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The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which is known as one of the most important economic pests, can cause severe damage to different crops in Iran and many countries of the world. The effect of five maize hybrids: SC260, SC500, SC700, SC704 and DC370 on lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of sixth instar of H. armigera using lytic zone assay and its association with some fitness parameters of this pest was studied in growth chamber (25 ± 1˚C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L : D) h). Our results indicated that except on SC260, the frequency of high immune-activated larvae on the other maize hybrids was lower than that of low immune-activated larvae. The mean lysozyme concentration in H. armigera larval hemolymph was the highest on SC260 (0.096 ± 0.01 mg/ml) and lowest on DC370 (0.060 ± 0.007 mg/ml). The longest pupal period was on SC500 (12.00 ± 0.49 days) and the shortest was on SC700 (10.37 ± 0.19 days). Daily and total fecundities of H. armigera were the highest on DC370 (61.68 ± 9.85 and 196.89 ± 49.30 eggs, respectively) and lowest on SC260 (20.60 ± 5.88 and 52.71 ± 18.80, respectively). The results of this study can provide fundamental information for management of H. armigera on maize hybrids.

 

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Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor based on susceptibility to bacteriophages and some biochemical properties, each encoding a biotype-specific genetic determinants. Before 1961, most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. However, with the passage of time, the classical biotype missed from the scenario and the El Tor emerged as the major biotype causing the cholera in humans. The present cholera global pandemic is attributed to a change among seventh pandemic strains and emergence of V. cholerae O139, V. cholerae O1 El Tor hybrid, and V. cholera O1 El Tor with altered cholera toxin subunit B. The V. cholerae  biotypes are not only different in phenotype but also human infections caused by them are different clinically. Infection with classical V. cholerae O1 more frequently produces severe infection than does El Tor, suggesting that the genetic and phenotypic differences between the two biotypes may also be reflected in their pathogenic potential. Considering the recent emergence of “hybrid biotype” and “El Tor variant” in different areas and in our country, we reviewed differences in genetic structure of V. cholerae biotypes.

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Soil affected by salt (NaCl) is a major problem worldwide and in areas with potential agriculture; lands in many countries are not enough to support crop production. The development of salt tolerant cultivars would be enhanced by better understanding of the genetic control of tolerance to salt stress. A new cereal, tritipyrum, a range of amphiploids between Triticum spp. and Thinopyrum spp. offers such a new chance. Those with the 6x construction (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) derived from Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) are of the potential to become a new high salt tolerant cereal crop. Tritipyrum is prone to problems similar to those exhibited by early triticales, e.g. chromosome instability and low fertility, which in that crop were eventually overcome by breeding. Other problems could be overcome through substitution of Eb genome chromosomes by D genome ones, and the feasibility of this has been assessed in the progenies of (6x tritipyrum) x (6x wheat) hybrids with the aid of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The cytological, morphological and agronomic studies of existing tritipyrum lines, including the effect of vernalization, were carried out, too. A novel multiple- pistil/seed characteristic of one original tritipyrum line has also been investigated and its genetic basis established. The results have shown that, first creation of substituted lines is feasible, and thus it could be a route for the elimination of undesirable traits. Second, improvement should be possible via selection for chromosomally stable lines, with increased fertility and yield. Third, it may also be possible to exploit the perennial habit and multi-tillering traits in a dual-purpose forage/grain crop. Fourth, the multiple-pistil/seed trait may be controlled by two recessive genes. Fifth, there is a high probability of having established the seven possible monosomic additions of Th. bessarabicum to T.durum for the first time.

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In this paper two nodes to model isotropic and anisotropic media in Transmission Line Matrix Method (TLM) are presented. By using these two nodes, the permeability and permittivity of an anisotropic media can be modeled simultaneously. Another application of these nodes is in modeling media with permittivity and permeability less than one. In the conventional 2 dimensional TLM, the stubs representing permittivity and or permeability get negative characteristic impedances, which in turn cause instability in the computation. Studying the two suggested nodes, called the stub node and the hybrid node, respectively, shows the hybrid node can best model the simultaneous variations of permeability, permittivity of the isotropic and non isotropic media.

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A parallel hybrid system of HMM and GMM modeling techniques was implemented and used in a telephony speaker verification and identification system. Spectral subtraction and Weighted Projection Measure were used to render this system more robust against additional noise. Cepstral Mean Subtraction method was also applied for the compensation of convolution noise due to transmission channel degradation and differences in the frequency response of telephone handsets. For a population of 100 speakers of FARSDIGITS1 database with a SNR of 8.8 dB, a speaker identification performance of 95.51% and a speaker verification error rate of 0.37% were obtained. Several score normalization methods in utterance and frame level and weighting of model scores were also implemented, and then compared and evaluated. It was shown that these methods improve discrimination between speakers and yield a reduction of speaker verification and identification error rates.

