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Treatment of organic leachate is one the most controversial topics around the world which led this study to assess the efficiency of the combined oxidation and adsorption treatment (COAT) process in the treatment of leachate by considering local experiments. The removal of effluent parameters (TDS, COD, BOD) was enhanced by oxidizing the GAC surface as a catalyst with NaOH before the process and by ozone within the procedure as well. Assessing the interacting effect of operating variables (i.e., ozone concentration, GAC density, reaction time and pH) provides valuable information for optimization. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed. The optimized model’s circumstances are the reaction time of 30.77 min, ozone dosage of 141.29 mg/l, pH of 7.2, and the GAC density of 1.29 gr/cm³ with the predicted removal percentage of 51.63%,62.84% and 56.13% for TDS, COD and, BOD respectively.
 

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To compare the seed characteristics in accessions of Atriplex canescens under exclosure and non-exclosure conditions, two even-aged sites were selected with an area of 400 ha as the exclosure and 1000 ha as non-exclosure area. To conduct the study, 30 species were randomly selected in autumn 2009 in reference area of the sites and seeds were collected. Some important seed characteristics were studied in the laboratory. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 17 software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's Multiple Range Tests. Results showed that the winged seeds did not germinate under all studied treatments in both sites. Moreover, maximum seed germination was recorded for the seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hours and placed in the shade for 48 hours. According to the results of the independent t-test, no significant differences were observed for germination percentage, germination rate, and vigor index in both sites at both 1 and 5% probability levels. In other words, the seeds collected from the exclosure and non-exclosure areas were similar in terms of the mentioned characteristics. However, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed moisture content showed significant differences at 1% probability level with higher amount in exclosure area.

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Aim: Substance abuse is a substantial threat and problem to public health. The goal of drug abuse treatment is to return people to a productive normal situation in the family, workplace, and community. Treatment dropout is one of the major problems, encountered by the treatment programs. The maintenance of treatment is associated with retention in treatment, and many factors are associated with retention. The main purpose of this study is to examine the factors that play important role in retention of addiction treatment. Methods: This is a qualitative research with conventional content analysis method. Purposive sampling was applied and continued until data saturation was achieved. The participants were 22 volunteers, including outpatients, physicians and psychotherapists. The method of data collection was semi-structured face to face interview (30- 40 minutes). All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Findings: By content analysis, two categories were obtained, including emotional and informational support. The main common theme of categories was social support, which was the major requirement to retain the treatment among drug abuse outpatients. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that social support is one of the essential services to stop or reduce substance abuse. Recognizing this factor could improve interaction between the family, clinical staff and patients in addiction treatment retention.

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Nariman Tirgar Fagheri Mohammad Hossein Najafi Abarand Abadi The restriction of custodial sentences is the importance subject which suggested in the criminal policy of the most pencl system. In this article we dislussed the global efforts and criminal legislation policy of Iran for restriction of custeidal sentence. The main motives to notice of such policy are tbe unsuccesfully costoidal sentence in socialre reintegration of offenders goals of decreasing prison over crowching and preventional recidivism decreasing of expenditure that resulting enforcement of custoidal sentence. Also the efforts for restrictional custoidal sentence in global level has as effects on national legislation with the guiding rules. At this fundation we discussed regional international activities for restriction of custiodal sentence of finally the changes of Iranian criminal legislation policies in before ofter islamic revolution. Consequencely ofter considering the global efforts to criminal legistation policy of iran we needs to supply certain practical method. It also suggsted that to be supply certain practical method with vespect of accepted principal for sentences and with consideveing the international practical method to guiding rules in ordered to suitable used of adjustment to atieration to suspention policy of cuntiodal sentence.

