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Uricase or urate oxidase is an enzyme that converts uric acid (with low solubility) to 5-hydroxyisourate and finally to allantoin. The possibility of developing some diseases like gout and kidney stones will be increased in high levels of uric acid. Thus, uricase can be used as drug enzyme to reduce uric acid levels in the blood. The low stability of proteins (such as drug enzymes) is a challenge in the use of them. There are several approaches such as use of additives for protein stabilization. In this study, E. Coli BL21 (DE3) was transformed by pET28a (+) vector carrying Aspergillus flavus uricase gene. The recombinant protein was expressed and then purified by a Ni-NTA agarose chromatography column. After purification, the thermal stability of the purified enzyme was evaluated and then it stabilized by additives. The results showed that enzyme is active and purified very well. Thermal stability results indicated that uricase maintains its stability up to 20°C and then loses its stability. The half-life of enzyme was 30minutes at 40 °. The results of enzyme stabilization by 20% (v/w) concentration of glucose and sorbitol as well as by 20 % (v/v) of glycerol showed that glucose had the most stabilization effect on the uricase among the additives. The stability (half life) of enzyme was increased more than two times in the presence of glucose. Finally, we conclude that additives like glucose which increase surface tension have the most stabilization effect on the uricase enzyme stability.

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Summery
       Lentinula edodes(Shitake) is one of the most popular species of edible/medicinal fungus due to its high content of protein, polysaccharide and unique aroma, which is ranked second in the world in terms of cultivation and consumption. Today, its effective compounds are used as adjunctive therapy along with chemical treatments. In this study, the culture medium, acidity and optimum growth temperature of Lentinula edodes (TMU340) mycelium were determined. Mycelium, fruiting body and whole fungi were lyophilized and the wet to dry weight ratio was obtained; Lentinan was extracted using hot water at 60°C, degassing by Sevage method and precipitation with pure ethanol at 4°C and purified by Ion exchange chromatography. Lentinan concentration was obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid test. Results, Optimum conditions including PDA and PDB media, 25°C and pH, 5.5 were determined. The wet to dry weight ratio was 10 to 1 in all samples. Lentinan concentrations after extraction and purification were 0.243, 0.103 and 0.148 mg/ml, respectively. As a result, this fungus can be useful in the production of a variety of metabolites and natural compounds without side effects such as Lentinan polysaccharide as a factor in boosting the immune system.

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Changes in dietary electrolyte balance influence the metabolic fate of protein and many amino acids. Furthermore, acid-base condition is achieved in part by the alteration of dietary amino acids pattern and quantity. Therefore, a trial was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics, plasma electrolyte and uric acid concentrations of 19 and 28-day-old male broilers fed three experimental diets in which CP was decreased in a stepwise manner from 21 to 18%. Ileal digestible quantities of all EAA were almost equal in the diets, and the total amount of each EAA was maintained at or above NRC 1994 requirements. Decreasing dietary CP did not affect performance and appetite but increased fat deposition in the whole body and abdominal cavity, significantly. High crude protein fed chickens generally produced breast, thighs and total carcasses that were lower in fat. Reducing dietary CP increased the concentrations of main plasma electrolytes including ionized forms of the electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) but its influence on Ca++ and HCO3- ions was not significant. On the other hand, plasma uric acid concentration was reduced in parallel with crude protein reduction. Therefore, although reduction of CP to 18% does not impair the performance of broiler chickens, deficiency in uric acid production in low CP diets may lead to blood electrolyte imbalance.

