---

 Small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) have played a significant role in the growth and advancement of the Chinese agriculture sector. However, these enterprises often face challenges in navigating local distribution networks, complying with regulations, and procuring local consumer products, which can hinder the marketing environment and impede economic growth. To address these issues and promote continuous business development, Chinese agriculture enterprises require effective modeling techniques that facilitate transformation to meet evolving requirements. This study proposes a game-theoretic approach, specifically the Mixed Strategy Game-Theoretic Approach (MSGTA), as a decision-making tool for enterprises facing pre-emptive changes. By analyzing oligopoly firm behavior, the MSGTA approach identifies enterprise outcomes, cooperation patterns, and price-fixing strategies, providing decision-making options and incentives within the enterprise structure. The MSGTA approach assists SMEs in the Chinese agriculture market by systematically analyzing product development stages and ensuring the effective adoption of pre-emptive changes. The efficiency of SMEs implementing the MSGTA approach is evaluated by examining statistical relationships between enterprise growth and requirements. By integrating effective modeling techniques, Chinese agriculture SMEs can adapt to changes proactively, enhance their ability to navigate local distribution networks, comply with regulations, and procure local consumer products more effectively, thereby improving the marketing environment and fostering economic growth.
 

---

adopted here is Social Distance Theory. According to this view, the more social distance among people the less they influence each other. From this viewpoint an increase in social distance among kinsfolk leads to a decrease in mutual influence and this, in turn, affect the emigration tendency. This study is aimed at the investigation of the relationship between kinship solidarity and emigration tendency among educated people. The theoretical framework Based on this theoretical foundation, we have suggested that 4 main variables, the size of kinship network, the strength of kinship relationship, the frequency of kinship relationship, and the profundity of kinship relationship, have negative influences on educated people’s tendency to emigrate. A sample of social sciences and electrical engineering students of the University of Tehran has been surveyed and the empirical data have been analysed both in description and explanation levels. The results indicate that all of the above mentioned variables affect emigration tendency negatively and significantly. Also, our findings suggest that, generally speaking, a negative correlation between the above independent variables and dependent variable of emigration tendency is predictable. In particular, two variables (the strength of kinship relationship, and the profundity of kinship relationship) explain 35% of variances of dependent variable of the tendency to emigrate.

---

In order to understand the importance of particle size and agglomeration for nano-eco-toxicological studies in aquatic environments, the acute toxicity of two different types (suspended powder and colloidal) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were studied in alevin and juvenilerainbow trout. Fish were exposed to each type of AgNPs at nominal concentrations of 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 mg/L. Lethal concentrations (LC) were calculated using a Probit analysis. Some physical and chemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles were determined. In the case of colloidal form, particles were well dispersed in the water column and retained their size; but in the case of suspended powder, particles were agglomerated to large clumps and precipitated on the bottom. In alevins, the calculated 96 h LC50 values were 0.25 and 28.25mg/L for colloidal and suspended powder AgNPs respectively. In the case of juveniles, the 96h LC50 of colloidal form was 2.16mg/L, but suspended powder did not caused mortality in fish even after 21 days. The results showed that both in alevin and juvenile stages, colloidal form is much toxic than suspended powder; this shows increase of nanoparticles size due to agglomeration, will reduce the toxicity. Silver nanoparticles are toxic materials and their release into the water environment should be avoided.

---

Research subject: The use of scrap tires to recover energy and their compounds is an effective way to protect the environment and recover energy and materials.
Research approach: In this research, the aim is to investigate the process of tire pyrolysis as well as the simultaneous pyrolysis (co-pyrolysis) process of tire and fuel oil. Here, the effect of different operating conditions such as temperature, volumetric nitrogen gas, heating rate and tire parts size on the physical quantities and physical properties of the products manufactured by these processes have been investigated.
Main results: The optimal operating conditions for these experiments are 420C, the volumetric gas flow rate is 100 ml / min and the heating rate is           3 C / min. The volume of the reactor used is 500 ml and the amount of mazut in the coprolysis process is 30 wt%. The highest amount of liquid produced in the process of pyrolysis of used tire was achieved using feed with a particle size of 4×2×0.5cm³, which is 43.3% by weight. In contrast, the largest liquid product produced in the simultaneous pyrolysis process of the tire and mazut was obtained using tire parts with a size of 4×4×0.5cm³, which is 52.3% by weight. In this study, the physical properties of liquid products produced by two processes of pyrolysis of tire and co-pyrolysis of tire and mazut, such as kinematic viscosity, density and refractive index, have been investigated.