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Germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of plants and often controls population dynamics, with major practical implications. Salsola arbusculiformis is one of the most important plants used to prevent soil erosion and a good fodder resource for sheep and goat in the rangelands of Iran. However, the species seems to have low seed germination, so the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatments to improve its seed germination. Three concentrations of gibberellic acid (100, 500 and 1000 ppm), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, concentrated sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄ (98%)), potassium nitrate (KNO₃ (0.2%)), thiourea one Molar, four prechilling periods (10, 20, 30 and 150 days at 2 °C) were used as study treatments and distilled water as control. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among and within the treatments in their effects on seed germination. The effective treatments to stimulate seed germination were prechilling for 150 and 30 days; sulphuric acid and sandpaper scarification. Prechilling for 150 and 30 days increased germination by 88.4% and 85.65%, respectively, while sulphuric acid and sandpaper scarification both increased germination by 76.1% compared to the control. The results also showed that gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and thiourea did not promote seed germination. It was inferred that the most effective treatments among the methods used for breaking seed dormancy of Salsola arbusculiformis were prechilling for 150 days and mechanical scarification by hand with sandpaper.

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MusculoSkeletalDisorders( MSDs) are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system.Different therapeutic approaches have been proposed to treat musculoskeletal disorders. This article summarizes the common treatmentsfor treating these disorders.

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Research subject: The rice husk is the coating on a rice grain and a by-product of the rice milling process. In this study, the extraction of amorphous silica from this agricultural residue by thermal as well as acid/thermal treatment method was studied.
Research approach: The process was designed as follows: after burning the paddy in the open field, the obtained ash was washed with acid followed by drying. Finally, the amorphous silica was obtained by placing the prepared powder in an electric furnace (acid/thermal treatment). Also, a sample of silica was produced by eliminating the acid treatment step (thermal treatment). Afterward, the obtained silica powder was employed in a conventional passenger radial tire belt formula instead of commercial precipitated one, and whole the physical-mechanical properties, including rubber-to-wire adhesion force, were studied under normal and aging conditions.
Main results: The results of the XRD demonstrated that the silica produced in both methods were amorphous. The XRF analysis also showed that the purity of amorphous silica were 98.6% and 93.9% for the sample produced by acid/heat treatment and the heat treatment, respectively. The results of the tire test showed that the rubber-to-wire adhesion decreased slightly under normal conditions in the presence of new silica samples, but the same property under the timed conditions for the new silica samples was better than commercial precipitated silica. Other properties of the rubber compound did not change significantly in the presence of new silica grades. As a result, it can be said that rice husk has a potential to produce suitable silica for use in blend of radial tire belt.

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Maize genotypes were screened for host resistance and seed treatment chemicals were evaluated in field to manage Fusarium ear rot complex of maize at high- and mid-hill environments in Nepal during 2003 and 2004. Seven popular maize genotypes along with a susceptible check were used in the host resistance study. The maize genotypes adopted from exotic sources, Manakamana-3 and Deuti, performed superior for ear rot resistance. Three seed treatment chemicals, Vitavax® 200B, Captan 75 WP, and Bavistin® were tested in Fusarium susceptible cultivar. Seed treatment chemicals, Vitavax® 200B, Captan 75 WP and Bavistin®, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ear rot incidences of maize. This study suggests that cultivation of resistant varieties and applications of seed treatment chemicals can be integrated to prevent crop loss from ear rot complex and reduce potential health hazards due to mycotoxins contamination in maize grains.

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  In this experiment the effects of preharvest calcium chloride and postharvest hot water treatment as well as the use of polyethylene bags for packaging on the quality improvement of pomegranate fruit during cold storage were studied. For this purpose Calcium chloride was sprayed at two levels on August 2004 (1% and 2%). Pomegranate fruits of Malas - Torsh cv. was harvested at fully ripen stage and treated with hot water (45, 50 and 55C for 20 minutes, 1 minute and 30 second espectively). Thereafter each fruit was warped up in a polyethylene bag and stored in cool store room with 1C and relative humidity of 85% for 3 months. The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design of three replicates. The results indicated that fruits wrapped with polyethylene had a significant effect on preventing weight loss, improving the appearance as well as marketability of fruits during storage, while showing no effect on pH, TSS and fruit dry matter. Also it was observed that fruits treated in 50'C hot water showed significant improvement of quality while treatment with 45C hot water failed to show such effects. In total, a combination of Calcium chloride and polyethylene bag packaging along with 50C hot water treatment caused improvement in the general quality of stored fruit and decreased fungi infection and chilling index.

