Showing 26 results for Maize
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
The surge in biogas energy production has resulted in an accumulation of liquid digestate, a byproduct with possible agricultural utility. To discern its benefits and shortcomings, a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different doses of liquid digestate on maize yield, soil salinity, leaf and grain nitrogen (N) content. The study included both single-year and consecutive two-year applications of liquid digestate at doses of 10, 30, 50, and 70 t ha-1. Based on maize N requirements, any N deficit was supplemented with chemical fertilizers. For the one-year experiment, the highest grain yield was obtained from the chemical fertilization treatment and 70 t ha-1 dose of liquid digestate. In the two consecutive years, 70 t ha-1 dose gave the highest grain yield. Liquid digestate provided N to the soil as effectively as chemical fertilization and stabilized the soil pH within approximately 1 month. However high doses of digestate resulted in increased soil salinity and decreased N use efficiency (NUE). Consecutive two-year application increased electrical conductivity (EC) and pH stabilization in the soil to a greater extent than single-year applications. However, there was no difference in the N content of the plant between single-year and two consecutive applications. In summary, liquid digestate provides significant agricultural benefits such as pH stabilization and increased inorganic N levels. However, our findings indicate that overuse can lead to soil salinity and N losses, underscoring the importance of balanced application to maximize its benefits while minimizing potential drawbacks.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic pollutants, have been observed to exert deleterious effects on plant growth and various physiological processes. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of phenanthrene (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some antioxidant enzymes, and some biochemical compounds of the maize plant were investigated. The experiments were conducted as pot cultures of plants under controlled conditions using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment. Increasing phenanthrene concentration reduced all studied growth parameters and significantly increased photosynthetic pigment contents. Phenanthrene led to the increase in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the roots but in shoots, only the peroxidase activity was increased. Moreover, higher phenanthrene concentrations were associated with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, coupled with a marked reduction in soluble sugar content in both shoot and root tissues (p<0.05). Also, increase in phenanthrene concentration in the shoots decreased the total phenol and flavonoid contents compared to anthocyanin. Phenanthrene treatment led to a significant reduction in the concentrations of lauric acid, meric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid in maize shoots. In conclusion, it seems that high concentrations of phenanthrene induce oxidative stress in the maize, and plants improve their enzymatic antioxidant system to moderate the stress condition. In addition, damage of cell membranes by phenanthrene leads to weakening of plants root system as well as disordering in water and nutrient uptake and finally reduction in the plant growth.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which is known as one of the most important economic pests, can cause severe damage to different crops in Iran and many countries of the world. The effect of five maize hybrids: SC260, SC500, SC700, SC704 and DC370 on lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of sixth instar of H. armigera using lytic zone assay and its association with some fitness parameters of this pest was studied in growth chamber (25 ± 1˚C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L : D) h). Our results indicated that except on SC260, the frequency of high immune-activated larvae on the other maize hybrids was lower than that of low immune-activated larvae. The mean lysozyme concentration in H. armigera larval hemolymph was the highest on SC260 (0.096 ± 0.01 mg/ml) and lowest on DC370 (0.060 ± 0.007 mg/ml). The longest pupal period was on SC500 (12.00 ± 0.49 days) and the shortest was on SC700 (10.37 ± 0.19 days). Daily and total fecundities of H. armigera were the highest on DC370 (61.68 ± 9.85 and 196.89 ± 49.30 eggs, respectively) and lowest on SC260 (20.60 ± 5.88 and 52.71 ± 18.80, respectively). The results of this study can provide fundamental information for management of H. armigera on maize hybrids.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract
Striga hermonthica is a noxious, obligate hemi-parasite of cereal grasses that causes severe grain yield loss in susceptible maize cultivars in Africa. The development of host plant resistance is one of the most practical Stiga control strategies. In this study experiments on 36 maize inbred lines were conducted in pots and in field during the two rainy seasons of 2009 at Kibos and Alupe stations in Kenya. This study was carried out in order to determine the variation in Striga emergence, and the correlation between the attachments of the parasite to the roots. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were detected among the inbred lines for grain yield under Striga-free environment. The Striga damage rating (SDR) was significant (P < 0.05) among the inbred lines. A highly significant and negative correlation coefficient was observed between grain yield and Striga damage rating (r = - 0.67). Positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and ear aspect (r = 0.46) and plant aspect (r = 0.75), respectively. For the experiment in pots, highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among the inbred lines for Striga resistance traits. Striga attachments were found to be correlated with the number of emerged Striga plants. A significant correlation was found between Striga attachments and Striga counts in pots at the 10th week after planting (WAP) (r = 0.25) and the 14th WAP (r = 0.31). Inbred lines JI-30-19 and OSU231//56/44-6-4-17-3 were identified as the most resistant lines as they consistently performed well in both Striga-free and Striga-infested environments. These inbred lines could be used for breeding Striga-resistant maize varieties.
