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The effects of mucal proteins of sea anemone, Stichodactylahaddoni,on different stages of embryonic development of zebra fish (D. rerio) were examined. The sea anemone samples were collected from the intertidal areas of the Hormuz Island (Persian Gulf), and were frozen at -160 °C. Protein and peptide components were extracted by 100% methanol. Following the total protein assessment by ELISA, three concentrations (2.1, 3.7 and 7.4 mg/ml distil water) were prepared. From each concentration, 2 ml was added to the microplates containing 150 zebra fish eggs each, with 2 replications; microplates with normal aquarium water was also used as control group. The eggs were incubated for 72 hrs and the process of embryonic development was observed every 6 to 12 hours. Results showed that the embryonic development was normal in the control group, while the eggs treated with 3.7 and 7.4 mg/ml ofmucal proteins degenerated and blackened in less than 12 hours. Also a delay in the phase of growth in embryonic development was observed in the group with 1.2 mg/ml of protein. Our results showed that the mucal proteins from this sea anemone can affect embryonic development rapidly, causing delayed growth at low concentration, and cell lysis and embryonic degeneration at high concentrations.

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Protein compounds were extracted from the mucus of sea anemone, Stichodactyla haddoni, and their effects on the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykisswere examined. Sea anemone samples were collected from the intertidal zone of the eastern coast of Hormuz Islandand frozen samples were transported to the laboratory. Then the mucus was extracted using of the PBS solvent and doses of 5, 10 and 24 mg/dry weight of total protein was injected into the tail vein of the fish. Upon the inactivation of fish, histopathological changes were examined using of the classical histological method. Lethal signs were observed in the gills, including aneurysm, hypertrophy of epithelial cells, lamella clubbing and deformation, subepithelial edema, lamella congestion in the interlamellar region and necrosis. The damages were more serious with increasing doses. The results showed that protein compositions of the mucus can cause numerous lesions in the gill tissue of fish, which act as an excretory, respiratory and ionic regulation tissue, the failure of which can lead to failure of fish’s vital functions that can be one of the reasons for the death of the hunted fish.  The results showed that the protein compositions of mucus can cause numerous lesions in the gill tissue, as an excretory, respiratory and ionic regulation tissue lead to failure of it functions that itself can be one of the reasons hunted fish death.

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A high population of the sea anemone inhabit in the intertidal zone of the Hormoz Island. The tidal zones generally are characterized by severe environment stresses (vis, UV and high temperature), that can increase the intracellular oxidation and free radicals as well. Oxidation and free radicals is paved by the animal defensive mechanisms, including accumulation of antioxidant compounds and enzymes. In this study, carpet anemones sampled from intertidal zone of the eastern city of Hormoz Island (IRAN). Extraction was performed by using of PBS and methanol 40% solvents: 2 g dry weight of the mucous, by 2 replications, and 10 g wet weight of the oral plate, by 6 replications, from 6 samples. Different concentrations of extracts were made for antioxidant tests. The antioxidant properties of extract were measured by DPPH and FRC methods. Results showed that a correlation is between the antioxidant activity and the concentration of extracts in two methods. In DPPH assay, IC50 values was 1.469±0.208, 1.85±0.016 for mucus extract by PBS and methanol 40%, respectively, and it was 0.733±0.06, 0.444±0.036 mg/ml, for oral plate extract by PBS and methanol 40%. Our results showed that the antioxidant activity of oral plate was significantly higher than mucous in this anemone.

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               Abstract
In the present study, The effect of phthalate ester toxicity (0.1 and 1 mg/L) was investigated on some non-specific mucus parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 180 common carp (17.60±2.22gr) is gathered from warm water fish center and they were allocated into 9 tanks (20 Fish per tank). Fish adapted to new condition for a week. During this time; they were feed twice a day with same diets. Fishes were exposed at 3 concentration treatments containing 0; 0.1 and 1 mg/L DEHP under laboratory condition (25±0.5°C; pH: 7.4-8) for a period of 96 hours. Alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, soluble protein, and immunoglobulin of mucus was measured and evaluated. The results showed that the levels of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin in common carp skin mucus decreased when exposed to DEHP (with increasing concentration and exposure duration) And the level of soluble protein of common carp skin mucus increased when exposed to DEHP (with increasing concentration and exposure duration). These results indicated that concentrations of DEHP beneficially affects Amino Acid profiles of skin mucus in carp and they were categorized in 4 branches. There were Significant differences between exposed and control groups. Therefore; fish skin mucus can be a biomarker for showing contaminants and toxins. And the high consumption of plastic materials can be a warning to the health of aquatic animals and humans.
 

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In this paper 2D numerical model is used to study the effect of depth of airway surface liquid (ASL) on the muco-ciliary transport. An immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method is used to solve the momentum equation. In this study mucus is considered as the viscoelastic fluid an Oldroyd-B model is used as the constitutive equation of it. Immerse boundary method is used to study the propulsive effect of the cilia and also the effects of mucus– periciliary layer interface. Our results show that mean mucus velocity becomes maximized when the PCL depth is equal to the standard value of it i.e. 6 μm. By increasing or decreasing the depth of PCL or increasing the depth of mucus layer, mean mucus velocity reduces. Our study also shows that mucus viscosity ratio can play an important role on the muco-ciliary clearance. It means that by increasing the Newtonian part of mucus viscosity or by decreasing elastic contribution of the mucu, mean mucus velocity increases significantly. So reducing mucus velocity results from changing ASL depth can be completely modified by increasing the Newtonian part of mucus viscosity.