Showing 9 results for Immune System
Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract
Background: Immunological factors are important in pregnancy loss because of the interaction between mother and fetus. T-regulatory cells as the component of humeral immune response play important role in the fetu-maternal interface. One of the regulatory mechanisms for these cells is mediated by antigen independent co-stimulatory signals and interaction of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (B7/CTLA-4) is one of these signals. The CTLA-4 which down regulates the activation and proliferation of T-cells occurs in a competitive interaction with CD28 to bind to B7. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of CTLA-4 +49A/G gene with Recurrent Miscarriage in a group of Iranian women.
Methods: In the present study, 60 women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss were selected and considered as the case group. A group of women (n=60) with at least two live births without any previous history of pregnancy loss and autoimmune diseases were taken as control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using standard protocols. The CTLA-4 +49 A/G were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms assay.
Results: The results showed that CTLA-4 +49 A/G polymorphisms were not significantly different in women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss compared to normal individuals. The frequency of G-allele polymorphism was 39.16% and 35.83% in patients and controls respectively.
Conclusions: The data presented may suggest that the CTLA-4 is not associated with recurrent miscarriage in an Iranian population in Northwest region.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the biochemical characterizations of the lysozyme enzyme for evaluation of its importance in the immune system of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.
Materials & Methods: In the present study, lysozyme was extracted from the spleen of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Then, partially purified by ammonium sulfate and some properties such as optimum pH and temperature as well as the effects of different salt concentrations of NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, and urea on enzyme activity were evaluated. The enzyme activity was assayed using a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as a substrate.
Findings: The optimum pH and temperature were found 4 and 50°C, respectively. Furthermore, lysozyme activity was found to be dependent on salt concentration.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it's been concluded that lysozyme extracted from the spleen of the C. carpio has its optimum activity at high temperature and low pH condition and its activity could be continued with the presence of different salt compounds which all these are related to the environmental conditions of natural habitats of the C. carpio and showed that lysozyme could be one of the key factors of the immune system in this species.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the most important pests of crops. Like other insects, this insect has an immune system against external threats such as various diseases, parasitoids, and chemical compounds. Phenoloxidase is a key factor in the immunity of insects and other arthropods. The present study investigated the lethal effects of four insecticides, indoxacarb, profenofos, chlorfluazuron, and hexaflumuron, and their effects on phenolic oxidase activity in cotton bollworm. Among the studied insecticides, in two bioassays (mixture of insecticide with artificial food and immersion of sugar beet leaves), Chlorfluazuron had the highest toxicity (LC50 = 1.71 and 3.11 mg ai/liter, respectively). Also, the highest phenol-oxidase activity at 24 h was for larvae treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron. Also, when treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron, the larvae fed on an artificial diet had higher phenoloxidase activity than those fed on sugar beet cultivars.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (7-2011)
Abstract
A research study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three herbal extracts and an
antibiotic –virginiamycin- on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and
selected intestinal bacterial populations in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred and
eighty 1-day old male broiler chicks were assigned to the basal diet (control) , basal diet
supplemented with 15 ppm of virginiamycin, basal diets with a 0.1% dose of either thyme
(Thymus vulgaris), coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), garlic (Allium sativum) or a blend of
the three extracts in the drinking water. The highest and the lowest body weight and
weight gain were related to virginiamycin and coneflower, (P< 0.05) respectively. The
lowest and the highest feed conversion rates were respectively related to virginiamycin
and coneflower (P< 0.05). Relative weight of bursa Fabricius in the garlic group showed a
significantly more increase as compared with other groups, while the relative weight of
spleen was unaffected by treatments. Cutaneous basophils hypersensitivity response (to
phytohemaglutinin injection) and antibody response to Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC)
was higher in coneflower group (P< 0.05). Antibody responses to Newcastle Disease
vaccine (LaSota) was unaffected by treatments but coneflower improved antibody levels
(P> 0.05). Garlic (Allium sativum) significantly reduced the serum levels of cholesterol,
LDL, and triglyceride as well as significantly increasing the level of HDL. Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris) improved hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin concentration, but not
significantly. The colony forming units of Escherichia coli in digesta of ileo-cecum in the
blend group showed a significantly lower number compared with control. However, there
was no difference observed in E. coli counts between blend group and others, except for
control. The lactic acid bacteria counts in the thyme group increased as compared to
other groups, except for coneflower (P< 0.05).
Hamid Asghari, Sedigheh Asad,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (2-2024)
Abstract
In the last month of 2019, an unknown virus appeared in Wuhan, China. Sequencing studies have shown that the virus is a new member of the coronavirus family, which mostly causes a respiratory disease with pneumonia-like symptoms. The new coronavirus consists of 25 proteins, including 4 important structural proteins and 15 non-structural proteins. Spike protein is one of the most important structural proteins on the surface of the virus; It is highly glycosylated and plays a key role in the virus binding to the host cells. The binding of glycans to proteins affects their structure and function in two ways; They lead to proper protein folding, and can play an important role in protein interactions, and also, by covering the surface of the protein, it causes the virus to escape from the immune system. So it is obvious that the study of glycan structures becomes more important when either a vaccine is going to be designed or glycan structures have important roles in the folding, activity, and interaction of a protein. Therefore, since the spike protein is a non-functional structural protein, the study of glycan structures is important for two goals of vaccine design and investigating the role of glycans in protein interactions. In this article, we are going to review the most important findings on spike protein glycosylation and compare the amount of glycosylation in different viruses, indicating the importance of glycan structures in designing an effective vaccine.