 

---

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are highly regarded in drug delivery due to bioavailability, better encapsulation, controlled release and low toxicity. Drug encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles may improve the therapeutic effects of these compounds. Polymers are divided in two types: natural and synthetic. Chitosan, as a natural polymer, can have many applications in drug delivery due to good properies. The purpose of this study is to optimization of the production of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared according to ionic gelation method and characterized. Prepared nanoparticle morphology investigated using SEM and particle size distribution, and surface charge and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined by Nanozeta Sizer. FTIR spectra of the lyophilized samples were recorded and proved the formation of nanoparticles. This study has shown that the particle size and zeta potential can be controlled by a change in the ratio of the weight and volume of chitosan and pH adjustment.

---

Counting the population of insect pests is a key task for planning a successful integrated pest management program. Most image processing and machine vision techniques in the literature are very site-specific and cannot be easily re-usable because their performances are highly related to their ground truth data. In this article a new unsupervised image processing method is proposed which is general and easy to use for non-experts. In this method firstly a hypothesis framework is defined to distinguish pests from other particles in a captured image after texture, color and shape analyses. Then, the decision about each hypothesis is made by estimating a distribution function for sizes of particles which are presented in the image. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated on real captured images that belong to plants in green housesand farms with low and high densities of whiteflies. The obtained results show the greater ability of the proposed method in counting whiteflies on crop leaves compared to adaptive thresholding and K-means algorithms. Furthermore it is shown that better counting of the pest by proposed algorithm not only doesn't lead to extracting more false objects but also it decreases the rate of false detections compared to the results of the alternative algorithms.  

---

---

---

  Losses of agricultural products and the related financial losses are considerable in Iran. Potato is one of the most important crops in Iran and has the most nutritious energy per area. The losses of potato are considerable as statistical reports. The mechanical damage is one of the factors in potato losses that occur during harvesting and handling of potato tubers. When reduction in mechanical damage of tubers is of concern, attentions are automatically drawn towards the design and adjustment of the potato harvester. Of course the design and adjustment of the potato harvester is one of the coin, the other side is the potato tuber themselves. For some potato varieties that are highly susceptible to mechanical damages, even a well designed and adjusted harvester can still cause extensive damage. For this reason a prior knowledge about damaging impact energy threshold of potato tubers are as important as the knowledge about the harvester.        In this research a constructed pendulum was used to measure the damaging impact energy threshold for Agria, Aula, Marfona varieties. After measuring volume of damage, the effect of impact angle, varieties and tuber size were studied. Results show that, varieties, impact angle and tuber size has significant effect on the volume of damage and aula variety is more susceptible to damage than other varieties. Although volume of damage in large tubers are higher than other sizes.   

---

 
 
 
Mahmood Rezaee Dasht Arzhane,Ph.D.
 
Abstract
Some of the well-known Iranian heroes have killed dragons; including Rostam for instance. The reason for this act is that within the wide scope of the Iranian myths, dragon is the symbol of drought; and actually killing dragons is meant to signify the triumph of plenitude over drought. Still, there is one case in Iran which paradoxes with the dragon being the symbol of drought; Rostam Dastan. In the Third Stage of the war, although Rostam succeeds in killing dragons, his banner is dragon-sized, and he boasts about killing dragons to his ancestor-Zahak (in other words Azhi Dahak Avesta)- yet this issue contrasts with his dragon-killing on one hand, and dragon being the symbol of drought in the Iranian mythology on the other hand. Throughout this survey the author of this article has come to finally believe that Rostam’s dragon-sized banner, added to the holiness of dragon in his perspective is most likely an influence of China’s myths which has penetrated into Iran. Therefore the dragon, which is actually Rostam’s totem, and he deeply cherishes, unlike the Iranian myths, is the symbol of rain, freshness and plenitude.
 
