---

  Shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.) is a perennial plant from Alliaceae family. It is native to Iran and grows as a wild plant. This research was carried out to determine the fatty acid profiles and mineral elements (K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) of seventeen Iranian shallot landraces (Kangavar, Siakhdarengoon, Sahneh, Ashtian, Dashtearzhan, Koohrang,   Sepidan, Divandareh, Boroujerd, Khomein, Yasuj, Nahavand, Khansar, Harsin, Arak, Doshmanziare and Koohmaresorkhi). Results showed that the highest and lowest dry matter (36.71 and 29.15%) were belonged to Harsin and Doshmanziare landraces, respectively. Kangavar landrace had the highest amount of Fe and Cu and Koohrang landrace had the highest amount of Mg. The highest amount of Na was determined in Harsin landrace. The highest amount of K and Mn were determined in Sahneh and Zn in Khomein landraces. Determination of fatty acids with gas chromatography showed that the highest lonolenic acid (ω3) and linoleic acid (ω6) were observed in Ashtian and Sepidan landraces, respectively. This research showed that Iranian shallot landraces are important in mineral elements and essential fatty acids content and are recommended for human nutrition.  

---

    Carboxymethyl cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate biopolymer that has excellent film-forming properties. But its main problem is its poor resistance to water vapour transport. In this study the effect of glycerol as plasticiser and oleic acid as an edible hydrophobic agent were investigated. Results showed that by increasing of oleic acid up to a certain content, moisture uptake decreased significantly (about 53/5%). By Increasing the concentration of glycerol significantly increased moisture uptake (about 64%). Studying of mechanical properties, showed that both glycerol and oleic acid have plasticizing effect on the films but glycerol showed more effective role on decreasing tensile strength and increasing flexibility then oleic acid. Both glycerol and oleic acid are able to decrease glass transition temperature of films. But the effect of the glycerol on the thermal properties of films was higher than oleic acid. 

---

  Walnut is considered a valuable nut crop because of high valued nutritional compounds like unsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to determine protein, oil and fatty acid compounds of some walnut cultivars and genotypes. The investigated cultivars were ’Chandler‘, ’Hartley‘, ’Pedro‘, ’Serr‘, ’Z₆₀‘, ’Z₆₃‘ and ’Z₃₀‘. The oil content was measured using the soxhlet extraction method based on dry weight, and the percentage varied from 60 to 75 percent. Fatty acids compositions were measured using gas chromatography (GC). The results in mentioned cultivars showed that the unsaturated fatty acid compounds were dominant in walnut oil. The main fatty acids were linoleic acid (44.84-68.44%), linolenic acid (15.31-23.92%), oleic acid (8.02-31.62%), palmitic acid (2.42-6.44%) and stearic acid (1.65-2.48%), respectively. Protein content varied from 14.67 to 20.38%. In conclusion, ’Hartley, had the highest and ’Z₆₃‘ had the lowest unsaturated fatty acids among the studied cultivars. ’Z₆₃‘ had the lowest and ’Z₆₀‘ had the highest saturated fatty acids among all of the cultivars.

---

---

Salep composite films containing 0±30% (w/w)  oleic acid or stearic acid – were prepared through emulsification and their physical, mechanical, and barrier properties were evaluated and compared. Emulsified films were softer than pure films. Addition of the fatty acids to salep films significantly improved the WVP (P<0.05), but lowered the tensile strength. Stearic acid was more effective than oleic acid in reducing the WVP, but films with oleic acid showed better mechanical properties overall than those with stearic acid . Also the presence of fatty acids decreased solubility in water and caused the films to become opaque. On the other, fatty acids showed different effects on the elongation at break. This work showed that when taking all the studied variables into account, films formulated with oleic acid were found most suitable for various food applications.  

---

---

Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) is one of the most important nut fruits and products, which is commercially grown in vast areas of the world. Almond kernel contains valuable compounds including vitamins, carbohydrates (fiber and soluble sugars), protein, fatty acids and mineral salts. Considering the importance of fatty acids in almonds. this study investigated the fatty acid content of pollen and seed parents and offspring of Shahrood 12 with selective pollinizers using Gas chromatography (GC). Also oil extraction by Soxhlet Elements were measured by atomic absorption method in parents and progeny of crosses. Some quantitative and qualitative traits related to dried fruit and almond kernels were also analyzed. The results showed that the highest amount of kernels weight in progeny obtained from crosses was related to free pollination. The results showed that the highest amount of oleic acid (18: 1) and linoleic acid (18: 2) was observed in MSK84 (75.51%) and shahrood14 (19.20%) pollinizers, respectively. Also, the highest amount of oleic acid with 72% was obtained in the offspring of Shahrood 12 (♀) × Shahrood 14(♂). The maximum amount of linoleic acid was obtained with 18.40% in the offspring resulting from Shahrood 12 (♀) × MSK84 (♂). On the other hand, the highest amount of palmitic acid (9.5%) was found in the progeny obtained from open pollination of Shahrood 12. These three types of fatty acids have the highest percentage among the seven fatty acids measured in the almond kernel. The highest amount of oil was obtained in progeny of mother Shahrood 12 with 54.42% MSK82 and 38.32% in MSK83 also The results showed that among the different genotypes Rate of oil (38.32-54.42%), Iron (85.48-138.53 mg / _{1000 g}), Copper (20.32-47.48 mg / _{1000 g}), Manganese (18.04 -44.67 mg / _{1000 g}).
 

