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MiRNAs are known as regulatory genes in eukaryotic genomes, regulating their target genes expression. Here, we have investigated five pathogen responsive miRNAs; tae-miR156, tae-miR159, tae-miR167, tae-miR171 and tae-miR393 expression pattern in wheat Taichung 29 cultivar between day 10 to 20th of the seedling life. Since plant seedlings are mostly used for plant-pathogene interaction analysis, this research was committed to analyze the expression pattern of these miRNAs independent of pathogenesis and in 10 to 20 days old seedlings. Plants were grown in soil in greenhouse condition, and 10, 11, 13, 17 and 20 days old seedlings were harvested for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. QRT-PCR analysis of candidate miRNAs expression indicated that, tae-miR156 and tae-miR159 expression level has been sharply increased between day 13th to 17th and then after, decreased to the minimum level before day 20th. On the other hand, tae-miR167, tae-miR171 and tae-miR393 expression level has been gradually increased since day 13th of the growth. These data suggest that day 13th to 17th of the wheat seedling life, is crucial period of life in terms of drastic physiological changes which are affected by miRNAs expression. Since majority of the target genes of these candidate miRNAs are not known yet, their expression alterations is only suggested to be consistent with the expression of some known target genes, belong to the signaling pathway like auxin signaling. Considering sequence conservation pattern of miRNA precursors, here we suggested functional miR*s for tae-miR156, tae-miR159, and tae-miR393.

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Cancer stem cells are responsible for the formation the resistance to treatment, tumor relapse, and metastasis. miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of biological processes. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to candidate miRNAs that are involved in the regulation of all three properties including stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance and find their target genes and signaling pathways by using literature learning and data mining. The present systematic review is done to identify stemness-regulating miRNAs. By using CORMINE database, metastasis and drug resistance regulating miRNAs collected. Finally, we compared these three lists of miRNAs and found common miRNAs in these three properties. ONCO.IO database and KEGG pathway have been done to obtain the interaction between miRNA-miRNA target and cancer-related signaling pathway respectively. We collected 191 stemness-regulating miRNAs from 21 excluded studies. Based on CORMINE database, 161 miRNAs and 57 miRNAs had metastasis and stemness features respectively. We obtained 7 common miRNAs that 4 of them including has-miR-34a, has-miR-23a, has-miR-30a, has-miR-100 has a significant role for targeting signaling pathways involved in cancer and their most important targets regulate many processes of cells. These data suggest that three important properties can regulate by common miRNAs. Therefore, target these miRNAs or their targets can be helpful to stop tumor growth and metastasis and may be useful biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer.

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Aims: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease is a severe complication that can develop in up to 15% of adults following hematopoietic cell transplantation, resulting in congestion and damage due to the occlusion of small veins in the liver. This study aimed to identify novel blood biomarkers associated with veno-occlusive disease through bioinformatics analysis to improve early diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
Materials & Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed GSE164635 using R packages, specifically employing the affy package for data normalization before applying the Limma package for differential expression analysis in 2024. To identify significant miRNAs, a log fold change filter was set at greater than +1 or less than -1, with an adjusted p-value of less than 0.05. The multiMiR package was used to predict gene targets for the identified miRNAs, with data sourced from the mirTarBase and Tarbase databases. Pathway enrichment and gene ontology analyses of the common genes were performed using Funrich 3.1.3, and Cytoscape software was used to construct networks of commonly shared genes. Target gene prediction for these miRNAs was conducted using the multiMiR package in R, with data sourced from the mirTarBase and Tarbase databases.
Findings: Two upregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-194-5p and hsa-miR-148a-3p) and two downregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-342-3p and hsa-miR-150-5p) were identified. For the upregulated miRNAs, the network analysis revealed interactions with key genes, such as AGO2, CDKN1A, HSP90AA1, HSPA4, EP300, IGF1R, MYC, SMAD2, DICER1, and IL10. For the downregulated miRNAs, the interaction network identified significant genes, including EEF2, IGF1R, EP300, CCN2, DNMT1, SREBF1, CANX, ZEB1, SP1, and JUN.
Conclusion: The pathophysiology of VOD is greatly influenced by microRNAs, which play a crucial role in regulating inflammation, fibrosis, endothelial function, and cellular survival.

