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In order to investigate the Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on yield, and some morphological sunflower cultivars, experimental farm in 2009 in the College of Agriculture University researcher Ardebili A split plot factorial design based on a randomized complete block with three replicates was carried out. Nitrogen treatments included (zero, 75 and 150 kg per ha) assigned to main plots and levels of plant density (8, 10 and 12 plants per square meter) and two varieties were Urofelor and Armavirsky in sub plot. Head and stem diameter, plant height, number of kernel per disk, number of leaves at the final of harvesting and grain yield measured. Sunflower cultivars was significant difference on the stem diameter, plant height and number of kernel per disk but different levels of nitrogen and plant density were significant difference on the for all traits measured. The highest grain yield was obtained, 262 gr /m2 in 150 kg N/ha× Armavirsky. Increasing plant density by increasing the number of heads per unit area, will affect performance. Considering the excellence level of 80 thousand plant density and fertilizer level of 150 kg ha compared to other treatments in terms of grain yield, the amounts of nitrogen and planting density to achieve adequate performance in the test area and similar areas is advisable.

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The white cheese has high percentage of fat, (saturated and cholesterol) which is not desirable from human health point of view. The aim of this study was to produce low cholesterol white cheese (Feta) by the substitution of milk fat with sunflower oil (S.O) and determine its effects on the chemical, microbial and sensory parameters of the white cheese. For this S.O (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 percent) and monoglyceried stearat as emulsifier (5percent) were added to the milk containing (0.05, 1 and 2 percent fat). The chemical, microbial and sensory tests were done on the samples. The fatty acids profile and the cholesterol were also determined (GC). The results showed that by addition of the S.O, cholesterol and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were reduced and the percent of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) increased significantly (p<0.05). In cheese samples with 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 percents of S.O, the amount of cholesterol reduced from 115.1 to 66.2, 29.1 and 18.8 milligrams respectively and the percents of the reduction of SFAs were 43.2, 30.2 and 16.7 milligrams. The amounts of the USFAs increased significantly (p<0.05) in compare with the control. In sensory evaluation tests the samples with 1.5 and 2.5 percents of S.O preferred in acceptance by panels. The samples with 3.5 percent S.O had significant differences (P<0.05) in sensory properties with the other samples. The ratio of 1:2.5 (milk fat: S.O) was the proper substitution ratio which on that the amount of cholesterol and SFAs were reduced about 59 and 75 percents in the samples with the 29.1 and 30.2 milligram cholesterol and SFAs to compare with the control and the percent of USFAs increased from 27.3 to 68.3.

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  Low stability in vegetable oils has been a quality problem. On the other hand the stability of vegetable oils depends on the composition of fatty acids especially oleic and linoleic acids. The aim of this study is finding one or more optimum ratio of the mixture of sunflower and canola oils that have good stability as well as suitable amount of essential fatty acids. The other aim is survey of dependence of stability to the amount of fatty acids in the mixture of sunflower and canola oils. In this study 7 samples of deodorized (and without any synthetic antioxidant) oils were prepared from several ratios of sunflower and canola mixtures. Metrohm rancimat was employed to evaluate the stability of the samples at 110°c. Fatty acids composition was determined with GC and peroxide ,iodine value and refractive index at 40◦c be measured. There was a strong straight linear correlation between stability and the amount of oleic acid ( r=0.988 , P-Value=0) but there was a straight reverse correlation between stability and the amount of linoleic acid ( r= -0.988 , P-Value=0). Results showed that the canola oil in spite of its higher linolenic acid, had higher stability than sunflower oil. Between the amount of canola oil in mixture (with sunflower oil) and iodine value (r=-1, P-Value=0) and refractive index (r=-1, P-Value=0) there were reverse correlation. Results demonstrated that sunflower oil, in spite of its lower linolenic acid, had very lower stability than canola oil. The reason may be that sunflower oil has high content of linoleic acid, while canola oil has high content of oleic acid.  With the considering the results, it is recommended that canola oil can be added to sunflower oil to increase its stability and nutritional values. Moreover two formulas "70% canola oil+ 30% sunflower oil" and "50% canola oil+ 50% sunflower oil" proposed as suitable blends.