---

Fine wheat powder is a natural polymer that obtained from of pneumatic process in which light particles are not allowed to be used in bakeries despite the presence of nutrients and lead to reduced quality of flour. The purpose of this study was production of emulsion film based on wheat soft powder as a new and inexpensive raw material and investigation of two types lipids (oleic acid and beeswax) at different concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) on physical and mechanical properties of emulsion films. The results showed that by increasing lipid concentration, thickness, turbidity and tensile strength increased. But moisture decreased and elongation at break decreased as compared the control film. Comparison between the lipid concentration showed that increasing the concentration of beeswax compared to oleic acid had more effect on increasing the turbidity value of the emulsion film. Water vapor permeability of emulsion film containing 5% oleic acid (1.82×10^-10 g^-1m^-1s^-1pa^-1) was lower as compared beeswax film at similar concentrations (2.30×10^-10 g^-1m^-1s^-1pa^-1). In addition, scanning electron microscopy images showed the surface of 10% oleic acid film was smooth and uniform with smaller pores as compared the control sample which confirm the water vapor permeability results. The results of this study indicated the good capability of fine wheat powder in preparation of emulsion film containing oleic acid and beeswax application in food packaging.

---

The results of this study showed that the highest amount of linoleic acid in the offspring resulted from the cross between female parent genotype of MSG₁₅ with pollinizers of MKG₂₄ was 57.42 % and the lowest value in the pollinizer of MKG₁₀ was 47.11%. Also, the highest amount of oleic acid was found in the MKG₁₀ pollinizer in the amount of 27.33 % and the lowest in the offspring resulted from the cross between female parent genotype of MKG₁₅ with pollinizers of MKG₂₄ was observed 19.78%. The highest amount of linolenic acid was obtained in pollen parent of MKG₁₀ with 19.30% and its lowest value with 13.88%was found in the offspring of MKG₂₄ parent that pollinated by self-pollen. The highest amount of palmitic acid with 5.80% resulted in self-pollination of MKG₂₄ parent and the lowest value was observed 3.30% in MKG₁₀ pollinizer. The maximum amount of stearic acid with 3.11% was obtained in the offspring from self-pollination of MKG₂₄ and the minimum value with 1.27%was found in the MKG5 pollinizer and offspring resulted from the cross between seed parent genotype of MKG₂₃ and pollinizer of MKG₅. 

---

Various nutraceutical properties of olives are ascribed to their different oil compositions and diversity of their active substances. Iran is endowed with great olive diversity which deserves to be studied. Accordingly, nine minor Iranian olive varieties, i.e. Tarom (T) varieties, were studied. Characterization of these minor varieties (T10, T15, T16, T17, T18, T20, T22, T23, T24) along with 3 major Iranian and 4 Mediterranean varieties with 11 chromosomal SSR markers revealed remarkable diversity among them. Most of T varieties had oil and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) comparable to Mediterranean olives. In comparison with Mediterranean varieties, T18 and T22 had higher Oleic Acid (OlA). T24 and T18 contained the highest and the lowest Linoleic Acid (LiA), respectively. T18 exhibited the highest OlA/LiA ratio. T24 was exceptionally phenols-rich variety followed by T20. Radical Scavenging Activities (RSA) results hardly suggested linear correlation between TPC and antioxidant capacity of the examined varieties. Nonetheless, T22 showed Phenol Antioxidant Coefficient higher than Mediterranean samples. Harvest time was influential on LiA content and the (RSA/TPC) ratios. Considering nutraceutical potential, some of T varieties are superior to the prevailing Iranian and Mediterranean varieties, so, they deserve to be introduced to olive improvement programs.