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Concrete is one of the most practical and durable construction materials due to economic aspects, abundance of the constituents, adaptability with the environment and its high compressive strength and durabity. High strength concretes are used in the most substructure constructions such as bridges, dams, towers, silos and etc. . The selection of proper aggregates and the constituents affects on the concrete properties such as strength, permeability, and durability. Therefore, optimization of mix designs is necessary to produce high strength and low permeability concretes. Although most of the concrete structures are constructed for 50 years sevice life, however, some of them are sometimes damaged due to sulfuric acid attack. The rate of concrete corrosion in sulfuric acid is a process of dissolution, sedimentation and leaching depends on the chemical compounds of cement, paste reactivity, aggregates type and their grading curves and the proportion of concrete components. Moreover, wetting and drying cycles increases the acid penetration and consequently the rate of corrosion. Remarkable concrete damages have been reported in Australia, Japan, the countries around Persian Gulf, Germany, South Africa and U.S.A.. Therefore, It will be necessary to repair or replace the damaged structure after the attack and it would be very expensive and creates many social problems. Nevetheless, several reports have been published to investigate plain concretes durability in acidic environments, but first, the results are paradoxical for example, silica fume effect against sulfuric acid attack and second, their studies have been conducted on the native construction materials such as fly ash or blast furnace slag. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate concrete durability against sulfuric acid attack by using new materials such as nano-SiO2. In the present study, durability of concretes containing silica fume, nano-SiO2 and ultra fine Quartz powder was investigated under sulfuric acid attack. Concrete samples of four mix designs, including Silica Fume, nano-SiO2 and ultra fine Quartz powder as cement filler, were investigated to find optimum content of Silica Fume and nano-SiO2. Also to obtain a high strength concretes, ideal grading curve of aggregates and cementitious materials were used which lead to decrease cement consumption. Results show that the very low porosity concretes were obtained based on water absorption test results in comparison to plain concretes. Also, the 28 days compressive strength of all mixtures were obtaied more than 500 kg/cm2 using no more than 325 kg/m3 cementitious material content. Moreover, the durability of concretes against sulfuric acid attack, which is increased by silica fume and nano-SiO2, directly related to the 90 days water absorption. In addition, After 6 months of immersion in sulfuric acid solution with pH of 1.0, the mixture containing 8% silica fume, 2% nano-SiO2 and 25% ultra fine Quartz powder showed the best performance.

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Twenty spices were employed to preserve the cooked and uncooked fillet of Puntius sarana (Hamilton) and Puntius ticto (Hamilton). IC₅₀ values of 2,2^’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) based free radical scavenging activity ranged from 0.1123 μg ml^-1 in turmeric to 13.035 μg ml^-1 in roman coriander. Phenol content ranged from 0.365 μg g^-1 in onion to 5.67 μg g^-1 in clove. The raw and cooked fillets of P. sarana, and the cooked fillet of P. ticto, treated with garlic recorded the highest rates of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactivity (P< 0.05). For raw P. ticto, both the control and garlic treated fillet recorded higher rates of TBA reactivity (P< 0.05). Fillet of both fish species recorded higher TBA reactivity under raw condition, compared to cooked fillet. This condition was similar for the spice treated fillet. The exceptions were garlic, green and black cardamom, roman coriander and onion for P. sarana and garlic, cumin, field mustard, black pepper and poppy seed for P. ticto, where TBA reactivity was higher in cooked condition. It is recommended that spices with active phenolic antioxidants be used to inhibit the lipid oxidation in P. sarana and P. ticto. However, application of garlic extract for fillet preservation should be avoided until further documentation.

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This study was carried out to evaluate how various amounts of nanozeolite decrease the effects of Aflatoxins (AF) on color and oxidative stability of the broiler thigh meat. Three hundred and thirty six one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were divided into six groups including a control group, which received diet without AF and nanozeolite, and five treatment groups that received diet with 0.5 ppm of AF, as well as 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% of nanozeolite. Results showed that broilers fed by AF contaminated diet without nanozeolite had the highest rate of L* and a* values and the lowest rate of b* value (P> 0.05). AF contaminated diet without nanozeolite increased ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBA-RS) significantly, compared to the control group and the treatment groups that received AF and nanozeolite (P< 0.05). Results suggest that nanozeolite (especially 0.75 and 1%) is able to reduce the adverse effects of AF on meat quality, especially lipid oxidation.

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Natural antioxidants are nowadays used to replace synthetic antioxidants to delay or prevent the oxidation of edible oils. In this study, Rapeseed (Brasica napus L.) was used as a natural compound to improve oxidative stability and increase shelf life of soybean oil. In this study, the extract was extracted under the influence of three variables at three levels: concentration (200, 500 and 800 ppm), time (10-30 minutes) and temperature (35-55°C). After extraction optimization, extracts with the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds were added to soybean oil with three concentrations (800, 500 and 200 ppm) and then oil samples at three levels temperature (72, 48 and 24 hours) and temperature (65, 55 and 45°C) were maintained. After various experiments on the extracts, the best extraction conditions for the extracts were determined using response surface methodology and extraction at optimum conditions. The results of the extract extraction optimization process showed that in the hydroethanolic extract, the optimal concentration was 200 ppm, the optimal time was 30 minutes and the optimum temperature was 47.028°C, which was used to evaluate the optimal amount of inhibitory free radical activity and total phenolic compounds in hydroethanol extraction were 43.885% and 39.852 mg GA/g, respectively. The time obtained from the oxidative stability of the oil showed that the time was 72 hours, the concentration was 200 ppm, and the temperature was 45°C. The results of oxidative stability of oil showed that the peroxide and thiobarbiotic acid indices in hydroethanolic extraction were 2.388 meq O₂/kg and 0.329 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study showed that natural antioxidants can be used as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants in edible oil formulations.
 