 

---

Long term sugarcane cultivation can alter soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 38 years of sugarcane (Sacchrum officinarum L.) cul-tivation on the physical properties of fine textured soils (Haplustepts and Calciustepts) in southwestern Iran. Six paired soil profiles (three pairs in each soil type) were dug along parallel transects (100 m apart) in a side-by-side comparison of areas cultivated and un-cultivated with sugarcane. Composite and undisturbed soil samples from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm layers were taken for physical and chemical analysis. The results of this study revealed that long term sugarcane cultivation resulted in a higher bulk density, lower structural stability, and an increased proportion of fine pores. The decreased number of macropores together with decreased structural stability indicated the formation of a dense compacted layer at 30-60 cm in sugarcane cultivated soils.

---

---

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is an important pest of many crops. Here, effects of kaempferol on ecdysteroid titer in the ovaries, hemolymph andoocyte size via tachykinin-4 content of H.armigera were studied. Third instar larvae of H. armigera were fed on artificial diet containing different concentrations of kaempferol for 8 days. Kaempferol had insecticidal activity after 6 days. The highest level of larval mortality was approximately 36% in larvae fed diet containing 10µg/g of kaempferol for 8 days. Competitive ELISA showed that tachykinin-4 titer decreased clearly in the adult female moth's brain and hemolymph which fed on diet containing 5 and10µg/g kaempferol during their larval stage for 8 days. It also decreased ecdysteroid in the ovary and hemolymph of adult female. Moreover, oocyte size was significantly decreased. On the other hand, the injection of tachykinin-4 into the hemocoel not only increased ecdysteroid titer in the ovary but also approximately 1.4 fold increases in oocyte size was observed. In conclusion, feeding on food containing kaempferol decreased tachykinin-4 level in the brain and hemolymph that itself led to decreasing ecdysteroid titer in the ovary and hemolymph. Finally the decrease in ecdysteroid titer resulted in smaller oocytes.
 
 

---

Manufacturing firms born like humans do and after some stages in their life, die in different ways. With this approach, death is inevitable and just can be delayed. One way to delay this event is having information about the factors influencing that. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of some factors (like location, size and industrial group) in industrial firms' closure in Yazd province in the third development plan. Data used in this study is gathered from the Yazd Mining and Industry Department database. These are 1539 manufacturing firms that were started their work before 2000, the first year of the Third Development Plan. From these, 175 firms became closed during this period. To determine the effects of these factors, we use the probit regression technique. The results show that firm location (in or out of industrial zones) and firm size doesn't have any effect on closure probability. Moreover the closure probability of older firms is less than the younger counterparts.

---

Aims: Dust phenomenon is one of the natural hazards affecting the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. It carries large amounts of particulate matter, which have dangerous impacts on human health, environment and vegetation. Therefore, dust is considered as one of the most important environmental problems that have drastically increased in recent times. Recognizing the origin and size of these particles, their chemical and physical properties and their elements are important for controlling and evaluating their effects on human health and the environment.
Materials & Methods: The Kermanshah province is located in the west of Iran and is one of the provinces that receive the most exposure to dust storms. For this investigation, four cities that are exposed to dust were selected: Sar-Pul-e-Zahab (SZ), Gilan-e-Gharb (GG), Islamabad (IA) and Kermanshah (K). For the installation of marble sediment traps in the Kermanshah province, 36 areas were selected. After collecting dust samples, particle size distribution analyses were conducted by using laser size analysis techniques. Chemical compositions were measured with the help of different techniques such as x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction.
Findings: The results showed that the sizes of dust particles varied from 0.0004 to 112 microns, putting them in the range of clay and silt. The particle size in Gilan-e-Gharb was 0.04 to 0.45, Sar-Pul-e-Zahab was 0.04 to 112, Kermanshah 0.04 to 90 and Islamabad 0.0004 to 10 microns. The mineralogical composition of the dust particles mainly constituted quartz, calcite, muscovite, plagioclase feldspar, dolomite and vermiculite. X-ray spectroscopy studies on the dust particles generally showed the presence of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), silicon oxide (SiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), strontium oxide (SrO) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
Conclusion: In total, the results of this research work show that SrO, ZnO, silicon, aluminum, calcite, iron and their mineralogical compositions are the main oxides and elements in the dust of the Kermanshah province. Furthermore, the predominance of particle sizes in the range of clay and silt suggests that particles have been transmitted from medium to far distances alongside hinting at a similarity in their sources.