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The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview on trigger points and tender points and to briefly describe their similarities, differences and treatments.

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  Fruit of most persimmon cultivars are unpalatable at harvest time and it is necessary to remove the astringency by special treatments. Astringency removal treatments of persimmon in this study, spray of 36% ethanol on fruits or maintaining them in CO2 enriched atmosphere, reduced soluble tannins concentration of fruits below the critical concentration that results in astringency taste (1000 ppm). According to Panel Test, the lowest astringent taste resulted from CO2 and 7.5 ml ethanol treatments. On the other hand, according to panel tester opinions there was no significant difference between astringency removal treatments on color index and desirable flesh firmness. However, astringency removed fruits had a higher quality and marketability compared to the commercial and control fruits. According to panel test, in comparison of two soluble tannins concentration assays, protein precipitation method, contrary to Folin Denis method, determined soluble tannins concentration lower than the actual amount, and therefore, protein precipitation method is not a suitable assay for determination of soluble tannins concentration in persimmon fruit.

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Various thermo mechanical processes have been studied to improve the mechanical properties of 18Ni-Co-Mo steels. In this work, the effect of interpass aneal time on the mechanical properties of the 18Ni-Co-Mo steel was investigated, using the rolling experiments. Hot rolling process was performed in two passes. The reduction of area was 30% in the first pass at 1100 °C. After first pass specimens were air cooled to second pass temperature (900°C) and held for various interpass time (2 sec, 5 min and 10 min). The second pass was performed at 900°C for 20% reduction of area. After that, the specimens were directly water quenched to retain the microstructure present at the second pass. Tensile and charpy tests samples were machined from hot rolled specimens. The results showed that grain size was decreased significantly at these conditions by increasing the interpass time from 2 sec to 5 min. This was attributed to the static recrystallization. With an increase in interpass time to 5 min, tensile strength was increased, without significant change in charpy impact energy. Increasing the interpass time from 5 to 10 min, increased austenite grain size. This was attributed to the grain growth. The results indicated that the interpass time of 5 min can be considered to obtain the maximum tensile strength.

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Aims: Karun River, which is the largest river in Iran, represents a unique ecosystem. However, increased anthropogenic activities result in the formation of this river is seriously affected by a large range of pollutants especially the heavy metal pollutants which may be toxic to human and aquatic fauna. Therefore, there is a need for continuous monitoring of pollution levels in the river.
Materials & Methods: In this study, water, sediment, and algae samples were collected from six different stations along the course of the river in September 2015 to investigate the quality of Karun’s River in terms of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd) at the basin of drinking water treatment in Ahwaz and Mollasani cities. After drying and digestion of samples, heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer-Analyst 300).
Findings: The highest concentration of trace metals was found in sediment samples with Zn having the highest mean concentration values in all stations. The heavy metal concentrations in the downstream indicated an increase in the pollution load due to the flow of water from upstream to downstream of the river resulted in the movement and accumulation of all contaminants to the river in the downstream; hence, there was the highest concentration
of metals in basin of the Kut Abdollah treatment (downstream) and the lowest in Mollasani (upstream).
Conclusion: Comparison of the concentration of metals in the sediments with some universal standards including EPA3050 and the criterion of sediments quality standard from NOAA and Canadian Environment Agency showed that the concentration of chromium and cadmium in stations was higher than the allowable limit of EPA3050 standards and some environmental standards of Canada among all metals. Since algae samples have been able to accumulate a significant amount of heavy metals, therefore, these are suitable bio-indicators to determine the concentration of heavy metals in this aquatic ecosystems.