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Drought is known as an important factor limiting growth and product of field crops in most parts of the world and Iran. In the present work, the genetic diversity of 100 inbred lines of sunflower was investigated based on agro-morphogical characters with simple lattic design with two replications under normal and drought stress conditions. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant differences among lines for most of studied traits. Uneder normal condition, the highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for stem diameter and the lowest one observed for relative water content. In drought stress condition, the highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for seed yield per plant and the lowest one observed for days to flowering. The results of correlation analysis showed that there is significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant with most of the studied traits in both stress conditions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that under drought stress condition 73.9 percent of seed yield per plant variation was expailed by heed diameter, leaf width and petiol length and in normal condition 73.6 yield grain per plant variation explained by head diameter and plant height. Cluster analysis grouped lines into 4 clusters in each one of normal and drought conditions but the distruption of lines within groups were differents depending to stress environment that present the genetic variability for drought tolerance in sunflower lines.

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Biophysical and chemical properties of oilseeds particularly sunflower seed plays important role in the proper design of equipment for handling, drying, separation, dehulling, conveying, storage and mechanical expression of seed oil. In this research, some biophysical and chemical properties of three hybrid sunflower varieties, Hysun33‚ Progress and Euroflore from four location, Aliabad, Golidagh, Kalale and Kalpush in Golestan province were studied for variations in linear dimensions, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, true and bulk densities, porosity, 1000 seed weight, volume, moisture content, hull and kernel percent, major, intermediate and minor size distribution, oil percent in seed, kernel and hull which determined by using of standard methods. The results showed that the length and geometric mean diameter of sunflower seeds varied from 8.800 to 10.987 mm, 4.651 to 5.979 mm, respectively. Within these data minimum and maximum values related to Golidagh Euroflore variety and Kalale Progress variety, respectively. The results of ANOVA shows that all of gravimetric properties of seeds such as 1000 seed weight, bulk and true densities, porosity are significant at the 0.01probability level. Percentage of large seeds and hull varied 3.580 (Aliabad Hysun33) to 28.487 (Kalaleh Progress) and 25.792 (Aliabad Hysun33) to 28.825 (Kalaleh Hysun33), respectively. At the end, with attention to interaction effect of variety and locations on characteristics of sunflower seed, the samples should be detached before handling and delivering to oil extraction industry.  

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  In order to study the effects of different nutrition systems (organic, chemical, integrated) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on on the grain yield, seed oil content and fatty acid composition in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. . cv. Alestar) an experiment was conducted using Alestar cultivar at the research farm of college of agriculture, Tarbiat modares university of in 2007. Five levels of nutrition systems including F1(100% organic), F2(75% organic+25% chemical), F3(50% organic+50% chemical), F4(25% organic+75% chemicaL), F5(100% chemical) in main plot and two levels of biofertilizer I1(inoculation) and I0 (control) as subplot were used in a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the integrated fertilizer system had higher grain yield than the other fertilizer systems (F3›F4›F2›F5›F1). Maximum and minimum oil content were obtained with the F3 treatment and F1 respectively. The oil saturated fatty acids(acid palmitic and acid stearic) decreased significantly, while insaturated fatty acids( linoleic acid and oleic acid) increased significantly in response to raising the FYM-rate. The highest linolenic acid and oleic acid were observed in F3 and F1 treatments respectively. The results revealed that PGPR improved plant productivity and quality in sunflower seed. The inoculation of PGPR (I1) increased, grain yield, oil content and unsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids compared with untreated plants I0.

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  In order to investigate the Fatty Acids Composition and some chemical Characteristics in four sunflower hybrids, under three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan, respectively) an experiment design As a split plot design based on a randomized complete block was conducted at the research field of university of Tehran, college of Abouraihan in Pakdasht, Iran. The results showed that increasing of water deficit stress causes considerable reduced in the amount of oil seed and increased in seed protein, so the highest seed oil and seed protein content obtain in optimum and mild stress conditions respectively. Also the most of seed oil and seed protein contain was obtained by Azargol and Hayes 25 respectively. Investigation on fatty acids compositions in sunflower hybrids seeds indicated that highest fatty acid, palmitic (6.16%) and stearic (4.16%) were obtained in intense water deficit stress and oleic (40.25%) and linoleic (51%) were obtained in mild water deficit stress, respectively. Comparison between sunflower hybrids showed that maximum palmitik, stearic, oleic and linoleic were obtained by Allstar (7%), Hysun 33 (4.20%), Hayes 33 (42.77%) and Allstar (52.66%) respectively. Also in terms of optimum irrigation, mild water deficit stress and intense water deficit stress conditions Hysun 33 was successful to produced maximum Oleic acid. Generally based on the results of this study in optimum and mild water deficit stress conditions Allstar hybrids and in intense water deficit condition Hayes 25 hybrids had met the highest linoleic acid.