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Nowadays, by proving the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidants on human health, food scientists are seeking natural compounds to replace synthetic antioxidants. In this study antioxidant properties of Bene (Pistacia atlantica) oil in stabilizing crude soybean oil were investigated. Treatments were prepared by blending different ratios of Bene oil with soybean oil (1, 3, and 5%w/w) and synthetic antioxidants of TBHQ (100 ppm) and BHT (200 ppm) along with the antioxidant free soybean oil were used as a control to monitor stability at accelerated oxidation conditions (70 °C). At different time intervals (2 to 12 days), peroxide value, acid value and thiobarbituric acid of samples were evaluated. Fatty acid profile of Bene oil was analyzed using gas chromatography and its total phenolic content and antioxidant properties were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH methods, respectively.  Results showed that the predominant fatty acid in Bene oil was oleic acid (% 56.53) and Free Radical scavenging activity and total phenol content were 64.7 ± 2.6 % and 87.3 ± 4.5 μg/mg, respectively. Accelerated oxidation test showed that antioxidant properties of 5% Bene oil containing samples were comparable with BHT samples. Generally, the results of this study showed the ability of Bene oil in retarding the oxidation of crude soybean oil.
 

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Concrete is extensively used in the construction industry. To reduce the production of cement and subsequently reduce air pollution due to the release of  gas into the atmosphere and also to increase the strength of concrete, cement additives can be used. One of the additives that can be used in concrete is biochar from agricultural waste during the pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the process in which wastes are decomposed in the absence of oxygen and at high temperatures. Agricultural wastes are pyrolyzed before being added to concrete. It produces biofuels that can replace fossil fuels, and pyrolysis residues can be used as cement additive in concrete. In this study, the possibility of using biochar of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse treated with hydrochloric acid as an additive to replace cement at the values of 0, 5 and 10% was investigated. Sulfuric acid with pH = 1 was used to simulate the wastewater environment. In order to evaluate the effects of acidic environment on the properties of concrete samples, weight loss, compressive strength and tensile strength of the samples were measured and SEM and EDS instrumental analyzes were performed on the samples immersed in acid after 28 days.  The results showed that pretreatment of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse with dilute hydrochloric acid could improve the pozzolanic properties of the samples by reducing the amount of potassium and calcium in the composition. The results of compressive strength showed an increase in compressive strength of samples containing 5% of treated rice husk biochar and sugarcane bagasse biochar by 35.9% and 54%, respectively, compared to non-pozzolan sample (control). The changes in tensile strength of the samples containing pozzolan compared to the control sample were not significant, compared to the compressive strength. The weight and compressive strength of concrete samples decreased in the vicinity of sulfuric acid. The weight loss of all samples was less than the control, but the comparison of the compressive strength of the samples containing pozzolan with the control showed that only the compressive strength of the concrete sample containing 5% biochar of treated rice husk was higher than that of control by 16%. Tensile strength of concrete samples containing 5% biochar of treated rice husk and treated bagasse increased by 12% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control. In general, the results showed the positive effect of biochar pozzolan on the mechanical properties of concrete.

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Today, one of the problems of the food industry is the use of synthetic compounds as preservatives, the potential dangers of each of these compounds for human health have been proven. Currently synthetic antioxidants such as butyl hydroxyl anisole and butyl hydroxyl toluene are used in the oil industry. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of phenolic compounds from the herb flower on oxidative stability of the oil containing the resulting extract. In this research, from the extract of Artemisia annua flower with the help of ultrasound pretreatment with a fixed intensity of 24KHz and a fixed temperature of the laboratory and the application times of ultrasound waves is 10, 20 and 30 minutes and methanol solvent extraction by maceration method with a fixed time of 48 hours and it was used a stabilize soybean oil at a constant temperature in the laboratory (control). With the help of the response level method, the most appropriate ultrasonic pretreatment for 30 minutes. Then, different concentrations of 0,50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm were prepared after ultrasonic pretreatment for 30 minutes. The results showed that the pretreatment with a concentration 0f 1000 ppm  with the highest amount of phenolic compound extaction (28/15) mg/g and DPPH free radical  inhibitory power (53/30)% was the most  suitable sample that was added  to the oil and  The tests related to the stability of soybean oil including: peroxide index, acid index and thiobarbituric acid index were performed, which according to the results of the tests had an upward trend and the most stabilizing effect was at a concentration of 1000 ppm.