms the change in growth parameters after virus removal.
 

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Aims The secondary metabolites of plants have been considered due to their diversity and roles in plants and human health. Grapevine is one of the plants that have secondary compounds with medicinal properties. such compounds include resveratrol which is a phenolic compound from the stilbenoid group. In order to investigate the resveratrol production under the effect of an elicitor, a CRD design with four replications using Soltani cultivar was done.
Materials & Methods. The salicylic acid (SA) was used as an elicitor with variable concentrations including 0, 10^-4, 10^-5, 10^-6 and was introduced into MS medium without hormones to examine it`s stress effects. At the molecular level, the effect of SA on the expression of stilbene-synthase gene was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. In the biochemical experiment, the rate of resveratrol production was measured by HPLC.
Findings Stilbene-synthase expression analysis showed that SA with a concentration of 10^-4 M had a positive and incremental effect on gene expression and showed a 35.48% of increase compared to the control state, and also the concentration of 10^-5 M increased the gene expression 5.65% in relation with control state. In the biochemical experiment, increasing in production of resveratrol was observed in 10^-4 M treatment compared to the control treatment (6.1 µg) and 10^-5 M treatment (3.25 µg) did not show a significant difference with the control sample.
Conclusion SA as an elicitor and stimulant of resveratrol production could enhance the expression of stilbene-synthase gene followed by enhancing the medicinal properties of the Vitis plant.

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 The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a significant pest causing economic damage to vineyards worldwide. In this research, the cold tolerance of the pupae and its relationship with diapause was investigated at 23 ± 0.5 °C, 70 ± 5% RH, and LD 12:12 h. One-day-old eggs were transferred to LD 12:12 h to induce diapause at the pupal stage. Diapausing pupae exhibited a mean supercooling point (SCP) of -24.35 °C, whereas in the non-diapausing pupae (23 ± 0.5 °C, 70 ± 5% RH, LD 16:8 h), it was -23.06 °C, with no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, diapausing pupae demonstrated significantly higher cold tolerance (LT₅₀ of -14.43 °C) than non-diapausing pupae (LT₅₀ of -3.33 °C). Diapausing pupae tolerated subzero temperatures without significant changes in the SCP, tolerating 11 °C lower than control pupae due to the short daylength alone. Our results suggest that the diapause state and cold hardiness of L. botrana are independent of changes after SCP, and the insect employs a freeze-intolerant strategy to overcome subzero temperatures. Cold acclimation at -5 and -10 °C for 72 h induced a significant decrease in the SCP of diapausing pupae, while a 72-h cold acclimation had no notable impact on the SCP of non-diapausing pupae. These findings provide valuable insights into the survival mechanisms of the European grapevine moth under cold conditions and diapause-related adaptations.


 

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Investigating the role of drought stress conditions on physiological characteristics of plant may provide means to understand basic drought resistance. Differences in leaf emergence rate, leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), leaf mass area (LMA), net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water use efficiency (Anet/gs) and recovery of gas exchange were investigated in two-year-old grapes of three Vitis vinifera L. cultivars ("Khoshnave", "Bidane-Sefid" and "Askari"), subjected to progressive drought stress (soil water potential: -0.2, -0.6, -1, and -1.5 MPa). The results showed temporary reduction in RWC, MSI, leaf emergence rate, LMA, Anet, gs and E. Ci decreased with increasing drought stress. "Khoshnave" grape showed a higher photosynthesis rate than "Bidane-Sefid" and "Askari". Higher LMA of "Khoshnave" may be attributed to the potential for carbon absorbance and higher Anet as compared to the other two cultivars. Complete recovery of Anet for all cultivars occurred one day after rewatering at -0.6 MPa and four days after rewatering at -1 MPa treatments. Complete recovery of gs was not observed in either one or four days after rewatering except for "Askari". The results showed that Anet of "Khoshnave" recovered quickly as compared to those in the other two cultivars. Water use efficiency was maximum in all cultivars under -1 MPa treatment. Similar patterns of Anet/gs were observed for the three cultivars. "Khoshnave" had higher Anet/gs as compared to "Askari" and "Bidane-Sefid" under severe drought stress conditions. "Khoshnave" cultivar, with a higher Anet, higher leaf emergence rate, higher LMA, rapid recovery of Anet, higher Anet/gs was found to be promising for cultivation in rain-fed areas across the west of Iran in comparison with the other cultivars.