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Atropine and scopolamine are two important tropane alkaloids, widely use as anticholinergic drugs. Such as most solanaceae plants, Atropa belladonna produces these two tropane alkaloids. Carbohydrates are not only act as carbon sources for solanaceus plants in vitro cultures, but also have some effects as signal molecules on tropane alkaloids metabolism. Effect of sorbitol, mannitol and sucrose on growth, chlorophyll, hyoscyamine and scopolamine contents, and hyoscyamine 6- beta hydroxylase (H6H) gene expression, investigated. These treatments decreased the growth of plantlets but increased chlorophyll, hyoscyamine and scopolamine contents. The treatments increase h6h gene expression in different organs of Atropa belladonna plantlets. There was an agreement between h6h expression pattern and scopolamine contents.

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The Greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), one of the major pests of cereals, overwinter as adults and nymphs in temperate regions. The aphid population increases in early spring as the weather conditions become favorable, but it gradually decreases in mid-June as air temperature rises. Adult aphid colonies were acclimated to measure cold tolerance at 20, 15, 10, 5, and 0 °C for one week. In contrast, other colonies were acclimated to measure heat tolerance at 20, 25, and 30 °C for one week and 35 °C for two days. Then, the lowest temperature resulting in 50% mortality (LLT₅₀) and the highest temperature resulting in 50% mortality (ULT₅₀) of tested populations were defined. Moreover, changes of sugars and polyols were studied at the end of each thermal regime. The lowest LLT₅₀ was -13.2 °C at 0 °C and the highest ULT₅₀ was 40.1 °C at 35 °C. In the cold acclimation condition, glucose was the highest at 0 °C and reached to 80.9 µmol/g f.w. However, in the heat acclimation condition, the mannitol was the highest at 35 °C and reached to 43.7 µmol/g f.w. Findings indicate that high temperatures due to climate change could be a threat to aphid population size and distribution.