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Nutritional indices of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae, an economic insect pest of agricultural crops in the world, were studied on five corn hybrids (SC700, SC704, SC500, DC370 and SC260) when incorporated into artificial diets under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 65 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. The highest values of consumption index (CI) and relative growth rate (RGR) for the fourth instars were on SC500 (37.21 ± 3.34 and 0.43 ± 0.07 mg/mg/day, respectively) and lowest values of these indices were on SC704 (21.44 ± 2.83 and 0.18 ± 0.04, respectively). Among the five corn hybrids tested, efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of fifth instars was the highest on SC260 (6.92 ± 0.5%) and the highest value of efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) was on SC704 (10.71 ± 3%) while the larvae fed on SC700 had the lowest values of ECI and ECD (3.57 ± 0.3 and 4.39 ± 0.4%, respectively). For the sixth instar larvae, although the lowest CI and approximate digestibility (AD) values were observed on SC260 (3.49 ± 0.17 and 53.89 ± 3.70%, respectively) the highest value of ECI and ECD was on SC260 (9.11 ± 0.6 and 16.54 ± 1.5%, respectively). For all instars (fourth to sixth instars), ECD value of H. armigera was the highest on SC260 (10.15 ± 1.08%) and lowest on SC700 (6.32 ± 0.47%). The result of this study pointed out higher nutritional performance of the larvae H. armigera reared on SC704 and SC260 and lower performance on SC700 and SC500.

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The porosity of electrospun nanofibers web is a significant parameter affecting various areas of nanofibers applications. Thus, at first, the effect of most effective parameters, the concentration of polymer solution and flow rate, on the diameter of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers, as a dissolving component, were investigated. Afterward, the hybrid web of polyamide 6/polyvinyl alcohol (PA/P) was prepared via a two-sided dual-nozzles electrospinning method. The morphology, diameter, pore size of nanofibers web and the effect of dissolving constituent were studied based on images of the scanning electron microscope. To measuring the porosity of nanofibrous webs, three practical and straightforward methods that have been proposed in the literature were utilized. It was observed that when one component was dissolved, the diameter of the resultant web was decreased, and the porosity has been reduced to about 70% based on the best selected method of porosity. Additionally, the average pore size of electrospun PA6 webs has been decreased about 30-58% relative to the original hybrid webs.

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Self-incompatibility is one of the most important difficulties in almond production which dramatically reduces fruit set and makes orchard management difficult. Therefore, breeding almond to produce self-compatible genotypes is very important. In this study, identification and screening of 100 almond hybrids obtained from cross between Touno (male parent) and A200 (female parent) after the self pollination by PCR reaction with specific primers of SfF and SfR. PCR results confirmed the situation of self-compatible hybrids. In addition, it indicated that, frequencies of Sf, S1 and S9 were 64%, 54% and 72% respectively, among hybrids. Hybrids and their parents vegetative traits (tree height, crown diameter, canopy diameter, branch number, the highest branch, leaf fall, lad length and across petiole length and glad number) using randomized complete bloke design (RCBD) in triplicate was done. PCR results confirmed the situation of self-compatible hybrids. In addition, it indicated that, 50% of genotypes were realized as self-compatible and another 50% were self-incompatible. Also primary evaluating of morphological traits of hybrids and their parents showed that most measured characters of hybrids was ranked between parents at present research, identified Self-compatible hybrids had been identified that can be used in almond breeding programs particularly to development the monoculture orchards of almond.

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Abstract
Research subject: The combustion of fossil fuels to supply energy produces large amounts of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide emissions have led to rising global temperature and many natural disasters, including floods, hurricanes, rising sea levels, and widespread droughts, that threaten ecological systems and human life. Therefore, the uptake and removal of carbon dioxide from sources or the environment play a key role in countering the threat of global warming.
Research approach: In this study, a venturi scrubber was utilized to eliminate CO2 from the air stream on a semi-industrial scale. The effects of different parameters including inlet air flow rate to the venturi scrubber, solvent flow rate, and solvent loss during the scrubbing process were investigated on CO2 absorption by a nanofluid solvent containing iron oxide/water at the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as a surface-active material.
Main results: The surface-active material of TMAH prevents the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the base fluid and stabilizes the fluid. The maximum efficiency of absorption and the highest molar flux of CO2 were achieved when iron oxide nanoparticles were used along with graphene nanosheets with the ratios of iron oxide nanoparticles (25%) and graphene nanosheets (75%) at the presence of TMAH surface-active material due to their nature. The reason is the better agitation (of the solution) by iron oxide nanoparticles that results in an increased displacement of graphene nanosheets. The random Brownian movements of nanoparticles create micron size eddies that increase mass transfer at the gas-liquid interface. In addition, molar flux and CO2 gas absorption efficiency decreased by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles.
Keywords: Hybrid nanofluid; Venturi scrubber; Gas absorption; Iron oxide nanoparticles; Graphene nanosheets

