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Besides the main elements such as setting, theme, plot, and conflicts, any narrative or story requires another key element called character. It is the character that adds meaning and life to each of these elements, transforming a narrative into a compelling story. Characterization is essentially the process of bringing life and creating human figures from the elements of a narrative discourse. Creating and developing characters in the realm of storytelling and art is a delicate and novel task referred to as “characterization.” This process results in the creation of characters that are believable, engaging, and understandable for the audience. Characterization establishes a bridge of communication between the reader’s or viewer’s mind and the world of the story, enabling them to empathize with the characters, understand their emotions, and become curious about their actions and motivations, thereby increasing audience engagement.The corpus of this research consists of short stories by the Afghan author Mohammad Asef Soltanzadeh. The present study, relying on Soltanzadeh’s ability to utilize and develop story characters, is conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The aim has been to analyze the use of the element of characterization and the interaction between pragmatics and stylistics in three short stories from the collection “Nowruz is Only Splendid in Kabul,” considering Culpeper’s theoretical framework (2017). The results of this study indicate that characterization consistently follows three elements: the degree of narrative control, the dialectic of self and other, and explicit and implicit meanings within the overall narrative discourse, which the author skillfully employs.
 

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Intertextuality of two text: Comparative analysis between king Lear and Feridoon Comparative study which has opened to investigation the text could illuminate the relationship between cultures and shows the originality and richness of one literature alongside with range of its stubbornness of our or other culture. Comparative analysis between Feridoon’s tragedy and King Lear shows the interlocking relationship and arrangement between two texts in different and completely dissimilar culture and different historical context with two kind of language. Although mapping out the conscious or unconscious trace and impact of this texts over each other is completely impossible but the high level of intersexuality between the two texts is obvious so that this relationship could not be ignored. “similarity of plot”, “being tragically”, “impulses”, “familiarity of two text”, “dividing of kingdom”, “presence of destiny”, “parallel of characters”, “conflict”, “prediction”, “chorus” could be accepted as issues which are convinced common points between the two text. The analysis and survey toward understanding the equivalent between the two texts by helping of comparative literature is the fundamental question which has been followed by this paper.

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Research subject: Due to the public's attention on the environmental issues as well as strict environmental regulations, the eco-friendly methods for nanoparticles have received considerable attention in the recent years.
Research approach: In the present study, a mixed oxide nanoparticles containing cerium and zirconium (Ce_x-Zr_1-xO₂) was fabricated the in supercritical water (SCW) medium. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Main results: The results of the analyses demonstrated that fine nanoparticles with mean size of 13±3 nm, with high crystallinity, and with appropriate size distribution and surface area were synthesized by SCW. Moreover, an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) as high as 1.25 mmol O₂/g was estimated for Ce_x-Zr_1-xO₂ nanoparticles through temperature programmed reduction in hydrogen (H₂-TPR). According to the obtained results, the Ce_x-Zr_1-xO₂ nanoparticles could be a suitable candidate for catalysts of oxidation processes as well as three-way catalyst for control of automotive exhaust gases.

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 Abdollahian.H.,PH.D.
Abstract
 
There are, still, many unmentioned subjects in the Persian rich literature, deserving careful consideration and discussion. Line-story is a fictional form that has been exercised in Persian poetry from the ancient periods up to now. As far as the writer knows, this form has not been examined up to now, while it is worthy of paying attention as a kind of fictional form, having special features. Line-story, as its name indicates, is a complete story which is narrated in one line and has the essential elements of a story. Considering the fact that it is not possible to elaborate a story within a line, the fundamental narrative features should be recognized. As the sources reveal, plot, character, action, time and place are the basic components of a story, and each line, having these elements, can be considered as a line-story as well. To give some examples to support his argument, the writer has found 22 line-stories in both old and contemporary Persian poetry. The techniques for developing plot, character, action, time, place and atmosphere are studied in this tiny form as well. Line-story, on the one hand, is like Japanese Haiku because of its brevity, and on the other hand, it is close to the American Minimalism due to succinctness and avoiding description.
 
