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On the basis of preliminary in vitro screening tests, a competent strain of Pantoea agglomerans ENA1 (P. agg. ENA1) recovered from soybean nodule was evaluated for its antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina causal agent of charcoal rot of soybean. The results of various in vitro assays showed that P. agg. ENA1 is capable of exerting strong antagonistic effect against M. phaseolina inhibiting its mycelial growth up to 89% as compared to control. The results showed a significant reduction of the disease as measured in host-plant weight increase, reduced microsclerotial coverage of the host tissues and decreased population of the pathogen in soil. Soils treated with the antagonist in presence of the pathogen resulted in 40% increase in aerial fresh weight and 63% decrease in root and stem surface covered by microsclerotia as compared with control. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the pathogen population ranging from 73 to 76% was observed in sterile and non-sterile soils, respectively. P. agg. ENA1 is suggested as a potent biocontrol agentthat provides excellent rhizosphere colonization and control of M. phaseolina    

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       Vegetable oils contain a little amount of phospholipids or phosphatides and in soybean oil compared with other oils usually more phosphatides exists. In the oil refining process , phosphatides exert adverse effects on the quantity and quality of the oil and their presence in the oil distributed in supermarkets could also create undesirable effects during consumption. If, however, phosphatides are extracted properly from the oil, they could have valuable applications such as emulsification in many food systems.Five varieties of soybean cultivated in Iran ( Sahar, Williams, Gorgan, Simes and Hill) were selected for this investigation. Hexane could be used to extract oil and phosphatides but the output of the extracted phosphatides is low. This is due to the polar nature of phosphatides which does not allow these compounds to be completely dissolved in a non-polar solvent like hexane. In fact, the proper solvent for this purpose is a mixture of chloroform and methanol, but such a solvent is expensive and its recovery is costly as well. Thus, a kind of hexane, containing some polar compounds and manufactured in Iran was used for the extraction of oil. With this solvent and relatively severe conditions for the extraction, the amount of the extracted phosphatides increased to 1.72% . Considering that the phosphatides^, constituents could affect the process of their separation from the oil and also their functional characteristics, the amounts of individual phophatides form each varieties were determined. The results indicated statistical significant difference among different varieties (P< 0.05). Although, for fatty acid composition, relatively considerable difference was observed among oils from different varieties, this difference was less on the fatty acid composition of their phosphatides.

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Rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is a major constraint to soybean product in Asia. Early detection and possibilities of controlling plant diseases by the integration of several image processing methods has been the subject of extensive research. The main contribution of this paper is to present different methodologies for quantitatively detecting soybean rust at each stage of disease development, identify disease even before specific symptoms become visible and grade based on percentage of disease severity. Severity of rust infection levels at each stage of disease development was observed for 25 days on soybean leaf. Then color distribution and pixel relationship in rust infected leaf image was calculated based on global and local features for quantifying rust severity. Further, rust disease was categorized into grades based on infection severity levels and percentage disease index (PDI) was calculated. The maximum PDI of 95.5 was observed at 25^th day and minimum PDI of 0.2 was observed at 6^th day.  

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  In the present study the effects of extract from the peels of Ramus potato variety as a natural antioxidant in refined soybean oil were investigated using the Schaal oven and Rancimat methods. Phenolic antioxidants of potato peels were extracted by two different solvent extraction methods (Solvent with methanol and ultrasound-assisted method with different solvents including methanol, ethanol, hexane, acetone and water ). The total phenolic compounds were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Maximum amount of extract was obtained with water, followed by methanol and ethanol but maximum amount of phenolics was obtained                                                            with methanol, followed by water and ethanol by ultrasound method. Sonication improved the total phenolic compounds of the potato peel extract and shortened the extraction times.                                                                                                   After 16 days storage at 63°C,soy bean oil containing 200, 800, 1600, and 2400 ppm of  methanolic extract of potato peels, attained lower peroxide values (PV , 42.67 , 37.35 , 24.65 and 19.09 meq/kg, respectively) than the control sample (PV , 64.08 meq/kg ) indicating strong antioxidant activity. Oils treated with 200 ppm of BHA, BHT and TBHQ attaind PVs of 33.20 , 28.88 and 9.96 meq/kg, respectively, after 16 days storage at 63°C. Also, results Rancimat (at 90,120,150°C) showed that potato peel extract, at concentrations of 1600 and 2400 ppm exhibited strong antioxidant activity which was almost equal to synthetic antioxidants (BHA & BHT).                                                                                                                                                     