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Backgrounds: This study aimed to analyse hybrid Entroaggregative/Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (EAEC/UPEC) isolates. To do so, the antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes were investigated in E. coli strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients hospitalized in Isfahan, Iran.
Materials & Methods: Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of EAEC/UPEC isolates. Also, virulence determinants of these isolates were determinated by singleplex and multiplex PCR.
Findings: Overall, a total of 148 E. coli isolates were collected, of which 12 (8.1%) isolates were hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains, then antibiotic susceptibility examination was operated on these strains. The higest antibiotic resistance rate was related to ofloxacin (42%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41%), ceftriaxone and cefepime (33%), and cefoxitin (17%). All the isolates showed susceptibility to fosfomycin.
Conclusion: According to the current study, since resistance to fluoroquinolones has increased in hybrid strains, monitoring the drug susceptibility of hybrid strains seems critical in Iran. Fosfomycin is considered to be the drug of choise for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fortunately, 100% of the strains were sensitive to fosfomycin.

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The evolution of financial data shows a high degree of volatility of the series, coupled with increasing difficulties of forecasting financial variables. Some alternative forecasting methods, based on the literature review, have been developed, which can be particularly useful in the analysis of financial time series. Despite of the numerous time series forecasting models, the accuracy of time series forecasting is fundamental to many decision processes. Selecting an efficient technique in unique situations is very difficult task for forecasters. Many researchers have integrated linear and nonlinear methods in order to yield more accurate results. In practice, it is difficult to determine the time series under study are generated from a linear or nonlinear underlying process while many aspects of economic behavior may not be pure linear or nonlinear. Although both ARIMA and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) models have the flexibility in modeling a variety of problems, none of which is universally the best model used indiscriminately in every forecasting situation. In this paper, based on the foundations of ARIMA and ANNs models, a hybrid method is proposed to forecast exchange rate. Empirical results indicate that integrating linear and nonlinear ARIMA and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) models can be an effective way to improve forecasting accuracy achieved by either of the above linear and nonlinear models used separately.

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Aims: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are beneficial compounds that could be used as a new and effective method to suppress microbes. Both Ib-AMP4 and LL37 are antimicrobial peptides with a wide range of antimicrobial activities. This research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of LL37-rIb-AMP4 hybrid protein as an antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, its antibacterial effects against Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were investigated in vivo and in vitro.

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Environmental conditions can cause variation in morphology, behavior, and possibly epigenetic in the numerous species of the Gomphocerinae, especially in mountain habitats. Plasticity and changes in morphology in many of the species in this subfamily is caused by character segregation through the female choice of copulation that has produced various clines, sub-species or species groups. The variation and plasticity, as a result of environmental stress, besides morphology, affect physiology and epigenetics of many insect species. Environmental stress and female assortative mating might be accompanied by hybridization in populations, resulting in character divergence and speciation after a long period of time. Contemporary evolution and/or epigenetic inheritance may be a reason for their variation in acoustic and morphology of Gomphocerinae and the main factor in the present situation of difficulty in their classification. We review possible effects of environmental stress on plasticity, hybridization, and speciation by the appearance of endemic species. About half of the insect pest species have reduced their impacts as pests under global warming. The present insect pest situation in Iran is discussed.

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In this paper the idea of energy regeneration of active suspension system in hybrid electric vehicle is presented and its influence on the fuel consumption and emissions of vehicle is investigated through computer simulations. Active suspension systems employ active actuators to apply force and control the vibrations of vehicle body. The active actuators either insert energy to the system or extract the energy of vibrations when required. Using an energy regeneration system, the extracted energy of vibrations can be recovered and stored in the energy storage system. In hybrid electric vehicles, the active suspension supplies its required energy from the electric energy storage system of vehicle. In this work, a hybrid battery/supercapasitor energy storage system is employed to supply the required energy of active suspension and other electric components of vehicle. The simulation results show that with application of the energy regeneration system, the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of vehicle is reduced.