 

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Production and characterization of bacterial thermophilic avicelase Fatemeh Azadian, Arastoo Badoei-dalfard*, Abdolhamid Namaki-Shoushtari, Mehdi Hassanshahian Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Nowadays, developing processes for effectively converting agricultural wastes for production of high value chemicals has gained considerable interest. Avicelases are important industrial enzymes for the most bioconversion processes. In this study, samples were picked up and inoculated in AVI broth for 7 days at 50 ºC. The bacterial strains with the clear halo (represent extracellular avicelase) have been purified. AV8 isolate which showed the highest clear halo was selected for further studies. This strain was identified as Bacillus genus based on biochemical tests and 16S rRNA analysis. Avicelase production was considered under varying environmental parameters. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for maximum avicelase production were 0.5% sucrose and 0.25% yeast extract, respectively. Avicelase from this strain has been partially purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by dialysis and ion exchange Q-Sepharose chromatography. Results showed that enzyme was active and stable between 30-70 ºC and itʼs maximum temperature activity was observed in 70 ºC. The optimum avicelase activity and stability was observed at pH 6.0. These are characteristics indicating that this enzyme could be an acidophilic and thermophilic avicelase. Furthermore, the avicelase activity improved by methanol (138 %) and chloroform (107 %). These results indicated that AV8 avicelase has potential applications in various industries.

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Rereading the history of literary studies to evaluate quality and identify the strengths and weaknesses is one of the Important scientific measures; however, the abundance and distribution of scientific research in a specific subject, makes it difficult for researchers to identify and analyze the previous issues occasionally. As a result of those difficulties, repetitive and similar articles would be written which reduce the development and activeness of scientific fields. Researchers in each fields, can prevent similar and ordinary researches by identifying and critically examining the previous researches based on a coherent and methodical plan; moreover, by understanding the needs and gaps in those areas, they are able to do efficient researches as well. Due to the necessity of such an attitude in the field of Persian literature research, the authors of this paper have decided to introduce and review all scientific articles which are in connection with character and characterization issues. Therefore, by referring to databases storing articles, the number of Persian scientific research articles that had studied the character and characterization in contemporary fiction that contained these two words whether in topic or keywords were found. Afterwards, 73 articles have been found in terms of methodology, objectives and question the number and type of studied samples, used theories, results, references, etc. some data reviewed and analyzed statistically. According to the results, incomplete and ambiguous abstracts, some unfamiliar researchers with the correct structure, essay writing and research methods, uncoordinated research components and some repetitive issues and approaches and resources, are some of those studied articles problem. Paying attention to the new subjects and theories, cooperating with graduates in various majors, choosing the efficient theories and using the other research methods by researchers can help improving the research results and developing this issues as well.

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To study the excursion of presence and evolution of chivalrous characters in Persian literature, this article is examined three stories, “Samak e Ayyar”, “Dash Akol” and “Qeidar”, in terms of similarities and differences among characters and characterizations. mentioned stories have been selected because “samak e ayyar” is the first story in which the role of knights (“Ayaran”) is bolder than kings or heroes; “Dash Akol” is the first manly (“Dash Mashti”) character in modern Persian literature and “Qeidar” is the last one. This study indicates that in all three works, the distinction between protagonist and antagonist is clearly distinguished based on chivalry characteristic nevertheless the protagonist in “Samak e Ayyar” and “Dash Akol” is similar to antagonist in terms of facial features and behavioral characteristics while the antagonist of “Qeidar” is different from protagonist in this sense. Furthermore, “Amirkhani” appends the component of belief in Islam to the constitutive elements of chivalry characteristic, however, in spite of facial features, it is fully similar to “Samak e Ayyar” in terms of organizing events toward highlighting typical characteristics of chivalrous character.