---

---

Knowledge of airflow resistance is an important consideration in designing an appro-priate ventilation system and for proper fan selection. An airflow resistance device was designed and fabricated to measure the airflow resistance of potatoes. The device the composed of an air compressor, a rotameter, a cylindrical bin to contain the potatoes and an inclined u-tube manometer. Airflow resistance of potatoes was measured as a relation-ship between the airflow rate and pressure drop per unit depth (Pa/m) at 12 airflow rates of 0.085 to 0.55 m3/s/m2. Two airflow resistance models, namely, Shedd’s and Hukill and Ives’, were fitted to measured data by using PROC NLIN of SAS. The effect of potato size below 120 g (small), at or above 120 g (large) and unsorted (mixed size), and bed depths of 25, 50, 75 and 100 cm of potatoes on resistance to airflow was determined. Results showed that the airflow resistance of small size potatoes for a 100 cm bed depth was 1.6 times higher than that for large size potatoes, and as the bed depth of potatoes was increased, the airflow resistance was increased.

---

The previous works have addressed selecting the nozzle to minimize the hazard of pesticide drift by producing large spray droplet sizes. However, this spray application with the largest sizes does not effectively impact insects either, as it needs many pesticides. Several studies have demonstrated that the small spray droplet sizes can affect the insects and be obtained by selecting the appropriate nozzle size and height. This study sheds light on the nozzle sizes and heights, and insecticide types for controlling the cabbage aphid to ensure efficient insect control. Different parameters including three sizes of flat fan nozzle 01, 02, and 03, two nozzle heights 35 and 70 cm above the plant top, and two insecticide types 20% wide plus WP and 90% methomyl SP were investigated to measure spray deposition, coverage percentage, and droplets density in different locations of the cabbage plant for improving control efficacy. The outcomes showed significant differences in the spray deposition and coverage percentage using different nozzle sizes, nozzle heights, and insecticide types. The best spray deposition, coverage percentage, and control efficacy (0.321 µm.cm^-2, 15.05%, and 84.83%, respectively) were achieved using the 02 nozzle size, nozzle height of 35 cm methomyl SP insecticide type on the fourteenth day after spraying application in comparison to the others. The fourteenth day was the most effective to control aphids compared to the first and the seventh days.

---

The theorists of intertextuality observed a new meaning of the text that there is no text without a pretext, that the text is not closed, independent and self-sufficient, and that every text is a memory of other texts. In this research, we investigated the ritual and performance in the ceremony of "Tir-ma-size Sho" in Mazandaran. Considering this ritual as a text, and using Genette's transtextuality, the effect of this ritual from previous texts (hypertextuality) was investigated and the role of different texts in the performance of this ritual (intertextuality) was discussed. The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between ritual and drama in order to answer the following question: What is the co-presence of ritual and drama in "Tir-ma-size Sho" from the aspect of transtextuality? The article is done in a descriptive and analytical way borrowing Genette's transtextuality approach based on library research. The hypothesis indicated that in the transtextual relationships of "Tir-ma-size" ceremony, there is a co-presence of various systems such as the dramatic and ritual system with the pretext derived from the mythological sources. The action of "trifunctional" based on “Sovereignty”, “Military” and “Productivity” can be checked in this ritual. The practical battle of good and evil is a dramatization of Tishtar's fight with the demon of drought. It is also a manifestation of the battle with the demon, the enemy of the vegetable gods and plants. "Laal Shu" can be seen as the continuation of Arash's life in the form of a plant symbol that brings existence, birth, and life to people.
 

---

The goal of this paper is investigating the relationship between unemployment rate and government size in Iran. For that, we have used some VAR models, which include the following variables: government size which is measured by total government outlays as a percentage of GDP, unemployment rate, real GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and minimum wage. The results reveal that a large government sector would raise unemployment, and an increase in GDP growth rate, inflation rate and minimum wages are likely to decrease unemployment rate.