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  Background : Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells.   Methods: The study included 80 children, 20 of them have T1DM, 40 children were selected from first degree relatives to the same child and 20 healthy children serve as control. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c) were measured. The following biochemical markers were measured in sera of all subjects by ELISA kits: Human insulin ,C-peptide, human islet cell antibody (ICA), insulin auto antibodies (IAA) and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies. Results : This study showed that diabetic children had high level of ICA (65%), IAA (55%), anti-GAD antibodies (50%) and decrease in C-peptide (60%). Whereas the relatives showed high level of anti-GAD antibodies (30%), IAA(25%), ICA(2.5) and decrease in C-peptide (30%). Anti-GAD antibodies were significantly higher among the relatives of the diabetics compared to the healthy controls. Conclusions : The strongest predictors of diabetes were C- peptide and islets cell antibodies, which had odd ratio 4.7 and 3.1, respectively. Autoantibodies could distinguish T1DM patients from healthy control subjects and they may also identify individuals at high risk during progression from pre-diabetes to overt disease.

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Vitamins D and E are two common medicines for diabetes treatment. Among the main issues in this field is the release of insulin into the circulatory system. Increasing the stability of insulin hexamer is an evolving strategy in improving insulin secretion efficiency. Insulin protein is commonly found in three forms: monomer, dimer, and hexamer. In this study, for the first time, computational approaches were used to investigate the effect of vitamins D3 and E on the stability of insulin hexamer. The molecular docking results indicate six specific binding sites for these vitamins. These bind to the hydrophobic sites of insulin subunits due to their structural rings and hydrophobic properties. The G-mmpbsa analysis indicates the stabilizing role of both vitamins. The binding of these vitamins to the hexamer has significantly increased the binding energy between insulin subunits. Also, the number of hydrogen bonds between monomeric subunits of each insulin homodimer increased in the presence of the vitamins. It also significantly increases the number of internal hydrogen bonds of hexamer protein. Accordingly, vitamins D3 and E bind to and stabilize the insulin hexamer, resulting in a slower and more balanced insulin release as well as a longer half-life for the dimer in the bloodstream. These findings will pave the way to design a new strategy to regulate insulin release and increase its half-life in the blood for type II diabetes treatment. Besides, hexamer stabilization can be an effective treatment strategy for type I diabetes through slow release from an implanted biosensor system.

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Baluchi sheep is considered as the most common breed in Iran, constituting about 30% of total sheep population, approximately 15 million heads. This research was designed to study the incidence of mutation in two loci of IGF-I (Exon 3) and ADRB3 (Intron) along with their association with body weight traits in Baluchi sheep population. Following DNA extraction from 190 Baluchi sheep, two pairs of primers were designed to amplify each gene. PCR-SSCP (Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism) and DNA sequencing were employed to detect polymorphism of the mentioned genes. Two banding patterns were detected for IGF-I locus. The frequencies of AA, AB were recorded as 0.89, 0.11, respectively in IGF-I locus. As for ADRB3, two patterns corresponding with two genotypes (their frequencies mentioned in parentheses) of AA (0.85) and AB (0.15) were identified. One SNP change was observed in ADRB3, and one in IGF-I. A previously reported SNP was detected in exon 3 of IGF-I. The effects of IGF-I and ADRB3 polymorphism on the corrected phenotypes for body weight at birth (BW), weaning (WW), 6 months of age (6MW), 9 months of age (9MW) and 12 months of age or Yearling Weight (YW) were examined using least square methods. No significant association was detected between the polymorphism of IGF-I and body weights. As for ADRB3, the genotype AA was found out to exert a significant positive effect on 6MW (AA, 30.20±1.85 kg day^-1; AB, 27.67±1.98 kg day^-1; P<0.05).

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High blood glucose levels in the body named diabetes can increase damage in kidneys, eyes, heart and etc. In this investigation, a novel TS fuzzy static output feedback control structure is proposed to regulate the blood glucose level in the pre-defined desired values for type 1 diabetes using exogenous intra-venous insulin delivery rate. To this end, a nonlinear delay differential equation framework is considered to model the blood glucose/insulin endocrine metabolic regulatory system. The governing equations of the blood glucose/insulin model are approximated by a TS fuzzy model and then the proposed static output feedback controller is designed for this TS model.