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This study aims to examine the elements of stylistics in three stories. They include three poetical narratives by ʿAṭṭār in mystical genre pivoting around the character of Ḥallāj.
The main research question of are: a) According to which stylistic mechanisms of narrative are the narrative-stylistic elements explained? And b) How are these elements reflected in the narrative discourse?
This study hypothesis check the components of Simpson's narrative discourse to determine the stylistic features.
 Therefore, analysis of the texture of these narratives showed that in total, material processes with 16 applications had more performance than verbal process with 3 cases, mental process with 13 cases and behavioral process with 1 case.
 The research uses library method for collecting data and is analytical in nature, employing the methodology proposed by Simpson in his Stylistics approach.
The results indicate the extent of characters’ collaboration by analysing the processes. In terms of point of view on the temporal plane, there is no specific time since all three narratives revolve around Ḥallāj. The descriptive pause is another example of this point of view and narrative time in the stories is longer than story-time. In the second story, however, the narrative is denser and more concise.
An example of a point of view on the temporal plane can be seen in the three discourses of narration using "the use of past verbs", "descriptive pause" and "narrative time" in two narratives, and the narrative of “ tashte khakestar va amadane ashegh" is rejected.
 Naturally, from the spatial point of view, referring to space is not pertinent because it the prestige of Ḥallāj which is the focus of the author.
All three narrative discourses confirm Hallaj's high position on psychological plane . The point of view is the third person in all three stories. In the first and third stories, the third person perspective is reflective, and in the second story, the third person perspective is prominent.
 Modality has some features in narratives of Ḥallāj: since the narrator narrates Ḥallāj’s emotions and the Lover’s character by direct speech, it has a positive shading. This may be explained using Fowler-Uspensky model.
 In terms of idiolect, the words uttered as the Lover’s reaction to see the Beloved’s (i.e. Ḥallāj’s) ash and finding a trace of the latter are in line with the mystical context of the story. All three stories of Ḥallāj can be discussed in view of Labov’s ‘textual structure’.
Therefore, in future research, it is possible to examine the textual structure of the elements of this model in the narrative context by examining the structure of the text in other anecdotes of mystical poetry and consider the anecdotes related to elders. The results of this study showed that in almost these three stories, the result , the solution and the terminal phase are the same, and the reason is Attar's advice, which replaces any kind of analysis.
With regard to intertextuality, two stories ‘Ḥallāj in the gallows’ (Ḥallāj bar sar-i dār) and ‘Ḥallāj decapitated in sleep’ (Ḥallāj bā sar-i burida) are referred to in other texts.
The results of this study clearly show that the study of narrative stylistics and the application of its components have mechanisms that are suitable for analyzing different levels of narrative discourse context. In addition, this study provided an understanding of the style of Hallaj's narratives that had not been previously explored.
 
 

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Graphene/Polypropylene nanocomposite is a new material and limited research is performed on mechanical properties of such material. A random distribution of the nano particles in the matrix has a special importance in having proper mechanical properties for Graphene/Polypropylene nanocomposites. To have a uniform distribution of the nano graphene in the polypropylene, a method developed by Kalaitzidou, et al. for distribution of exfoliated graphite in polypropylene is used in this research. In this paper, Polypropylene is coated with graphene and then the nanocomposite specimens are made using melt-blending and injection molding. Polypropylene reinforced with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% graphene sheets were prepared and their tensile properties are investigated. Good enhancement of Young’s modulus and yield stress at very low graphene contents are achieved. The results indicate that the mentioned method is suitable for fabrication of graphene/polypropylene nanocomposites, which yields a good dispersion of graphene in the polypropylene.

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In this paper, 5 samples of one kind of swirl injector with tangential inlets, which has been designed and manufactured by using CNC, have been tested. Above injector has a spray cone in the shape of very thin layer because it is formed an air core in injector center. In fact, this is a one-fluid injector but its operation is two-phase. In order to detect acceptable injector among them, characterization tests have been done in the propulsion laboratory of Tarbiat Modarres University for all sample injectors. The methods of experimental characterization have been described in detail in current paper and also important parameters introduced. In these tests, injection uniformity, symmetry, mass flow rate versus pressure difference and some other parameter such as spray cone angle are investigated. Experimental results have been compared with design points. Finally, one injector has been selected as a suitable and nearer to theoretical design injector among them. The selected injector can be used for validation of numerical analysis results and also doing some complemental microscopic experiments. The results show good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results.