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In comparison with traditional extraction methods, aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from oilseeds is a recent clean technology. This paper reports work performed at laboratory scale to extract soybean oil by aqueous enzymatic extraction method. In the present work the influence of enzymes concentration, extraction time, dilution ratio, particle size and 3 interactions in the final yield are evaluated and process parameters have been optimized by Taguchi method.16 extraction experiments carried out, statistical analysis showed that particle size was the most significant variable in oil extraction. Themaximal oil extraction yield was 61.42%.

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An experiment was conducted to reevaluate the digestible lysine requirement of Arian male broilers by comparing the performance of chicks fed different levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) on a total amino acid (AA) versus a digestible AA basis. Four hundred and thirty two (432) Arian male broiler chicks were allotted to 18 treatments with four repli-cates of six chicks each in a completely randomized block design in a factorial arrange-ment with two factors (two levels of digestible lysine  nine different diets). The first of the eighteen treatments was the corn and soybean meal control diet based on previously de-termined digestible lysine requirement for maximum body weight gain. Diets 2 to 5 con-tained 5, 10, 15 or 20% CSM, respectively and were formulated to contain levels of total AA equivalent to those in the first treatment. Diets 6 to 9 contained the same levels of CSM as diets 2 to 5 but the diets were formulated to be equal in digestible AA content to the first treatment. Treatments 10 to 18 were the same as treatments 1 to 9, but on the ba-sis of determined digestible lysine requirement for maximum feed efficiency. Formulating diets containing CSM on a digestible AA basis resulted in an improvement in chick per-formance compared to those formulated on a total AA basis (P<0.01). The lessening of chick performance with diets formulated on a total AA basis compared to a digestible AA basis, indicated that the previously determined digestible lysine requirement for the Arian broiler strain may be correct.

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This study aims to elucidate the relationship between the larval armyworm Spodoptera litura F. population density (0, 2, 4, and 6 per plant) with leaf damage level and yield loss in three soybean varieties, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Grobogan. S. litura larvae were introduced both in the plant’s vegetative phase (20 and 30 days after planting) and its generative phase. This research used a split-plot design with the varieties as the main plots and the larval population as the subplot, with five replications. The results showed that the highest leafdamage was in the Anjasmoro, 6.5% to 8.87% in the vegetative phase and 6.95-7.81% in the generative phase. Meanwhile, Argomulyo had 5.96% to 6.68% and 5.78% to 6.39% of damage in both phases, and Grobogan was less susceptible, with 5.90% to 5.98% and 5.28% to 6.17% at the vegetative phase and generative phase, respectively. The highest decline in seed yield was in Argomulyo (0.81% and 0.79% in the vegetative and generative phase) and the lowest was Anjasmoro (0.66% and 0.64% in the vegetative and generative phase). For the population density, the highest level of soybean varieties seed yield loss in South Sulawesi was with 6 larvae per plant, which was at 23.44% in the vegetative phase and 23.48% in the generative phase. Among the varieties, the highest of seed yield loss was with Argomulyo (14.93%) and the lowest at Anjasmoro (11.30%). It can be concluded that the relationship between the S. litura larvae population density and the decrease of seed yield is quite strong (90.2% to 96.4% for vegetative phase and 94.8% to 96.4% for generative phase).