Volume 3, Issue 4 (10-2001)
Abstract
The objective of the present field experiment was to examine how plant density and enhanced
source, i.e. thinning treatments, may affect grain yield and its components for a
non-prolific maize hybrid, SC704. The environment of the hybrid maize crop was
changed at intervals over its life cycle by removing every other plant in rows equispaced
at 75 cm apart with a population of 13.34 plants m-2. The plants were grown with no water
or nutrient restrictions. Results showed that earlier thinning was associated with
greater stem, leaf, shoot and ear dry weight accumulation, ear kernel weight (EKW) and
kernel number per ear row (KNER). In this ways the greatest of these characteristics
were obtained in thinning at sowing i.e. 6.67 plants m-2 throughout. Delay in thinning until
the 12-leaf stage reduced stem dry weight and EKW significantly. Thinning at tasseling
also resulted in significantly lower stem dry weight accumulation compared to thinning at
sowing. At final harvest, the stem dry weight of plants thinned at tasseling was 20.47%
(P<0.05) lower than those thinned at sowing. Similar effects were found upon delay in
thinning until tasseling on leaf, shoot, and ear dry weight accumulation. Delay in thinning
until the 12-leaf stage or later, also reduced EKW significantly compared to plants
thinned at sowing. This reduction was attributable to decreased KNER and 1000-kernel
weight. According to these results, KNER and 1000-KW were found to be yield components
sensitive to light environment.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2015)
Abstract
New sources of maize resistance to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais infestation are indispensable in successful breeding programs against post harvest grain damage. The study investigated the characters and mechanisms that confer resistance to weevil infestation using twenty elite maize genotypes. Detailed morphological and physical studies were conducted on whole-maize grain. The grain hull was separated from the whole-maize grain with a locally-fabricated machine and subjected to chemical analysis. Resistance was assessed at 33 days post infestation using weevil mortality, weevil survival, percent grain damage, weight of grain powder, percent weight loss and oviposition as indices rated on a scale developed by the present study. The resistant genotypes identified, particularly 2000SYNEE-WSTR and TZBRELD3C5 with very high degree of resistance should be used singly or best in an integrated pest management system for the control of S. zeamais infestation in stored maize. Though increases in the physical properties of grain hardness, weight, length and width increased varietal resistance, it was found that the bases of resistance were increased chemical attributes of phenolic acid, trypsin inhibitor and crude fiber while the bases of susceptibility were increased protein and starch. Characters that conferred resistance on the tested genotypes were found in the grain hull. The study identified antibiosis and antixenosis as the mechanisms of maize post harvest resistance to S. zeamais infestation.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2016)
Abstract
Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), caused by the synergistic effect of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV; Tombusviridae: Machlomovirus) and any potyvirus, has the potential to devastate maize production across Africa. Since the first report in Kenya in 2011, MLN has spread to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and probably other surrounding countries. To understand the spatiotemporal distribution of MCMV and MLN risk in Africa, we developed ecological niche models using a genetic algorithm (GARP). Model inputs included climatic data (temperature and rainfall) and known detections of MCMV and MLN across Africa. Model performances were more statistically significant (p < 0.05) than random expectations, with Receivership Operating Curves (ROC) / Area Under Curve (AUC) scores above 86% and Kappa values above 0.936. Field observations generally confirmed model predictions. MCMV and MLN-positive incidences across the region corresponded to a variety of temperature and precipitation regimes in the semi-arid and sub-humid tropical sectors of central and eastern Africa. Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Democratic Republic of Congo have the potential to lose 662,974, 625,690 and 615,940 km2 potential maizelandmass, respectively. In terms of proportional loss of national maize production area, Rwanda, Burundi, and Swaziland have the potential to lose each 100%, and Uganda 88.1%. Future projections indicate smaller potential areas (-18% and -24% by 2020 and 2050, respectively) but climates consistent with current MCMV distributions and MLN risk are predicted even into the future. In conclusion, MLN risk in Africa is high, hence the need for better allocation of resources in management of MLN, with special emphasis on eastern and central Africa, which are and will remain hotspots for these problems in the future.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
A field trial was carried out during the rainy season of 2015 at the Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria to determine the effectiveness of maize Zea mays L. as an intercrop in managing the pests of okra Abelmoschus esculentum L. There were five treatments namely 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1 (okra to maize intercrop ratios), farmers’ practice (random intercrop) and control plot (sole okra). The treatments were assigned one to a plot and arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Data were taken on number of days to 50% seedling emergence, 50% flowering and 50% fruiting, number of holes in the leaf damage, number of fruits, weight of undamaged fruits, weight of damaged fruit and population density of insect pests. The sole okra had the highest leaf damage and number of insect pests. Podagrica uniforma Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was the most important insect pest of okra in terms of population density. Okra intercropped with maize in the ratio of 1:1 was the most effective intercrop system in insect pest management. The intercrop pattern should be promoted while random intercrop pattern practiced by farmers should be discouraged.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (4-2006)
Abstract