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In the present paper, a new combined technique consist of experimental results and numerical solution for determination of elastic constants of thin and thick orthotropic plates with various stacking sequences; and also isotropic plates under different boundary conditions is proposed. This new proposed technique makes use of vibrational test data, corresponding numerical solution and optimization methods. The vibration test data consists of a set of eigen frequencies that are obtained from transverse vibration test of the plate. The numerical solution is based on a finite element method using a commercial program. Material constants of the plate are determined by using of the inverse method and a particle swarm optimization algorithm in MATLAB software. The error function is based on the sum of square difference between experimental data and numerical data of eigen frequencies solution. The validation, performance and ability of the proposed technique in this paper are discussed using experimental and numerical data available in the literature. The higher accuracy of results that obtained by the present method in comparison with other methods proved the validity and capability f the new proposed method.

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The quality traits of Triticum dicoccoides KU-13441 (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (AABB, 2n= 4x= 28)) were analyzed by mixograph, and the results showed that T. dicoccoides KU-13441 had desirable qualities in gluten strength and flour stirring tolerance. Subsequently, seventeen novel full-ORF α-gliadin genes and thirty-five pseudogenes were cloned and sequenced from T. dicoccoides KU-13441. Among the 17 novel full-ORF α-gliadin genes, the putative proteins of Gli2-TD-44 and Gli2-TD-46 contained an extra cysteine residue, located in the first nonrepetitive region and N-terminal repetitive domain, respectively, rather than in the second nonrepetitive region like other α-gliadins. Prokaryotic expression analysis and western-blotting indicated that these two α-gliadin genes could be successfully expressed under the control of T₇ promoter. According to the varying numbers of 4 typical coeliac disease toxic peptides and glutamine residues in the two ployglutamine domains among the 17 α-gliadins, Gli2-TD-39, Gli2-TD-46 and Gli2-TD-47 genes were assigned to sub-genome B and other 14 genes were assigned to sub-genome A. Phylogenetic analysis including two S-genome species, Aegilops longissima (S^l) and Aegilops speltoides (S) revealed that the α-gliadin sequences of the B genome in T. dicoccoides had closer genetic relationship with those from Ae. speltoides. This implies that Ae. speltoides might participate in the origin of wheat B genome.

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Characterization of mechanical properties of soft tissues using hyper-viscoelastic models has been of special attention in medical fields such as medical diagnosis. In most of these studies, only one single tissue has been analyzed and therefore, in cases that the lower tissue does not function well, generalization of obtained results for a tissue will not be suitable for other tissues. In the current study, mechanical properties of chicken chest and sheep liver, two different study cases, have been determined at the same time using an indentation test. To determine the properties of the obtained model, inverse finite element method (IFEM) has been employed. Moreover, an optimization algorithm has been used for minimizing the differences of force-time curves that are obtained from indentation test and finite element analysis. By separating the force-time curve to two hyperelastic and viscoelastic parts, the parameters of each part have been determined individually using a separate inverse finite element method. This procedure results in reducing the computation time. Eventually, the parameters of viscoelastic and hyperelastic models have been determined by nonlinear root mean square error of 0.0695 and 0.0315, respectively. Comparison of the curves obtained from finite element analyses and those obtained from experiments shows the validity and capability of the employed method.

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“Dash Akol” is one of the most important fictions in Persian literature. This short story is different from other fictions of Sadegh Hedayat. Sacrifice and “gheyrat” are important concepts in this fiction and this is questionable. The hypothesis of this article was that, unlike popular belief, “Dash Akol” is not entirely realistic but it`s a semi-Modernist short story because of central subjectivity of Akol. In other words, characterization in the second part of this story is Modernist. A Modern subject has three features and all of them are observable in the main character of “Dash Akol”: 1) Consciousness 2) Agency 3) Personhood. Akol have some secondary features too: 1) Overthinking 2) Attention to the unconsciousness 3) Solitude 4) Thinking about death. This short story is written in a period of contemporary Persian fiction that Modernist literature arose and this story has shown the evolution of contemporary Persian fiction.