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Research Subject: In recent years, industrial-scale production of propylene based on oxidative dehydrogenation of propane has been of particular importance due to the lack of thermodynamic limitations. In this regard, the use of natural zeolites with high abundance and low price has placed a special position. In this research, perlite natural zeolites were treated with ionic liquid solution and acid, then supported vanadium catalysis were synthesized. Performance of catalysis were investigated in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene process with a mixed feed of propane and air in a fixed bed quartz reactor under condition of atmospheric pressure and temperature of 500˚C with a flow rate of 40000 h^-1 (GHSV).
Research Approach: In this study, natural perlite support as a source of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and silica (SiO₂) was ion exchanged by one molar solution of ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃ 1 M). Continuously, to investigate the effect of delamination, different acid molar concentrations of nitric acid (HNO₃) equal to 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 were used and then compared with the just modified ion exchange sample without acid leaching (V/PERLIT-I). Dry vanadium impregnation, as an active metal, was carried out to synthesize 8% wt. catalysts. X-ray diffraction analyzes (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and ammonia Temperature-programmed desorption program (NH₃-TPD) were used to characterization and evaluate the properties of the catalyst.
Main Result: The results showed that the concentration of acid used affects the conversion and selectivity of the catalysis. In comparison, a significant difference was observed between the performance of V/PERLIT-I sample compared to V/PERLIT-IA samples. The maximum selectivity value for V/PERLIT-IA(2.25) was 74%. According to the results, the treated perlite support with suitable selectivity can be considered in the studies of use as an industrial support.

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Research subject: Osmosis membrane bioreactor is one of the best industrial wastewater treatment methods. The main advantage of using osmosis process is its operation at low hydraulic pressures which has a better performance in removing pollutants and low energy consumption than other methods                        
Research approach: In this research, Nano porous Titanium dioxide powder with a specific surface area and anatase wall was synthesized through a thermal process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant directing agent and a pore-creating agent.Ultrafiltration nanocomposite membranes were made using modified titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (MT) and polysulfone (PSf) by phase the inversion method. The morphology and structure of the prepared membranes and nanoparticles were investigated using by atomic fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this research, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as simulated wastewater for the feed solution. The fabricated ultrafiltration membranes were tested in osmosis membrane bioreactor (OMBR) system due to lower energy and fouling. 0.6 % solution of poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) was used as an osmotic solution. Comparative separation performance and antifouling properties of both nanocomposites in several analyzes such as water contact angle measurement, pure water flux and filtration of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin solution. BSA and fouling resistance have been investigated


Main results:  TThe results that Due to the addition of MT nanoparticles to the polymer matrix, the hydrophilicity and surface energy of the membrane increased, which led to the improvement of the membrane performance. The membrane containing 1% titanium oxide nanoparticles showed the best result. For example, for feeding with a concentration of 200 ppm, the water flux increased from 20 to 38.5 L/ m² h, and the percentage of returning lethal solution decreased from 19.6 to 30 g/ m² h. The flux recovery in this membrane was 96%, which indicates the antifouling property of the modified nanocomposite membrane.                                                                
              

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  In order to increase the heat efficiency of solar driers a shelf type solar dryer with two collectors was designed and constructed in Agriculture Research Center of West Azarbaijan, and used to dry tomatoes slices. This experiment was conducted by complete randomized factorial experimental design in 2 factors and 4 replicates. The first factor was pretreatment in 3 levels, without pretreatment (control), dipping in boiling water for 15 second and dipping in 2/5% boiling brine for 10 seconds and second factor was drying method in two levels, open sun drying and shelf type solar dryer. The analysis of the results showed that average temperature of inside of the solar dryer in first and second years were 9/5  and 12 higher than the average ambient temperature respectively. The results also showed that in the first year the moisture contents of dried tomatoes produced using solar dryer was about 25% the lower than that produced by open sun drying, while in second year moisture contents were not significantly different. Also blanched slices in 2/5 % boiling brine had little damage, more rehydration ratio and better color in comparasion with other treatments. The percentage of damage and contamination of the sliced produced using solar dryer was reduced by 40% in comparison with. The samples dried in open air. Therefore according to the results obtained, it is recommended to blanch slices with 2/5 % boiling brine solution for 10 seconds to get a better results.  