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Antioxidant properties of plant extracts are apparently related to the content of their phenolic compounds. In this study, phenolic compounds from two acorns varieties namely Q.branti var persica (Q.b) and Q.castaneifolia var castaneifolia (Q.c) were extracted with methanol (80%). After evaporation with rotary evaporator, extracts were dried with freeze drier. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in the extracts were determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and results were expressed as tannic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract (TAE/g d.e). Castaneifolia variety had the highest phenolic content with 217.65 (TAE/g d.e). Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were studied in sunflower oil and compared with synthetic antioxidants, by measuring their peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values during accelerated storage. Methanolic extracts of acorns at three different concentrations (250,500 and 1000 ppm) and synthetic antioxidant at two concentrations were added to sunflower oil. Both extracts retarded the oxidation of sunflower oil at 70°c more efficiently than BHA and BHT. The peroxide and thiobarbitoric acid values of control samles were raised to 328.88 (meq peroxide/ kg oil) and 0.58 (mg malon aldehyde/kg oil) after tewelve days storage while this values were 176.36 and 0.332 for oil sample contain 1000 ppm methanilic extract of Q.c  and 183.2 and for Q.b were 0.374, respectively.

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This article tries to study and assess the manner of the formation of emotional discourse process in the poetry and lyrics "for sunflowers” by Shafiei Kadkani in order to show as how emotional process creates new discourse condition, what are these conditions and what meanings they produce. Actually, the paper intends to show as how sunflower reaches to the stage of rationalistic “self” through emotional, sentimental, and phenomenological relations in its hiatus, then rationalist goes beyond the boundaries of “self” and with the attachment to exalted “self” transforms into a distinguished one.
The semio-semantic as one of the modern literary criticism method was propounded in different forms and dimensions, where the emotional dimension is one. The basis of discussion and the study of each emotional discourse are formed by expressive (symbol) and content (tenor) forms i.e. it is the coordination between symbol and tenor that leads to form the system of emotional discourse and the possibilities of logical studies. The study of emotional discourse means the study of condition of formation and emergence of emotional system as well as the manner of semantic creation. In reality, this paper aims to investigate the function of emotional discourse and its transformation into a new and distinguished process.

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Tea and sesame seed oils extracted by different methods (including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), at a pressure of 350 atm, a temperature of 60oC, a static extraction time of 20 minutes, a dynamic extraction time of 30 minutes and 150 g kg-1 of ethanol as a modifier). Solvent (SE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UE)), as natural anti-oxidants, were evaluated during 15 days storage by monitoring their effects on refined sunflower oil at 60oC. The peroxide value (PV) and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value were used to assess the antioxidant activity of these extracted oils. The highest extraction yields were from SE and SFE, while UE gave a lower yield. Considering oil extraction yield and antioxidant activity, SE and SFE were the preferred methods. The results showed that tea seed oil had strong antioxidant activity, which was almost equal to sesame oil. Therefore, tea seed oil can be used in the same way as sesame seed oil in fat, oil and other food products as a natural antioxidant to suppress lipid oxidation.

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The primary purpose of this research study was to determine the major factors affect-ing the implementation of national agricultural mechanization programs in Iran. The sec-ondary purpose of this study was to assess the agricultural mechanization level practiced by farmers. This project consisted of two phases. In the first phase of the study, a Delphi technique was used to gather experts' points of view on variables affecting agricultural mechanization implementation programs in Iran. The second phase of the study was de-signed to assess the agricultural mechanization level practiced by farmers growing sun-flower seeds. The Delphi technique investigation showed that the main constraints on farm mechanization were “small farm size” and “fragmentation of holdings”. The find-ings of the second phase of this research indicated that the mean agricultural mechaniza-tion level practiced on the sunflower producing farms was about 0.5 kW per ha of culti-vated land. However the amount of energy input varied between 0.0149 to 3.4973 kW. Multivariate linear regression of the study indicated that 46.9% (R2= 0.469) of the vari-ance in the level of agricultural mechanization practiced could be explained by variables such as income, total farming land, and land holdings under sunflower seed cultivation.