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ABSTRACT Rosa damascena has attracted considerable attention in horticulture, biochemistry and in pharmacology because of the fragrance of the flowers and the high content of its bio-logically active substances. There is limited information available on factors controlling flower yield and its components. The present study reports an investigation on flower yield and the various factors affecting it, in Iranian Rosa damascena using sixteen geno-types collected from different regions in Iran. These genotypes were planted at Isfahan Agriculture Research Center, using a randomized complete block design with three repli-cations in 2005. Twelve yield determining characters including flower yield per plant, number of flowers per plant, fresh flower weight, plant height, canopy diameter, length and width of bud, number of petal per flower, length and width of receptacle, fresh weight of petal as well as flowering period were recorded. Rosa damascena genotypes sig-nificantly varied for all the traits except for the fresh weight of petals per flower. Pheno-typic and genotypic coefficients of variation for flower yield per plant (48.03%, 36.49%), number of flowers per plant (40.65%, 26.99%), number of petals per flower (37.56%, 32.31%) were higher than the coefficients for other tested traits. Cluster analysis revealed that Khuzestan and Shiraz 2 genotypes were the most related ones, while the most inde-pendent ones were the western and eastern Azerbaijan genotypes. Results of stepwise re-gression analysis showed that 90 percent of total variation of flower yield per plant could be explained by the number of flowers per plant. This suggested that number of flowers per plant is the most important component determining flower yield per plant. According to principle component analysis, parents with a high standing of the following traits: fresh weight of flower, number of petals per flower and bud width, may well be employed for hybridization in a breeding program. Regression and cluster analyses proved to be the appropriate multivariate analyses for an identification of Rosa damascena genotypes pos-sessing the desirable characters for hybridization to develop improved cultivars.

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The share of DC-based Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) and electricity storage systems are increasing due to developments of smart grid technologies. Moreover, the share of DC-based load has rapid growth due to significant developments of power electronic technologies. Therefore, a more flexible power system is required for efficient integration of emerging loads and generators. In this paper, hybrid AC-DC Local Network (LN) is incorporated as an appropriate topology versus conventional AC LN to reinforce the integration of RERs and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). A mixed integer linear model is developed for operation of both hybrid AC-DC LN and conventional AC LN topologies considering high penetration of RERs and PHEVs. This operation model is solved by GAMS optimization software to minimize the operation cost and find the optimum inter-resource scheduling in the day-ahead market. Moreover, investment analysis and reliability assessment are carried out for the mentioned LNs. Numerical study is conducted to evaluate the ability of both topologies for better utilizing the opportunities of integration

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The aim of this article is to compare a direct hybrid system of gas turbine and solid oxide fuel cell with an indirect system from thermodynamic and exergy viewpoints. According to importance of fuel cell role in hybrid cycles and providing further proportion of produced power, discrete and complete thermodynamic, electrochemical and thermal analyses have been done. Calculation of working temperature which has an impact on system performance is one of the most significant works that is done in this article. In addition, by parametric study of this hybrid system, the influence of inlet air rate and compression ratio on efficiency, power and exergy destruction rate has been perused and eventually an optimized state for system will be offered. Results indicate that a direct hybrid system is more efficient in comparison with an indirect system. Higher efficiency, less irreversibility, higher power, and less pollution are the most important advantages of direct hybrid systems.

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This inquiry is a case study of ‘writing in a third language’. It highlights three elements of identity, abstraction and oblivion as its main features. Among plurilingual writers, there are some ‘migrant writers’ that move to a third country and write in a third language in order to free themselves from the hybrid state that limits their identity and writing. They deny their dualistic cultural and social identity and write in an abstract language that gets them close to the state of becoming nomads. An illustrative example of this group is the Indian-American writer, Jhumpa Lahiri, who, after gaining success as a writer of migration literature in the United States, moved to Italy and wrote in Italian. Writing in a third language, Lahiri concerns herself no more with cultural and social matters, instead focuses on language as its main theme. Therefore, this essay by referring to the multilingual and multicultural experiences of Jhumpa Lahiri, demonstrates how writing in a third language can free the migrant writer from his/her memories and dualistic identity and gets him/her close to a nomadic identity. 