---

One way to protect food and nutrients is to use gamma irradiation. Gamma rays are capable of influencing fatty acids, thus, this research was carried out to test the impact of using gamma rays on pistachio stored for six months and to determine the optimal effective dose of gamma with no negative impact on the amount of fatty acids in different types of pistachios. Three doses including 3, 5, and 9 kGy of gamma rays were used to protect and store different pistachios in Kerman. After being exposed to gamma rays, the pistachios were stored for six months in a storehouse at 5°C and (9-43%) RH. Every three months, the samples were analyzed. The greatest amount of oleic acid was found in Ahmad Aghaei pistachio type (62.08%) followed by Ohadi (61.03%), Kaleh Qouchi (59.83%), and Akbari (55.80%) types (P< 0.05). Over time, oleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids decreased in all of the control and test samples. After three months of storing, in Ahmad Aghaei pistachios irradiated with a 3 kGy dose of gamma, the amount of oleic acid fatty acid was 45.15%. With 5 kGy dose, after three months, oleic acid fatty acid was 66.65%, and with 9 kGy dose after three months, it was 59.90%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of irradiation doses of 5 and 9 kGy affects the increase of unsaturated and derived fatty acids, thus, the dose of 5 kGy irradiation is most appropriate.
 

---

The species Prunus fenzliana is acknowledged to be the possible ancestor of cultivated almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and other wild almond species. The objective of this study was to determine phenological and pomological properties and fatty acid composition of the almond species Prunus fenzliana Fritsch, which grows naturally on the slopes of Mount Ararat. The study was conducted in 2016 and 2017. The fruit weight with shell, kernel weight, fruit thickness with shell: kernel ratios of the selected almond genotypes were 0.47–0.89 g, 0.13–0.22 g, 0.87-1.31 mm, and 22.38-37.36%, respectively. Double kernelled fruits were encountered in two genotypes [(PFG-10 (6.67%) and PFG-15 (7.14%)]. In 2016, the first flowering, full flowering, and harvesting time of the genotypes ranged from 20-25 March, 24-31 March and 17-23 August, respectively. In 2017, the first flowering, full bloom, and harvest time were observed between 08-12 April, 13-17 April and 4-9 September, respectively. The oleic acid concentration was much higher than in previous studies. In this context, the oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic and myristic acid concentrations were 69.2-77.9, 15.2-18.5, 4.6-5.3, 1.2-1.6 and 0.7-1.7%, respectively. The results revealed that genotypes under the Prunus fenzliana species could be used as a genetic resource in rootstock breeding programs and could be utilized in chemical and pharmaceutical industry due to its rich fat content.
 

---

In this study, the essential oil composition, antioxidant activities, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and of metanolic extract of Iranian and Afghanestanian populations of Ferula assa-foetida were evaluated. Essential oils were analyzed by using GC and GC/MS, The antioxidant activity were measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, also phenol and flavonoid content were measured by gallic acid and quercetin as standard compound. Result showed that propenyl sec butyl disulfide (42.72%), acetone, dimethyl mercaptole (14.84%) and gamma- eudesmol (8.6%) were the main compouned found in the Iranian population while; the Afghanestanian population were rich of propenyl sec butyl disulfide (39.61%), acetone, dimethyl mercaptole (18.25%) and 8-ethyl-pentathiadecane (18.97%). In DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests, Iranian and Afghanestanian populations have stronger antioxidant activity respectively, also, the results demonstrated that the Afghanestanian population have more phenolic and flavonoid contents than the Iranian population. Overall, the results showed that the two populations investigated in this research have differences in terms of the type and percentage of essential oil compounds, antioxidant activity and phenol and flavonoid content. These differences are probably caused by differences in ecological factors such as the habitats of these populations and the influence of these factors on the studied parameters.
Key words: propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, dimethyl mercaptol acetone, DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid

---

Nowadays, due to the interest in consuming extra-beneficial foods and the increasing spread of cardiovascular diseases, the desire to consume extra-beneficial products has increased. Therefore, researchers are looking for the optimization of new formulations of products with practical features in this direction. The study aimed to produce a functional energy drink containing tannin-linoleic acid-conjugated chitosome. After extracting bioactive compounds (especially tannin) from pomegranate peel, they were included in the structure of chitosomes along with conjugated linoleic acid. The results showed the significant effect of different concentrations of pomegranate biological extract on the oxidative stability of linoleic acid. The results showed the significant effect of different concentrations of pomegranate biological extract on the oxidative stability of linoleic acid. The examination of nano-chitosome groups showed the presence of structures in pomegranate bioactive along with linoleic acid in chitosomes. The uniformly chitosan spherical particles were observed with sizes of 77.66 and 79.90 nm. The addition of nano chitosomes showed a significant increase in pH (decrease in acidity), increase in turbidity, viscosity, two phases, and phenolic content. Also, a decrease in the L* value and an increase in a* and b* values were reported. The present results showed that biopolymers play a key role in the stability of the liposome membrane structure. They have a stable release of molecules trapped by a spatial barrier on the surface. This nano chitosome will provide a potential platform for the carrier's design for nutrients or preservatives, to increase the shelf life and safety of food matrices.