The choice of an efficient breeding procedure depends to a large extent on knowledge of the genetic system controlling the character to be selected. The objective of this study was to determine genetic parameters for yield and other traits including some of the yield components under three planting densities, using analysis of generation means (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) derived from crosses of B73 with Mo17 and K74/1 inbred lines of corn. Analysis of variance reinforced the hypothesis that interaction of plant density on genera-tion means depends on evaluating genotypes and the kind of trait. Generation mean analysis suggested that both additive and dominance effects were important for most of the traits evaluated in this study, but dominance had a more pronounced effect. Epistasis affected the expression of nine traits in both crosses at three planting densities. Expres-sion of epistasis and genetic parameters differed in the two crosses and were influenced by plant density. Plant densities interacted more strongly with epistasis gene action than with additive or dominance gene action in both crosses.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (5-2020)
Abstract
In order to introduce new chemical weed management program in maize weed control in Iran, a study was conducted during 2014 and 2015. Experiment were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. 15 treatments of the common maize herbicides, including nicosulfuron, foramsulforon, eradicane and 2,4-D + MCPA were applied in their recommended doses, moreover the treatments related to cycloxydim with dicamba + tritosulfuron were used with different doses and in different times along with two control treatments (weedy and weed-free). Treatments contained 75-150 g a.i. ha-1 of cycloxydim, showed similar results with the common treatments including nicosulfuron, foramsulforon, eradicane and 2,4-D + MCPA. However, treatments with high doses of cycloxydim, had a significant reduction in weed density and weed biomass. There were no significant differences between the effects of treatments on maize grain yield and biomass. Despite the acceptable weed control of the combined treatment of cycloxydim with dicamba plus tritosulfuron, maize canopy could overcome weed growth. Based on the results and by considering cycloxydim efficacy in controlling perennial grassy weeds in maize plantation, this chemical is a suitable option during different growing stages of weeds and maize. Finally, the application of 200-300 g a.i. ha-1 of cycloxydim combined with dicamba plus tritosulfuron was the best option from an economic and environmental safety points of view.
A. Ghaffari Azar , R. Darvishzadeh , B. Molaei, D. Kahrizi, B. Darvishi,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (7-2019)
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, owing to its versatility and wide adaptability, and serves as food, animal feed, and raw material for various industrial products. The purpose of the current research was the classification of maize inbred lines in order to produce hybrid seeds based on agro-morphological traits. Each of 100 maize inbred lines was planted in 6 pots as 6 replications and arranged in completely randomized design in an open area near to greenhouse in 2015. The result of the analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines for all studied traits. The highest correlation was seen between cob’s length and cob’s weight. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 66.4% of seed yield per plant variation was determined by cob’s length and cob’s weight. Cluster analysis divided inbred lines into 4 groups. The highest Mahalanobis distance (28.07) was observed between cluster 2 and 4. The result of principal component analysis confirmed the calcification by cluster analysis. The genotypes from groups 2 and 4 can be potentially used as parental lines in hybrid varieties production and development of segregating populations.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of five host plants on the biology and food consumption of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was evaluated in Egypt. Developmental periods and weight of different growth stages, percentages of pupation and adult emergence, survival, and nutritional indices were evaluated on maize, castor oil, clover, broad bean, and lettuce. The results showed that the developmental period of S. frugiperda was significantly longer on the broad bean. The pupation percentage of S. frugiperda was significantly affected by the host plant. In contrast, the adult emergence was not significantly different on host plants. Our result also showed maximum weights in food consumption, and frass occurred in the larvae fed on lettuce. While the lowest weights for consumption were observed in larvae on maize and broad bean resulting in minimum frass weights. The highest percentage of approximate digestibility (AD) of the larvae was on broad bean and clover, and the lowest AD was by larvae fed on maize. The highest percentages of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and conversion of digested food (ECD) were observed for larvae fed on maize leaves. The lowest values of ECI and ECD were observed on larvae fed on broad bean leaves. Based on the results, it seems that lettuce, castor, and maize were preferred for S. frugiperda.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (1-2011)
Abstract
Maize improvement for high temperature tolerance requires the reliable assessment of parental inbred lines and their combinations. Fifteen maize inbred lines were evaluated during 2007 and 2008 in Shushtar city (Khuzestan Province). The inbred lines were planted at two dates: 6 July, to coincide heat stress with pollination time; and 27 July, as normal planting to avoid high temperature during pollination and grain filling period. In addition, 28 hybrids from a combination of eight selected lines, were evaluated under the same conditions in 2008. Five stress tolerance indices, including mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance (TOL), stress susceptibility (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were used in this study. Data analysis revealed that the SSI, STI and GMP indices were the more accurate criteria for selection of heat tolerant and high yielding genotypes. The positive and significant correlation of GMP and grain yield under both conditions revealed that this index is more applicable and efficient for selection of parental inbred lines in producing hybrids to be tolerant to high temperatures and high yielding under both conditions. Based on two years’ data and using the STI, GMP and MP indices, K166B, K166A and K18×K166B proved to be the most heat tolerant lines and hybrid. Biplot analysis allowed us to distinguish groups of tolerant and sensitive inbred lines and hybrids. Based on the results of this study, the hybrid K18×K166B can be recommended for the Khuzestan region.