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Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) which belongs to the virus family Potyviridae, causes a disease in soybean that is present in soybean-growing areas of the world, and is widely distributed in northern Iran. Detection of SMV is very important for disease management. In the present study several serological and molecular (nucleic acid- based) methods of rapid virus detection were compared. Serological studies including DAS- ELISA, DAC-ELISA, TPIA and DIBA were optimized and compared to identify the virus by using a polyclonal antibody. Among the serological methods, TPIA and DIBA are simple and TPIA is rapidly and easily applicable in the field. However, TPIA was found to be preferable. TPIA is time-saving, not requiring conventional sap extraction and also nitrocellulose membranes used for printing can be used in the field and stored for a long time or transported to other laboratory to be processed. RT-PCR and Immunocapture RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) were performed as molecular methods for detecting SMV using a pair of primers designed to amplify a fragment in the coding region of the SMV coat protein. To extract total RNA for RT-PCR, two methods including RNAWIZ and phenol-chloroform were used. A part of the coat protein genome of SMV was converted to cDNA using a reverse transcription (RT) reaction. For IC-RT-PCR method, virus partial purification was carried out by solid-phase (0.2 ml microfuge tube) adsorbed polyclonal antibody, and then the RT reaction was carried out in the tube. In both methods cDNAs were amplified by PCR. Both methods amplified the expected fragment in virus-infected plants. Whereas RT-PCR requires total RNA extraction, ICRT- PCR do not have total RNA extraction problems. Our findings suggest that TPIA and IC- RT- PCR can be routinely used for SMV detection, with high efficiency.

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This paper peresents a mathematical model for the thin layer drying of the Viliamz cultivar of soybean. The thin layer drying behaviour of soybean was experimentally investigated and the mathematical modelling performed by using thin layer drying models provided in the literature. Experiments were conducted at inlet drying air temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC and at a fixed drying air velocity of 1 m s-1. Thirteen different thin layer mathematical drying models were compared according to their r values, RMSE, 2 and EF by non-linear regression analysis. The effect of drying air temperature on the model constants and coefficients was predicted using multiple regression analysis. According to the results, the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best mathematical equation for modelling thin layer drying of soybean.

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In this study some physical properties of soybeans varieties in Ardebil were determined. The effect of variety (Zan, Williams and L17) and moisture content (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16% dry basis) as the main parameters on the desired properties were studied using a completely randomized design with factorial layout. Physical properties consisted of dimensions (major, intermediate and minor diameters, geometric mean diameter (GMD) and sphericity), weight, bulk and true densities, porosity, static coefficient of friction (over the surfaces of iron, wood, galvanized, steel and aluminum) and angle of repose. Results showed that, except for the true density, porosity and angle of repose the effect of variety on dimensions, weight, bulk density and static coefficient of friction was significant at 0.1% probability level. Moisture content had a significant effect on the geometric properties, the properties of gravity and friction properties. Increased from 8% to 16% moisture (dry weight basis), the geometric mean diameter, true density and porosity and seed weight of 6.72 to 7.24 mm 1.186 to 1.217 g/cm³, 178.42 to 201.21 and 39.29% to 48.66% increased heating. Bulk density and degree of spherical had a decreasing trend with increase moisture. Bulk density Zan, Williams and L17 respective 0.668, 0.684 and 0.675 g/cm³, and the degree of spherical equivalent of 0.822, 0.887 and 0.898 respective. The wood and steel surfaces had the maximum (0.639) and the minimum (0.483) static coefficient of friction, respectively.    

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    In this study, full fat soy flour was used in the formulation of breakfast cream containing 30% fat. Different levels of full fat soy flour (5 - 22.5%) and water content (15 - 37.5%) in two type of formulated cream with 55 and 70 % breakfast cream were evaluated. The effect of formulation on physicochemical properties (viscosity, syneresis, acidity and pH ), sensory properties (taste, texture, color and appearance and total acceptance) and economical yield were evaluated.  The results of this research showed that the effect of formulation on all physicochemical and sensory properties of cream and also economical yield was significant .The E sample had the least difference with control in physicochemical properties (viscosity 4.86 Pa.S, syneresis 21%, and moisture content 65.8%) and the C sample received higher scores of texture and total acceptance than the other formulations. 