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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. In Iran, breast cancer ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women comprising 24.4% of all malignancies. Currently, the large number of etiological factors and the complexity of breast cancer present challenge for prevention and treatment. Breast cancer tumorigenesis can be described as a multi-step process in which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation to a fully developed tumor through accumulations of genetic and epigenetic changes, on the other hand, Several studies indicated the signaling pathways role in Breast cancer. EGFR gene has been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer .Dimerization of EGFR/HER2 induces breast cancer progression via activation of PI3K/AKT signaling cascade
MicroRNAs are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. MicroRNAs pair with partially complementary sites in the 3′untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs, leading to translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. They play important roles in several cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and development, by simultaneously controlling the expression level of hundreds of genes. Here we demonstrated the tumor suppression effect of miR-1226-3p in Breast cancer by targeting EGFR oncogene.
 

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Objective: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is one of the most important reproductive diseases in women under 40 years of age, which affects the quality of life and longevity of these people by causing short-term and long-term complications.
The incidence of POF is a chronic process that takes several years to develop. The patient went through stages such as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and decreased ovarian reserve (DOR), in the early stages of the disease decreased ovarian function efficiency (POI) and then with further progression of the disease, the patient decreased ovarian reserve and further reduce their performance. As the disease progresses, the person eventually develops premature and complete ovarian failure, or POF studies have shown that many factors, including surgical trauma, autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, vaccines, and genetic factors, play a role. Genetic studies have shown that several genes are involved in the development of this disease. Part of the regulation of the expression of these genes is the responsibility of small genetic factors called miRNAs.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, bioinformatics information of miRNAs involved in this disease was investigated. For this purpose, genetic databases such as UCSC, NCBI, KEGG, MIRBASE, TARGET SCAN, STRING, etc. were used to access the genes involved in this disease, structural and functional communication, messaging pathways and regulatory miRNA.
Results and Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that three factors, miRNA-187, miRNA-33b and miRNA-33a, are very effective in the development and progression of this disease.

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Although more than 98% of the human genome is transcribed, most of these transcripts are not translated into proteins. Rather, they are considered as non-coding RNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are very short non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length which regulate many key processes of cells such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis (programmed cell death) and metabolism. On the other hand, it is known that these small regulatory molecules are involved in many human diseases such as different cancers and cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, discovery and functional characterization of novel miRNAs is a prominent achievement. Low abundance and spatiotemporal expression of these mediator molecules make their discovery difficult by conventional methods. Therefore, bioinformatics software have been designed for the prediction of stem-loop structures capable of producing miRNA precursors in the human genome. On the other hand, there are several bioinformatics tools for prediction of miRNA target genes. Prediction of miRNA target genes helps to characterize the function of a miRNA. In this paper, we have reviewed some of the common efficient bioinformatics tools and experimental approaches used for prediction and identification of the miRNA genes and their target genes. 

