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With the instrumentation of Mass Spectrometry (MS) and advances carried out in bioinformatic tools and databases, along with birth of nanotechnology in 1990s, biology experienced a dramatic revolution and new perspectives were found in molecular biology and medicine, agriculture, environmental sciences and pharmatiuticals. The most important one is systematic look at the entire organism and solving biological problems at the level of entire system viewed as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions (Systems Biology). In addition, :union: of biology and nanotechnology result in creation of nanobiotechnology. This paper provides an easy-to-read guide to the concepts of some of the major topics in today’s biology. Topics discussed here, include fundamentals of proteomics and systematic descriptions of the various types of studies in proteomics. After a brief review on the physical principles of nanotechnology, the application of one of its products, known as quantum dot in biology and particularly, proteomics studies, were discussed. This account covers the general principles and applications of new emerging fields in biology.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional and phytochemical changes of A. jesdianum leaves on different planting dates.
Materials and methods: The same wild bulbs were cultivated in the October/January 2017 and harvested  on 25 April, 2018. Essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC)and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Also, total protein, vitamin C, non-structural sugars, antioxidant activity and nutritional elements of the shoots were measured. Findings: The main compounds of the leaf essential oil in October, November, December and January were Dimethyl trisulfide (12.11%, 15.1%, 12.4% and 10.2%). The results showed that the morphological traits of A. jesdianum in different planting dates have a significant difference(P > 0.05). The highest germination (68.33%), shoot height (31.33 cm), root leagth (16.33 cm), aerial dry weight (3.50 g), bulb diameter (3.76 cm), bulb fresh weight (12.66 g), bulb dry weight (6.40 g), leaf length (24.4 cm) and leaf width (1.43 cm) were recorded in November plants. As well as bulbs cultivated in November had the highest , amount of potassium (13.7 mg.g^-1 DW), iron (2.5 μg.g^-1 DW), copper (0.43 μg.g^-1 DW), zinc (2.1 μg.g^-1 DW) and manganese (2 μg.g^-1 DW) compared to other planting dates. The highest amount of vitamin C (86.33 mg.100g^-1 FW), antioxidant potency (IC₅₀=37.00 μg.mL^-1 , phenolic (77.00 mg galic acid.100 mg^-1 DW), flavonol (66.66 mg rutin.100 mg^-1 DW), and flavonoid (136.33 mg rutin.100 mg^-1 DW) were obtained in the planted samples in November.

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Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from dry fruits of Carum copticum. Thymol (36.7%), -terpinene (36.5%) and -cymene (21.1%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. The anti-bacterial activities of the oil were mainly investigated against food poisoning bacteria (Salmonella thyphimorium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) by broth microdilution and agar diffusion methods. The oil exhibited significant anti-bacterial activities against all the examined bacteria. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the oil of Ajowan is rich in monoterpenes and it may be used as a natural anti-bacterial agent in drug and food industries.

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Entomopathogenic fungi produce secondary metabolites which may bioactively help fungus in its virulence toward insect hosts. Beauveria bassiana produces several toxic low molecular compounds in vitro as well as in vivo, the most important of them is Beauvericin. The BEH isolate of the fungus was selected for Beauvericin assay. Beauvericin was obtained from surface and submerged cultures of the fungus in PDB and PDA, culture filtrates, and in vivo conidia harvested from insect cadavers. Results indicated that in vivo fungal conidia contained the most Beauvericin, causing a higher mortality to Galleria mellonella larvae as compared with in vitro fungal products in their different concentrations. Beauvericin chromatogram revealed that Beauvericin was in its greatest quantity in comparison with the other secondary metabolites of BEH isolate. The impact of Beauvericin on mean larval survival and on paralysis time was in agreement with bioassay data showing lower ST₅₀ vs. higher PT₅₀ in larvae treated with metabolites of the insect-derived conidia.

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In this study, 120 accessions of Aegilops crassa collected from various geographical areas of Iran were analyzed with respect to genome size and protein markers. A flow cytometry survey of these accessions revealed that one hundred and thirteen of the accessions were tetraploid and seven were hexaploid. Moreover, these accessions revealed variations in high molecular weight glutenin subunit compositions. In most accessions, subunits showing electrophoretic mobility similar to that of Dy12 were present. Eleven allelic variants were observed in Glu-D1 locus with the highest (30.90%) and the lowest allele (0.5%) frequencies in 3+12 and 2+10 variants, respectively. Among 17 bands selected for MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS analysis only 6 bands were identified with high probability and 11 of them had no MS/MS data. The results showed that Iranian accessions of Ae. crassa formed an interesting source of favorable glutenin subunits that might be very desirable in breeding programs for improving bread wheat quality.