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    Drying is one of the most important steps in raisin processing. During this step, initial moisture content is decreased up to 15 – 17 percent (d.b) for suitable storage. Achieving optimum drying conditions can affect the processing time and improvement of raisin quality. Temperature, air velocity and pretreatment are important factors in grape drying process and its quality. In this research, effect of the following conditions on time and drying rate of Black currant grape was studied: temperature at four levels of 50,60,70, and 80 ºC, air velocity at three levels of 1, 2 and 3 m/s, and four pretreatments including hot water, %5 potassium carbonate, %0.4 olive oil, %0.5 sodium hydracids and no pretreatment. Diffusivity and activation energy of all treatments were determined. The results show that factors such as temperature, air velocity and pretreatment have significant effects on drying time and average drying rate. Pretreatment has a significant effect on drying process and decreases the time of drying up to 68 percent in some temperature levels. Also by increasing the temperature, drying time decreases up to 66.5 percent in some pretreatments. Increasing the hot air velocity decreases it about 8.3 percent.

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Aim of pre-treatment drying of mulberry was to reduce the moisture content to a level that allows safe storage over an extended period. In this research after physical and chemical pretreatments, mulberry was dried industrially (cabin dryer). Non Enzymatic Browning was tested at 440 nm by spectroscopic method. Organoleptic tests were done by trained panelists. Hardness and cohesiveness of dried mulberries were measured by a texture analyzer. Statistical method was completely randomized design with 10 treatments and three replicates. The results showed that least intensity of brown color was in pretreatment of fruits with potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%  +calcium chloride %1. The highest water absorbance was in ethyl oleate 2%.   Panel tests showed highest score for overall acceptance in pretreatment of fruits with ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%, highest score for texture with ethyl oleate 2% +calcium chloride %1, highest score for color with ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%, highest score for odor with ethyl oleate 2% +citric acid %1 and also ethyl oleate 2% +ascorbic acid1%   and highest score for taste with ethyl oleate 2% +calcium chloride %1. Totally it is concluded that ethyl oleate 2%  , ethyl oleate 2% +citric acid %1, oleate 2% +ascorbic acid1%  , ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5% and oleate 2% +calcium chloride %1  are the best  pretreatment for drying of white mulberry.  

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Many plants of tropical and subtropical areas are severely damaged when exposed to chilling temperatures between 2 and 15°C. Arabidopsis thaliana is chilling tolerant and, therefore provides an alternative model plant system for the identification of chilling tolerance traits. To determine whether the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 2 (CSD2) would increase superoxide-scavenging capacity and thereby improve the survival rate of chilling sensitive (chs) mutants of Arabidopsis, four chs mutant (chs1-1, chs1-2, chs2-1 and chs2-2) and wild-type plants were grown under low (chilling at 13 °C and 4 °C) and normal growth (23 °C) temperatures. The expression of CSD2 was not detected during cold stress treatments, while the wild plants showed the expression of CSD2 under cold stress. The increase of antioxidant enzymes activities (POX and SOD) showed the role of these enzymes in the protection of the chs mutants under chilling treatment, also the increase in polyphenol oxidase activity shows the role of that in the emergence of chlorosis phenotype. The lack of expression of CSD2 gene in chs mutants grown at chilling temperature would support the hypothesis that the expression of these genes was affected due to mutation in CHS genes, when they are chilled.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious and communicable disease and one of the top ten causes of death throughout the world. Monitoring and evaluating TB treatment outcomes provides the required data for taking the necessary measures to control TB. Thus, this study was carried out to find determinants of treatment failure among patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB in Khuzestan province during 2006-2014
Materials & Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted over a 9-year period in Khuzestan province. Predictors of treatment failure were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression
Findings: Among 5342 patients, the cumulative incidence of unsuccessful TB treatment was 1.85%. More than half of TB patients (59.2%) enrolled in this study were male, and most of them were living in urban areas (79.8%). Significant predictors of treatment failure were age (p=·001), weight (p= ·039), number of delayed days in diagnosis (p=·01), isoniazid resistance (p≤·001), and number of bacilli in patients` sputum at the beginning of treatment (p≤·001).
Conclusion: In this study, the rate of successful treatment was quite high; nevertheless, new cases of treatment failure could be prevented with special efforts such as prompt diagnosis and precise follow-up under Direct Observation Treatment Short course (DOTS) strategy.