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The combination of ribavirin and peg-interferon, as standard treatment for HCV infection, seems very promising. Many studies have revealed that despite following standard HCV treatment, a high proportion of HCV genotypes 1 and 4 poorly attain (42% to 46%) the SVR condition, whereas it is somehow easier for HCV genotypes 2 and 3 (76%-82%). Overall, genotypes 1 and 4 antiviral therapies must be continued up to one year to achieve SVR, whereas in individuals infected with genotypes 2 and 3 must continue therapy for six months. Since 2011, direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) have been introduced that target the HCV-encoded proteins which are vital for replication of the virus. The first generation of DAA, telaprevir, in combination with peg-interferon and ribavirin, more efficiently inhibits replication of genotype 1. Although the level of DAA SVR rate is high, the new treatment has some undesirable adverse effects. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs), as the new HCV drug approach, open a new insight into the treatment of non-responder HCV patients. Altered expression of miRNAs is involved in the aspects of HCV infection and HCC. In the current review, we attempt to better understand the HCV life cycle, liver miRNAs, and their role in this viral infection.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and other types of small non-coding RNAs play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes either by post-transcriptional degradation or attenuating translation of messenger RNAs. In the case of the chicken (Gallus gallus), knowledge regarding miRNAs is still limited. In the present study, a computational approach was employed to screen miRNAs from the Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) of the chicken. A total of 21,298 known miRNAs belonging to 114 metazoan species were searched for homology against more than 192,020 EST sequences of the chicken. Consequently, 60 potential miRNA candidates were identified according to a range of filtering criteria. As a result, four novel miRNAs were found among the identified miRNAs including gga-miR-92a, gga-miR-2438, gga-miR-2970-5p, and gga-miR-2970-3p belonging to miR-92, miR-2438 and miR-2970 families. To predict their targeted genes, a BLAST search was done against the chicken 3' UTR mRNA database. As a result, 678, 422, 171 and 110 targets were determined for gga-miR-92a, gga-miR-2438, gga-miR-2970-5p, and gga-miR-2970-3p, respectively. Most of the predicted target genes participate in multiple biological processes, including immune system, regulation of cAMP biosynthesis, regulation of cyclase activity and regulation of lyase activity. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis of gga-miR-2970 and gga-miR-92a sequences revealed a close relationship between the chicken and Taeniopygia guttata, while gga-miR-2438 shares maximum percentage sequence similarity with bta-miR-2438 in Bos taurus. The present study is the first attempt to screen microRNAs from ESTs originating from the chicken leading to the identification of novel miRNAs.
 

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are typically small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by mRNA degradation or translational repression. They are composed of 18-26 nucleotides and are conserved during evolution for the development of new miRNAs in a variety of plants. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is generally a valuable food and forage crop grown all over the world. Until now, different sugarcane miRNAs have been characterized for plant development and stress responses. In this research, 50 unique conserved sugarcane miRNAs from 44 different miRNA families have been predicted using a variety of genomics-based tools. The predicted sugarcane miRNAs were validated using a set of 15 randomly chosen primers and RT-PCR. Stem loop secondary structures are created using MFOLD tool. The psRNA-Target algorithm identified 7,976 various protein targets of sof-miRNAs including 55 specific GO terms. They have significant targets in biological, cellular, and molecular functions. Moreover, the sof-miR5205a regulates sulfur compound biosynthetic process and 9653a directs ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Consequently, the RNA binding and thylakoid membrane are controlled by sof-miR9657b and 2091, respectively. As a result, the outcomes of the novel sugarcane miRNAs target a variety of substantial genes that aid in controlling the environment for sugarcane to produce a higher quality crop.

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In this study, we examined the efficacy of the artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) technology in targeting the HOS1 gene for the enhancement of cold stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Ler-0 ecotype. The impact of athHOS1-amiRNA overexpression on the response of transgenic plants to cold stress was assessed using RT-qPCR in 3-week-old seedlings of the T3 generation. Additionally, the response of wild-type plants of the same age to cold stress (4ºC) for various durations (6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours) was also evaluated. Comparative analysis revealed that athHOS1-amiRNA downregulated athHOS1 in transgenic plants after prolonged exposure to low temperature (48 h and 96 h) (Pearson’s correlation coefficient of -0.407; P<0.05). Interestingly, while prolonged cold stress at 96 h led to a significant upregulation of athHOS1 in wild-type plants, the suppression of athHOS1-amiRNA in transgenic plants disrupted the expected circadian rhythm of athHOS1 by preventing its upregulation. Furthermore, T3 plants that had been cold-acclimated exhibited a 17% increase in freezing tolerance (-1 to -8°C) compared to wild-type plants, indicating the success of this approach in enhancing Arabidopsis tolerance to low temperatures, at least in the Ler-0 ecotype. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics of gene/protein networking during cold acclimation and its interaction with the athHOS1-amiRNA approach, further characterization is required. This includes measuring the expression levels and half-life of athHOS1-amiRNA and HOS1 mRNA, as well as evaluating the protein level of HOS1 and its direct targets, such as ICE1, in different Arabidopsis ecotypes and at different time intervals of low temperature exposure.