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Soybean oil is the most important vegetable oil, which is produced in the world because of  oil good quality and high yield. The quality is affected by factors such as damage to the seeds of soybean oil, high humidity, high temperatures during storage and processing, exposure to air (oxygen), especially at high temperatures, contact with oxidizing agents Starter and exposure to light altered. The purpose of this study was to determine the best conditions for optimization of products and maintenance of test oil was to prevent the destruction of its chemical oxidant and corruption. In the present study the stability of soybean oil peroxide index aggravating factors that affect corruption oxidative the time of production, was assessed. The results of the average of 4 replicates Peroxide samples of soybean oil under different levels of temperature, antioxidants, and the amount of iron metal showed that the effects of temperature, antioxidants and iron metal on Peroxide soybean oil at 1% level is significant. The interaction of temperature - temperature antioxidants - iron was significant at the 1% level. Peroxide highest maximum level temperature of the oil at 80°C. The amount of antioxidant added to the oil, soybean oil had a significant effect on the peroxide index was 1% level. The maximum amount of oil in the peroxide index absence of antioxidants in the oil obtained. Levels of iron metal significant effect on the rate of 1% soybean oil peroxide index showed. Peroxide highest amount of iron in soybean oil was obtained 3 ppm and temperature of 80°C.    

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Reproduction parameters for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were determined and compared on 13 soybean varieties (DPX, L17, BP, Clark, JK, 356, M4, M7, M9, Gorgan3, Sahar, Zane and Williams) at 25±1ºC, 65±5% RH over a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. Reproduction parameters were estimated for individual newly emerged moths, which had spent their immature stages on different soybean varieties. The highest rate of gross fecundity was on M4 (2,238 eggs female-1), whereas the lowest value of this parameter was on Gorgan3 (467 eggs female-1). The gross fertility rate was the highest on M7 (782 eggs female-1) and lowest on Gorgan3 (149 eggs female-1). The net fecundity rate varied from 192 (BP) to 1,275 eggs (M7). The net fertility rate was the highest on M7 (586 eggs female-1) and lowest on Sahar (56 eggs female-1). The daily number of eggs laid per female ranged from 50 to 282 eggs, the minimum on Gorgan3 and the maximum on M4. Our results demonstrated that M9, Williams, Clark, L17, M7, M4 and Zane varieties were more suitable host plants for reproduction of the studied population of H. armigera. The other varieties examined showed less suitability as host plants for H. armigera reproduction.

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Nowadays, finding new resources of vegetal antioxidants in order to use them in food (as an additive or alternative with artificial antioxidants) is an important research subject in the field of food science and technology. In this research methanolic extracts of green and black raspberry leaves were examined in antioxidant properties, total phenolic content (TPC) and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Entherococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, Yercinia enthrocolitica and Shigella dysenteria. then, three concentrations of each extract (200, 400, and 600 ppm) were applied in free antioxidant-purified soybean oil. The oils were kept in 60° C for a period of one month. After storage, Peroxide index, Iodine index, and Acidity value of oil samples were determined. According to the results, in all concentration of extracts, green leaves extract (GLE) had more antioxidant activity (0.7- 87%) and TPC (103±0.1 mg/g dry matter) significantly than black leaves extract (BLE). In antimicrobial activity, GLE in the minimum concentration of 7.12 mg/ml had an antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and in the minimum concentration of 28.5 mg/ml inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium, Yercinia enthrocolitica. But BLE did not show any effects on growth of investigated microbes. In the quality tests of oil samples, with an increase in the concentration of GLE, acidity, Iodine index, and peroxide index increased significantly. At the end, it was concluded that oil samples containing 200 ppm, had better quality and stability than samples containing 200 ppm Propyl Gallate (market soybean oil).