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This study investigated how exogenous hormones change ovary and liver IGF-I, IGF-IR and IGFBP-II gene expression and egg production performance of 160 laying hens (HyLine W-36), at 73^rd week of age when subcutaneously injected with different doses of Growth Hormone (GH) and Testosterone (Ts) as follows: Treatment 1 (Tr 1): 100 µL distilled water (control group); Treatment 2 (Tr 2): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 50 µg kg^-1 live weight; Treatment 3 (Tr 3): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 100 µg kg^-1 live weight, and Treatment 4 (Tr 4): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 150 µg kg^-1 live weight. The birds were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups with four replicates of 10 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Fifth-largest-yellow follicle (F₅) and liver samples were taken just 8 hours after hormone injection. Production performance was measured during fourth and fifth weeks after hormone injection. Increase in liver IGF-I mRNA in Tr4 was significantly higher than that in Tr 3 and the control group. The liver IGF-IR gene expressions in all hormone-injected hens were significantly higher than that in the control group. The liver IGFBP-II mRNAs were significantly higher in Tr 2 and 4 compared with the control group and Tr 3. The expressions of IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNAs in F₅ wall of the layers in the control group, Tr 2 and 3, and F₅ IGFBP-II mRNA in Tr 3 were significantly increased compared to the other groups. Ovulation rate in Tr 3 was significantly higher than other groups. Besides, egg mass of Tr 2 and 3 was significantly more than the control group. Feed intake of Tr 3 significantly differed from the other groups. Treatment 4 had significantly higher feed conversion ratio compared with Tr 2. In conclusion, the results show the positive effects of the exogenous Ts and GH through IGF system on reproduction performance in old laying hen.

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Purpose of the study: Myokines derived from skeletal muscle modulate metabolic, inflammatory, and other processes action. Myonectin, a novel myokine, expression and Circulating its level were tightly regulated by the metabolic state, fasting suppressed and exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of endurance training on gene expression Myonectin muscle activity and plasma insulin resistance, in the male adult rats.
Materials and methods: Sixteen Wistar rats (mean weight: 230 ± 15 g; age: 8 weeks) were divided into two groups: (1) Endurance Training and (2) Control groups. Animals in exercise groups received 4-wk endurance training (5 sessions per week) that included running on a treadmill for 45 minutes and at the same time, the control group did not have any exercise. The Soleus muscle homogenates and the expression of Myonectin genes were measured by Real- time PCR analysis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring insulin resistance. The data were analyzed by Independent T Test. Statistical differences were considered significant at P

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Aims: VitaminD deficiency is a common problem, and it is related to increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. But vitaminD has a beneficial effect on insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of vitaminD supplementation with Pilates training on vitaminD status and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 50 men (45-55years) with overweight. Volunteers were selected through convenience sampling and were divided into Pilates training, VitaminD, combined, and control groups. The Pilates program was performed 3sessions/week, 60-75 minutes for session, with the intensity of 50-75% of reserve heart rate. The oral VitaminD received 50000 units of weekly. Data was analyzed by paired t, ANOVA and KruskalWallis tests with a p-value less than 0.05.
Findings: According findings, 60% and 40% of the subjects had deficienciy and insufficient levels of vitaminD, respectively. 8 weeks of Pilates training, VitaminD consumption and the combined intervention were associated with a significant increase in 25(OH)D and decreased glucose, insulin, and IR (P<0.05). But the effect of combination interventions and VitaminD consumption was greater on increasing levels of 25(OH)D than Pilates training. Combination intervention was also associated greater decrease in insulin and IR compared with VitaminD supplementation (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: It seems that VitaminD, Pilates training and a combination of these interventions can improve the glycemic status and VitaminD in overweight people with low levels of vitaminD. Therefore, maintaining a normal status of vitamin D helps to develop the health of overweight people.
 

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Objective: Improving glycemic profile in diabetics is rooted in several metabolic, hormonal and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training on blood glucose levels in diabetic rats with emphasis on insulin resistance and beta cell function.
Methods: For this purpose, 14 male Wistar rats were divided into aerobic training (10 weeks, 5 session/weekly in the form of running on a treadmill, n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups after induction of type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide and Streptozotocin (STZ). Fasting glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance and beta cell function of both groups were measured after lasted exercise session and compared between 2 groups by independent T test at a significant alpha level of less than 5%.
Results: Despite no change in insulin resistance (P = 0.458), aerobic training resulted in significant decrease in fasting glucose (P <0.001) with increased serum insulin (P <0.001) and beta cell function (0.011) compared with control subjects.
Conclusion: Despite no change in insulin function in the target tissue, the improvement in glycemic profile of type 2 diabetic rats in response to aerobic training may be attributed to increased synthesis or secretion of insulin, or in other words, increased beta cell function. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for altering insulin function at cellular levels in response to exercise requires further studies in this area.