Volume 16, Issue 1 (1-2014)
Abstract
Present study examines whether there is any beneficial effect of magnetized water application on seedling emergence of maize seeds. Water from various sources like tap water, saline water (1,500 ppm), canal water, and sewerage water was treated magnetically by passing it through 235 mT magnetic fields at 3 lpm flow rate. Seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours and planted in sand culture. Number of seedling emerged were counted on daily basis while growth data was measured 15 days after planting. Emergence indicators like Emergence Index (EI), Emergence Rate Index (ERI) and Mean Emergence Time (MET) were used to evaluate the germination of maize seed. Results of the present study revealed that application of magnetized water promoted the germination of maize seeds. Emergence index and emergence rate index values increased from 5.50 to 8.92 and 10.06 to 12.84 and the mean emergence time was reduced 17.90% for magnetized sewerage water in contrast to non-magnetized. Magnetized water treatment showed faster and heavier growth in all water types. Overall, the maximum increase in length and weight of emerged seedlings was noted with magnetized sewerage water. Since the results are based on limited laboratory scale study, further testing of magnetized water application in irrigated environment is suggested before making any concrete recommendations.
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2013)
Abstract
Objective: Fusarium species are prevalent contaminants of foodstuffs and agricultural crops. They produce fumonisins, which are carcinogenic mycotoxins. The present study has evaluated maize and wheat samples from ten provinces in Iran that were contaminated with Fusarium species. Special attention was paid to the ability of the isolates to produce fumonisin B1 (FB1) as a public health hazard.
Methods: We collected 32 maize and 15 wheat samples from ten provinces that were major cultivation areas. Samples surface disinfected with a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes. Fusarium species were isolated by the flotation method on malachite green agar. Pure cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were identified using a combination of macroscopic and microscopic morphological criteria. The ability of the isolates to produce FB1 was evaluated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the amounts of fumonisin B1 produced were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results: A total of 55 Fusarium isolates that belonged to five species were isolated. There were 27 of the 32 maize samples (84.4%) and 11 of 15 wheat samples (73.3%) that were contaminated with Fusarium species. Species consisted of F. verticillioides (23 isolates), F. proliferatum (22 isolates), F. subglutinans (5 isolates), F. nygamai (4 isolates) and F. redolens (1 isolate) based on morphological criteria. Twenty-two of the 55 (40%) Fusarium isolates produced FB1 in a total range from 230.4 to 9565 µg/ml. The highest amounts of FB1 production were related to toxigenic isolates of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum.
Conclusion: Results of the present work indicates a high degree of contamination of maize and wheat with Fusarium strains that belong to the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex وparticularly F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. This contamination is a potential public health threat due to food spoilage and subsequent production of high levels of carcinogenic FB1.