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The production of secondary metabolites of medicinal plant

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Industrial lemon juice may contain unauthorized additives that can lead to various diseases in society. As a result, it is highly important to use effective methods to identify the fake lemon juice. In this study, for the first time in our country, detection of cheating in industrial lemon juice in Golestan province is presented by analyzing organic acids, including citric acid, isocytic acid, malic acid, and also determining the ratio between citric acid and isocytic acid using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by analyzing natural lemon juice samples. The limits of detection and quantification were 2 and 5, 0.02 and 0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 mg L^-1 for citric acid, isocytic acid, malic acid, respectively. Industrial lemon juice samples were selected from commercially available brands, and fake samples were detected by comparison of the amounts of organic acids with the authorized values set by the European Standard. The results showed that the proposed method is very effective and sensitive in detecting cheating samples of industrial lemon juice.
 

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In this research a validated and effective method for simultaneous analysis of 24 poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detector was developed in traditional and semi industrial bread samples. Sample preparation was done based on QuEChERS method and developed method was validated and applied for analysis of bread samples. Matrix effect was evaluated by comparing the slopes of solvent-based calibration curve and spiked calibration curve in blank sample. Among the 24 analyzed compounds, 22 (91%) and 2 (8%) compounds presented the ion enhancement and ion suppression respectively. Therefore’ spiked calibration curve was used for overcoming matrix effect. In the concentration range of 10-500 ng/g, the calibration curves for each analyte was linear with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.990 to 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) for different PAHs were between 0.14-1.49 and 0.46-4.91 ng/g, respectively. The mean recoveries obtained for three fortification levels (25, 50 and 200 ng/g, three replicates in each day) in three consecutive days were 86-111% (n=27), and also the average of relative standard deviations (RSDs) of PAHs were in the range of 2.85-11.57%  with a satisfactory precision (RSD<20%). Analysis of bread samples using the validated method showed that Naphthalene was found in 9 traditional Barbary bread samples (45%) in the range of 46.34±1.89 ng/g and any compounds was detected in semi- industrial samples. All of the obtained positive results were higher than the legal permissible limits (1.0 ng/g) proposed by the European ::union:: for processed cereal-based foods. The final findings showed that direct flame exposure in gas oven during baking of Barbary bread could produce PAH compounds.

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Date Plum (Diospyros Lotus) has high health-promoting properties which they are mainly attributed to its available bioactive compounds. In present study, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the date plum syrup was investigated and the extract compounds identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured. Antimicrobial activity was performed on four bacteria by disc diffusion method. The research results indicated high total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the date plum extracts. Surveying antioxidant properties of date plum extract also implicate its high antioxidant properties. DPPH radical scavenging activity of date plum extract at concentrations of 800, 400, 200, 100 and 50 micrograms/milliliter has been 82% , 61.53%, 53.51%, 32.52%, 18.31%,  respectively. In investigation of antibacterial properties, the date plum syrup had high inhibiting effects on growth of different types such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in high dilutions (50 and 100 mg/ml).. The date plum extract includes high amounts of sugar and functional components such as 5,5-Epoxymethano-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo (17/77%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (17/01%) and 1-allyl-3-methylindole-2-carbaldehyde (11/2%).

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Froriepia is one of the Apiaceae genera. Only one species of this genus (Froriepia subpinnata L.) has been reported in Iran. In most parts of the North of Iran, young and pristine leaves are applied as stuffing in the preparation of various local foods. Despite wide applications of this medicinal plant, previously little research has been done on it. In this investigation, chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of wild and cultivated Froriepia subpinnata essential oils were evaluated and compared. Applying GC and GC-MS, 53 components were registered in cultivated plant essential oil with major components- myrcenone (27.40%), limonene (18.60%), terpinolene (14.70%), and totarolone (7.35%), while 72 constituents were identified for wild plant essential oil with myrcenone (36.95%), limonene (13.62%), terpinolene (11.04%), and β-pinene (7.69%) as the major constituents. The antibacterial and the antimycotic activities of these oils were tested against six bacterial and fungal strains. The Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, was most susceptible with MIC values 1-2 µg mL^-1. The study results demonstrated that the main compounds were the same in the wild and cultivated plants essential oils. Also, it seems that cultivation only influences the essential oil yields, while the essential oil composition remains mostly constant.