1. Introduction
Immigration literature, often written in the language of the host country of its author, is concerned with themes such as cultural conflicts, exile, homelessness and nostalgia. It permits its author to create a hybrid and dualistic cultural, linguistic and social identity. However, several writers find it restrictive and in order to free themselves from the socio-cultural conflicts that define their identity and writing, move to a third country and write in a third language. They try to forget the past and deny their former dual identity and opt for a plural and dynamic one. Oblivion of the past and adoption of a post-hybrid identity gets them close to the state of becoming nomads.
An illustrative example is Jhumpa Lahiri, an Indo-American writer who, after years of writing in English and winning literary awards for her immigration literature on the Indian diaspora in the United States, sought to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer by moving to Italy and writing in Italian. The results of her writing in Italian are the books, In other words (2015) and Whereabouts (2018). By writing in a third language, that she had not yet mastered, Lahiri turned her attention to ‘language’ as the main theme of her writings and created an abstract style that did not carry traces of any socio-cultural backgrouond or conflict.
Thus, in this article, adopting a comparative approach, the three elements of ‘post-hybrid identity’, ‘abstract writing’ and ‘oblivion’ are considered as the main features that define nomadic literature and differentiate it from immigration literature. It demonstrates how these features can free the author from a hybrid identity and the conflict between two languages and cultures.
Research Questions
1. What are the major differences between immigration and nomadic literature?
2. How the features of nomadic writing can free its author from the hybrid identity of the immigrant writer?
 
 
2. Literature Review
2.1. Multilingual Writers
Multilingual writers such as Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Makine, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Amelia Rosselli and Toni Maraini, by expressing themselves in several languages, free their writings from the cultural limitations of a single language (Kellman, 2003: ix).
Steven Kellman, in his books, The Translingual Imagination (2000) and Switching Languages ​​(2003), provides a comprehensive study of multilingual authors. For Kellman, their writings, like Esperanto, liberate the author from socio-cultural conflicts (Kellman, 2003: ix).
 
2.2. Immigrant Writers
Immigrant writers, who belong to the category of multilingual writers, always combine the linguistic, cultural and social characteristics of their homeland and those of the host country in their writings and thus create a new dual identity. Immigration literature creates an intercultural space that allows the author to express his/her cultural, linguistic and geographical memories in contact with another language, culture and geography (Seyhan, 2000: 15-15). In fact, immigration literature is a change of identity, an experience between oneself and the other to create a new and ambiguous identity (Blair, 2004: 480).
Although immigration literature is a crossroad of cultures and languages ​​and allows the author to form a new and dual identity, many writers find it restrictive.
 
2.3. Nomad Writers
The concept of nomadic thought and style was firstly introduced by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari in the late twentieth century, and then the Italian philosopher Rosi Braidotti expanded it. Braidotti argues that the nomadic lifestyle is associated with displacement, but this movement does not regard any homeland or any predetermined destination. In fact, physical movement does not define the nomad, but rather it is the mental and behavioral transformation that defines it (Braidotti, 2011, p. 60). The nomad undergoes a constant change and evolution in order to escape any fixed and defined identity (Braidotti, 2011, pp. 45, 57-58). The nomad has a post-hybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints.
 
3. Methodology
Lahiri's works in English and Italian are not only thematically different, but their main difference is markedly linguistic. Thus, this research highlights the main features of nomadic writing in Lahiri's works in order to provide a clearer definition of nomadic literature.
It, firstly, examines the issue of identity and shows how Lahiri seeks refuge in oblivion in order to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer. For this, she moves to a third country and writes in a third language. In this manner, she gets closer to a nomadic identity.
Then, it examines the linguistic poetics of Lahiri's writings in Italian and demonstrates how the use of an abstract language, or in Lahiri's own words, a “linguistic autobiography” frees her from cultural conflicts and gives her the necessary freedom to express her true self.
 
4. Results
Writing in a third language is associated with the negation of the language, culture and memories of the past. It is a post-hybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints. It gives the writer the necessary freedom to write regardless of boundaries surrounding him/her.
Lahiri's writings in English symbolize her dual identity between two cultures and languages. From this dual space, she takes refuge into a third language. By moving to Italy and writing in Italian, Lahiri creates a new ideological or nomadic space that allows her to overcome the existing and stable principles and create a new identity in constant change (Bostrom, 2009: 201).

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This paper considers control of a laboratory Quadruple Tank System (QTS) in its non-minimum phase mode. This system is a well-known laboratory process suitable to illustrate the concepts of multivariable control methods. The objective of this paper was to design a controller based on combination of the sliding-mode and the state-feedback control methods using fuzzy logic. The proposed method takes advantage of the fast transient response of the sliding-mode controller and the zero steady-state error of the state-feedback controller. In other words, the fuzzy system uses the SMC when the QTS is in the transient mode and utilizes the SFC when it is near the steady-state mode. Hence, the advantages of both controllers have been used simultaneously. The switching between these two controllers is continuous and smooth based on a few simple fuzzy rules. Stability analysis of the proposed method is presented based on the Lyapunov stability direct method. Experimental results confirmed effectiveness of the proposed method as compared with the stand-alone controllers, especially when there are uncertainties in the system parameters.