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Targeted extension for heterogeneous farming systems is a challenge in developing countries. Farm type identification and characterization based on estimates of income from different farm components allows simplifying diversity in farming systems. Use of multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), help in such farm typology delineation. Using this methodological approach, the present study conducted in West Bengal, India, identified four distinct farm types, namely, farms growing food grain and jute, farms with animal husbandry and fishery based diversification with high off-farm income, farms with crop based diversification with off-farm income, and farms growing vegetables and fruits. Such typology delineation helps in differentiated, holistic, and broad-based extension intervention to address the need of different identified farm types and a reduced transaction cost in the agricultural research and extension system. inbred lines, and 9 hybrids). A total of 94 and 262 loci were amplified using 5 IRAP and 15 REMAP primers, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) in populations ranged from 39% (Zivari Shahrood) to 48% (Shadegani E). The Mantel test between IRAP and REMAP cophenetic matrices evidenced no significant correlation (r= 0.29). IRAP+REMAP-based cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm and Dice similarity coefficient depicted 6 groups among 100 melon genotypes. AMOVA revealed the higher level of genetic variation within populations (67%) compared to among populations (33%). The mean Fst values of all groups, except for group VI, were more than 0.20, demonstrating differentiation among the populations and genetic structure of the studied melon collection. 

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In this study, the crude protein extract containing PolyPhenolOxidase (PPO) and Peroxidases (POD) were extracted from medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) grown in Golestan Province, Iran. POD and PPO activities were studied using guaiacol and catechol as substrates, respectively. The effect of pH, temperature and thermal stability, inhibitors and cations were investigated. Results showed that V_max was higher for PPO compared to the POD. The optimum pHs for POD and PPO were obtained at 6.5 and 5.5, respectively. The optimum temperature for both enzymes was 35°C. The Iranian medlar POD was more thermal stable than the PPO. Ascorbic acid had the highest inhibitory effect on both enzymes. Ca²⁺ and Zn²⁺ had the highest decreasing and increasing effect on both enzymes.

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ancient literature. In this process, the authors try to interpret the ancient literature in accordance with the spirits and mentalities of modern man. This plays an important role in enriching literary works and the relationship between cultures in different periods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contemporaryization of ancient lyrical poems in some Persian novels(Winter 62 by Ismail Faceeh, Bamdad Khomar by Fataneh Haj Seyed Javadi, His eyes by Alavi Bozorg, Kiss God on the moon by Mustafa Mastoor, Dal Mahmoud Golabderehi, Night harmony of the wood orchestra by Reza Qasemi) is based on the documentary method. The results of the research show that the mentioned authors have mostly focused on contemporaryizing Hafez's poetry and have presented a new reading of lyrical poems according to the cultural, social and political conditions of the time and in accordance with their mental perceptions. They have used ancient lyrical poems to show the mentality of their characters and identities, and the themes of many of these novels have been conveyed through these poems or the theme of the novel is derived from the dominant thought. These poems have also played an important role in describing the place, atmosphere, creating realism and the connection between past and contemporary culture in Iran.

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This study is based on this question, that if it would be required to write a screen play about Islamic and Shi'ah infallible leaders (Imams), then what would be the suitable model for this. The classic model, in this regard often based on the Aristotle model, is not enough and ideal to present the infallible Islamic characters. This is because it is forbidden to show the face of the Islamic infallible characters in film, and also according to Shi'ah believes they have static characters in which they are incompatible with the Aristotle’s characterization model. This study focuses on the characterization aspect in screenplay throw the assessment of the technical capacities in classical screenplay aiming to answer this question that how much these techniques could represent the character of the infallible Shi'ah leaders. The hypothesis of this study is based on this point that the technical capacity of the Aristotle model in screenplay is more proper to show the secular character rather than to represent the holy and infallible character. We have to change the essence of such models founding some new technical capacities and introduce a specific novel model. It has been reached in this study that the characterization models in the Aristotle and Hollywood drama cannot display the Islamic infallible figure, which needs different methods and aesthetic changes. Also, concerning the several problems mentioned in this article, not only scenario writers must look for solutions, but also Islamic scholars, specialized in jurisprudence and Sharia’a, should interfere in resolving the obstacles and suspicions raised in this study, in order for the scenario writer to innovate within a clearly defined perimeter. We also concluded that it is possible to benefit from some of the experiences and innovations in the Western cinema in order to surpass the limited space of our experiences provided that we must expand our creativity potential.