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Food adulteration is done in various forms. The most common adulteration in sesame oil is done with adding by sunflower oil, corn oil and hazelnut oil. This study examines the pure sesame oil using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis deals. Samples of pure sesame oil, 5%, 10% and 15% corn oil and sunflower oil was mixed with sesame oil. With the increase of corn oil and sunflower oil, sesame oil, peak displaced towards lower temperatures and the temperatures start, maximum and end of both large and small melting peak was reduced. According to the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures than triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids are melted. The peak shift toward lower temperatures can be increased by addition of unsaturated lipid components of corn and sunflower oils.

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 The antioxidant properties and total phenols’ content of 80% methanol, acetone and water extracts of olive leaves procured through Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) were examined. Two varieties of olive namely: Cronaiky and Roghani were the ones studied. Various experimental models were employed for antioxidant activity evaluation of the extracts. The results revealed the highest phenolic content (230.50 mg tannic acid equivalent g^-1 extract) and the lowest IC50 in DPPH (86.81 µg ml^-1 of extract), reducing power (166.45 µg ml^-1 extract) and total antioxidant capacity (128.32 µg ml^-1 of extract) indices were attributed to the methanol extract of Cronaiky variety. The efficacy of the extracts at three experimental levels (200, 500, 1,000 ppm) in blocking the oxidation process was investigated using peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index for sunflower oil during its heating at 70°C (oven test method). The lowest peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index was observed for the methanol extract of Cronaiky at its 1,000 ppm concentration. This extract was competitively comparable with BHA and BHT at either of the tested levels (100, 200 ppm). Thus, methanol extract of Cronaiky olive variety can be employed in place of synthetic antioxidants to establish oxidation stability in edible oils.

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In this research, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and total antioxidant activity of defatted sunflower seeds were evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined using scavenging capacity of diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The results showed that the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and free radical-gathering capacity depends on the type of solvent, temperature, and time of extraction. So that the content of the total phenol content, and antioxidant activity (152.026 mg/g and 97.760 %) of the extract of the seeds were higher at the same conditions (80 , 2h) by methanol, and total flavonoid content (21.5 mg/g) was reported to be higher using acetone as the solvent. According to the obtained results, there was found a linear relationship between the percentage of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity and an inverse relationship was observed between the level of flavonoids compounds and total phenol content. The results showed that extraction by methanol at 80 and for 2 hours, resulted in higher amounts of phenolic compounds, therefore; the mentioned extract was applied as the natural antioxidants for comparison with synthetic antioxidants (BHA) in sunflower oil. The results revealed powerful effects of extracted sunflower extracts, in which the samples containing 0.1% of extract, acted similar to 0.01% BHA.

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Keeping constant all agronomic factors except temperature is a way to follow Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) expression. Three different sunflower hybrids derived from the cross between an inbred line, Cms HA 89, and three different restorer inbred lines, with resistance, susceptible, and normal reactions to drought, were produced. In order to investigate the impact of temperature on protein accumulation during achene filling phase, they were cultivated in two different geographical areas: Karaj in Iran and Udine in Italy. Total protein content and structural polypeptide fractions of Seed Storage Proteins (SSPs) were determined. The analysis of HSPs was carried out by means of lab-on-chip capillary electrophoresis. It was revealed that protein accumulation in achene occurs at a greater rate during the achene filling phase, i.e. approximately 9-25 days after pollination, in all examined hybrids. Besides, the presence of a polypeptide band of 17.7 kDa supposed to be of small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) family was recorded in all three hybrids grown up in hot and arid environment, Karaj, which implied independent sHSPs expression from the paternal restorer line.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different process and temperature on the chemical and sensory properties of sunflower seeds. For this reason, two types of nuts varieties of sunflower seeds from different markets (A and B) were treated with two methods ( frying and roasting) at 150, 165, 180, 195 and 210 degrees Celsius. peroxide, Iodine, saponification, anisidine, totox value, acid number and also sensory evaluation was investigate. The result showed by increasing temperature, the amount of peroxide, acidic number, saponification, anisidine and toxox value were rised. Based on the result, the highest peroxide value and unsaturated fatty acid was the roast sample B and fried sample A, respectively. The highest acidic number and saponificatoin was also found in rosted sample B at 210 °C. Results from analysis of anisidine and totox value showed highest amount in rosted sample B. Furthermore, appearance, tender texture and flavor of  fried samples at temperature 165 °C had the highest approval rating among the test panlist. According to results of chemical properties due to lower level oxidation and chemical degradation sample A has the higher rate than sample B. Also in consideration of the sensory evaluation of samples and chemical properties, fried samples have better quality than roasted samples. Finally, fried  sample A in 165 ° C was introduced as the best treatment.