Volume 16, Issue 5 (9-2014)
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of aqueous and solvent extracts of twelve selected medicinal plants were evaluated against biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by Aspergillus flavus. The A. flavus was isolated from maize, and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis was confirmed by comparison with standard AFB1 using TLC method. In vivo antiaflatoxigenic efficacies of activity guided solvent extracts were determined in maize model system. All the extracts showed varying degree of antifungal and AFB1 inhibitory activities, but chloroformic extract of Albizia amara, Cassia spectabilis and Solanum indicum, and methanolic extract of Acacia catechu, Albizia saman andAnogeissus latifolia showed the highest activity. Further investigations on identification of active principles from these plants are needed to develop plant based formulations for management of A. flavus growth and AFB1 contamination in food grains.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (1-2015)
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of addition of pulses in crop sequences, crop residue management, and application of fertilizer N on soil nitrogen content, soil organic carbon, nutrient uptake, and its consequences for wheat yields. The field experiments were carried out from 2009 to 2012 in the sub-humid and sub-tropical zone of northern India. The treatments were (i) crop residue retained (+Residue) or (ii) removed (-Residue), (iii) 120 kg N ha-1 applied to wheat, (iv) 150 kg N ha-1 to maize, and (v) a control with no nitrogen applied to either wheat or maize. The cropping systems consisted of a rotation of wheat and maize or wheat and green gram. Postharvest incorporation of crop residues significantly (P< 0.05) increased the wheat grain and straw yields during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. On average, crop residues incorporation increased the wheat grain yield by a factor of 1.31 and straw yield by 1.38. The wheat crop also responded strongly to the previous legume (green gram); grain yield increased by a factor of 1.89 and straw yield by 2.05, compared to the control. Application of fertilizer N to the preceding maize crop exerted a strong carryover effect on grain (1.18) and straw yield (1.26) wheat. Application of N fertilizer to wheat increased grain and straw yields by, respectively, a factor of 1.69 and 1.79 on average. The overall conclusion is that an improved crop residue management, combined with application of fertilizer N or incorporation of legumes greatly improves the N economy of cereal cropping systems and enhances crop productivity in soils with a low N content on the short term.
Volume 17, Issue 7 (12-2015)
Abstract
A four-year field experiment was conducted to understand the characters of nutrient accumulation and distribution in maize under different yield levels, so as to provide scientific guidance for effective utilization of mineral fertilizers, and eventually for high yield of spring maize. The grain yield, nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) accumulation and uptake efficiency were evaluated under different agronomic managements and nitrogen application treatments. The data showed that the two-year average grain yield under high Yield Management (HY) was significantly increased by 35.3% as compared with Traditional Farming management (FP). Interestingly, the increased range of grain yield may be associated with harvest ear numbers, indicating that high planting density could lead to high maize production. Moreover, the total amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in maize significantly increased and the ratio of accumulation after flowering was also improved under HY management. Our results suggested that the high grain yield and nutrient use efficiency would ultimately be achieved through integrating and optimizing high yield cultivation techniques, which not only improve biomass and harvest index, but also promote the growth and nutrient accumulation of maize.
Volume 17, Issue 106 (11-2020)
Abstract
Nowadays, studies have been developing in order to use antimicrobial properties of plants instead of using synthetic preservatives. Jujube is one of the famous herbs. Jujube (Ziziphus jujube. Mill) belongs to family of Ramnaseh and native to the central areas of the Iran plateau. The fruit, leaves and root of this plant have medicinal and wellness properties. In this study, evaluated some physico-chemical of jujube extract (Extraction yield, Moisture, water activity, Fat content, Ash, Brix) and its effect on the mold of Aspergillus flavus. Extraction of dried and Ground jujube fruit was done by soaking with Hydroethanol solvent. Chemical composition of the extract was determined by GC-MS method. So the evaluated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungal concentration (MFC) of extract against Aspergillus fulvous (PTCC 5004) by the dilution method in a liquid medium. In the next step, different concentrations of the extract were sprayed on corn grains and after placing a disk containing suspension of Mold spores in each petri dish. Growth of mold on corn grains was measured during 7 days. The results showed that the hydroethanolic extract of jujube fruit has an anti-mold effect against Aspergillus fulvous and the minimum inhibitory concentration of extract in the culture medium was determined 350 μg / ml and there was not observed any lethality at concentrations less than 1000 μg / ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract in the blanched corn grain medium was 5000 μg / ml. Therefore, the hydroethanolic extract of jujube fruit has an inhibitory effect on Aspergillus flavus but does not have the inactivation effect on this mold and its spores.
Volume 19, Issue 7 (12-2017)
Abstract
This study is an attempt to examine price formation, and dynamics in the Ethiopian maize market. A single commodity partial equilibrium and the Johansen’s co-integration approaches were used to investigate maize price formation and market integration in the Ethiopian maize market. Findings from the maize industry outlook indicated that maize production is expected to grow for the forecasted period. An increase in maize production was, however, not enough to offset the growth on the demand side. From the yield simulation analysis, we found that a 20% increase in maize yield would reduce nominal maize price by 81%. Co-integration analysis indicated that the Ethiopian wholesale maize markets have become more efficient in the recent years suggesting that price related information is transmitted more efficiently across consumption and production wholesale maize markets.
