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Genus Medicago belonged to family Fabaceae is one of the most important forage legumes. Annual species of this genus are indigenous to Mediterranean region and used for prevention of soil erosion, green manure and forage. In this research, genetic variability and classification of 14 annual medicago truncatula genotypes using ISSR markers was done. 9 out of 15 ISSR primers which possessed suitable polymorphism and amplification were used for fingerprinting of studied genotypes. Totally, 71 bands were amplified via ISSR primers which 11 bands were monomorphic and 60 bands were polymorphic across genotypes. Based on Jaccard similarity coefficient, minimum similarity (0.25) was seen between TN8.3 (Tunisia) and TN6.18 (Tunisia) and maximum similarity (0.82) was seen between TN8.3 (Tunisia) and SA28064 (Cyprus). Population structure analysis using STRUCTURE software subdivided them into 9 subpopulation. In this study, maximum admixture was occurred in TN1.21 (Tunisia), A10 (Australia), F83005-5 (France), SA22322 (Syria), A20 (Australia), and DZA315-16 (Algeria) genotypes. Results revealed that annual self-pollinated M. truncatula had noticeable genetic variation which Is accurately detectable using ISSR molecular markers

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Robust information of genetic diversity among Bt cotton genotypes is still lacking and availability of several marker systems has prompted us to compare their utility for the detection of genetic diversity. Here, we report the comparative efficiency of morphological and molecular markers (EST-SSRs and ISSRs) in determining the genetic diversity among 30 Pakistani Bt cotton genotypes. Three different dendrograms based on 20 EST-SSRs, 13 ISSRs and 20 morphological markers divided the 30 Bt cotton genotypes into five, six, and three clusters, respectively. EST-SSRs and ISSRs revealed 0.73-1.00 and 0.77-0.97 genetics similarity among Bt cotton genotypes which indicated low level of genetic diversity. Further population structure analysis showed extensive allelic admixture among Bt cotton cultivars and identified three (EST-SSRs) and six (ISSRs) subgroups. The MGHES-31 (EST-SSRs) and UBC-807 and UBC-815 (ISSRs) showed maximum values of Polymorphic Information Contents(PIC) and Dj and had low value of Cj. The comparison of two marker systems showed that EST-SSRs had high value of Expected heterozygosity (H_ep) and low value of Marker Index (MI) as compared to ISSRs. In conclusion, high level of genetic similarity among Bt cotton genotypes compel the plant breeders for the introduction of divers/exotic genotypes in their breeding program and marker discriminating indices could be a potential tool for selection of particular marker system to unveil the genetic difference.