Volume 18, Issue 111 (4-2021)
Abstract
In the present study, simultaneous evaluation for the survival ability of probiotic bacteria at pH 2.5, viability in the presence of pepsin-pancreatin, resistance to bile salt, Adhesion ability, bacterial resistance against antibiotic substances with measuring of minimum inhibitory concentration, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation with interference of (Escherichia coli (NCTC 12900 O157:H7), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) and Listeria monocytogenes (ATTC 7644)) were investigated. In the test of Acid tolerance, it was found that all the strains except LF 55, 61 and F had high viability. Strains LF 56, LF 57, LF 55, O, F and strains LF 56, LF 57 and A7 showed that had the most resistant against pancreatin and in the presence of pepsin, respectively. Furthermore, all of the strains except La5, 52 and 49 were highly resistant to bile salts. Among the 19 strains, Lactobacillus gasseri had the highest adhesion ability (62.90%). Strain Lactobacillus plantarum LF 56 and Lactobacillus gasseri 54 C showed that had the highest potentials for auto-aggregation and co-aggregation (75.31% and 33%) on three pathogens, respectively. Several strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were sensitive to the studied antibiotic substance. However, strains M8 and M11 were resistant to Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol, and also, LF 55 and D showed high resistance against Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol, respectively. It was, moreover, found that Kanamycin, Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol had no significant influence on strains 61. It was demonstrated that Lactobacillus gasseri had medium resistance to Ampicillin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline, while Lactobacillus fermentum showed highly resistance to Ampicillin and Erythromycin. According to the results, human-isolated Lactobacillus gasseri gained the high scores in terms of probiotic properties as compared with other strains. Therefore, Lactobacillus gasseri can potentially protect epithelium tissue of intestine against pathogenic bacteria and it is a preferred candidate for prophylactic purposes, preventing of intestine infections and increasing of body immune system.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (1-2020)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) administration on the growth performance, immune response, and haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout juveniles with an initial weight of 38±2.65 g were allocated into 12 tanks at a density of 15 fish per tank. Fish were fed four experimental diets containing 0% (as control diet), 0.5%, 2%, and 5% sumac-supplementation for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri, and survival rate was calculated for 15 days. Sumac diet significantly increased resistance to the pathogen and led to the control of infection in rainbow trout without changing weight. The leukocyte (WBC) and erythrocyte (RBC), lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil value was significantly higher in fish that were fed a sumac-supplemented diet when compared with the control. Serum lysozyme, and alternative complement pathway haemolytic activity (ACH50) as well as the hepatic expression of TNF-α and IL-1b were recorded to be the highest in fish fed 2% and 5% sumac-supplement. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of IL-10 significantly decreased in fish fed 5% sumac supplementation for 56 days. These results suggest that sumac administration, especially 2% and 5%, may effectively enhance the immune system, resistance to the pathogen, and hematopoiesis in rainbow trout.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract
One of the most important applications of tissue engineering is aiding in the healing and regeneration of damaged tissues. There are many methods, which can be used to control the healing process and direct it to complete regeneration of the damaged tissue. Considering advances in the understanding of different aspects of the healing process, it is obvious that the immune system and inflammatory factors which are excreted by immune cells play an important role in complete regeneration. Actually, without the presence of the immune system, the healing process would not progress properly. Recently, the direction of researches in immunotherapy is toward using tissue engineering techniques for control and manipulation of the activity of immune cells. In this approach, implantation of biomaterials and scaffolds could be utilized for the stimulation of immune cells and secretion of different cytokines in order to improve the healing process. Biomaterial engineering approaches can manipulate and improve the effectiveness of the immune cells on tissue regeneration process via changing scaffolds surface properties (e.g. topography, roughness, crosslinking, and porosity), shape and geometry, size and surface chemistry and also providing sustainable release of cytokines and cell therapy. In this review, we focus on different aspects of the immune system effects on tissue regeneration. We also overview the tissue engineering methods for control and manipulation of the immune cells, which are participating in the healing process.
Volume 25, Issue 4 (10-2022)
Abstract
The coordination of body systems is important for overcoming various conditions. The nervous system, as a fast coordinator of the body, reflexively manages many functions. At the same time, the immune system is involved in endogenous and exogenous factors that disturb homeostasis at any time to protect the body. Research has shown negative feedback between the two systems. Inflammatory factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate the vagus nerve, which increases afferent signals to the central nervous system. The central autonomic network increases efferent vagus nerve impulses. Amplification of efferent vagus nerve activity promotes the release of acetylcholine. Increased acetylcholine suppresses inflammation through its receptors on immune cells. The aforementioned feedback process, which is the two-way communication of the nervous and immune systems, is called the "anti-inflammatory reflex". In the present article, the role of each component and the therapeutic potential of using the anti-inflammatory reflex will be discussed. Moreover, heart rate variability as an index for measuring the state of the anti-inflammatory reflex is considered.