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the extracted (ES) and mechanical (MS) soybean meals two levels 25% and 35% in broiler chicken feeding. Three hundred and fifty two one-day-old unsexed Lohman chickens were placed in four treatments by 4 replicates and 22 chickens in each in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake was increased significantly in starter period by ES in comparison with MS. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved when 25% of ES was replaced by fish meal compared with 35% of ES in starter period. Body weight was significantly higher by 25% ES replaced by fish meal in comparison with 25 and 35% MS in grower period. Metabolizable energy was declined in all options (AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn) in MS than ES. Significant depressing in jejunum length was observed by 35% in the two types of soybean meal compared with 25% mechanical soybean meal replaced by fish meal in 14 days. In more details, villous length was lower by mechanical soybean meal in comparison with ES. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was significantly higher in 35% ES in comparison with 25% ES replaced by fish meal and 35% MS in 14 days. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was reduced remarkably by 35% mechanical soybean meal compared with 25% extracted soybean meal replaced by fish meal in starter period. Urease activity in extracted soybean meal (0.07) was lower than mechanical soybean meal (0.22). The results of this study have shown better performance by extracted soybean meal compared with mechanical soybean meal. In spite of this, less expensively processed mechanical soybean meal (MS) at 25% level replaced by fish meal could be more economical in broiler chicken feeding.

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An experiment was conducted at Assossa Agricultural Research Center (AARC) station during 2008 cropping season in order to study the effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (TAL-378 and TAL-379) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Pseudomonas spp.), and conventional farmers’ fertilizer level (combined and individual application of 46N kg ha-1 and 46 P2O5 kg ha-1) on nodulation, seed yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)). Analyses of variance indicated that most of the parameters measured were significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments. Accordingly, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB significantly increased plant height at harvest, number of nodules per plant, nodule volume per plant, nodule fresh weight per plant, and shoot height at late flowering and early pod setting compared to the other treatments. Similarly, co-inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB, and dual fertilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers significantly increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod per plant and seed yield ha-1 compared to the other treatments. Analysis of plant tissue also indicated that dual inoculation of TAL-379 and PSB yielded the highest total N whereas the lowest was recorded for the negative control. Likewise, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB and the positive control gave the highest plant P compared to all other treatments. The data revealed that, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in days required for emergence, flower bearing and maturity, number of seeds per pod, 300 seeds weight and root length among the investigated treatments. Thus, the dual inoculation of TAL-378 and PSB is recommended to achieve maximum seed yield of soybean in Assossa area.

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In this study, the effect of application of chicken fat (compared to soybean oil) in formulation of chicken sausage was evaluated. To do this, samples of chicken sausage (70 % meat) were made using different ratios (5, 10, 15 %) of chicken fat or soybean oil in pilot scale (10 kg) following the common industrial production methods and evaluated for their properties. Sausages containing chicken fat were not significantly different from samples containing soybean oil in terms of protein and ash content (p>0.05). However, moisture content of sausages containing chicken fat was higher (p<0.05). In terms of texture profile analysis, sausages made with chicken fat were harder (p<0.05). On the other hand, with increase of chicken fat level from 5 to 15 %, hardness increased; however, increase of soybean oil level in formulation, led to the decrease of sausage hardness (p<0.05). Sausages containing chicken fat had lower resilience value. The highest cohesiveness was observed in sausages containing 5 or 10 % soybean oil and the lowest in sausage containing 15 % chicken fat (p<0.05). With increase of oil or fat level, chewiness of sausage was decreased. Sausages made with chicken fat had higher chewiness value (p<0.05). The lowest chewiness value was observed in sausage made with 15 % soybean oil. Fat type and level had no effect on adhesiveness and springiness of sausages (p>0.05). In terms of color indices, sausages containing chicken fat were lighter (higher L index) and had greater a (redness) and b (yellowness) indices (p<0.05).