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Foothills, plains, alluvial areas, and sloping areas whose soil is geologically susceptible to landslides, can become unstable and dangerous. In Iran, because of their soil type, Mazandaran, Gilan, Lorestan, Golestan and Khuzestan provinces are more vulnerable to landslides than other provinces. But taking into account factors such as earthquakes, extreme weather, and human interference, other parts of the country can also be prone to landslides. In case of rainfall and absorption of water by clay layers, the possibility of landslides increases. If the slope of the land is suitable, the slope will move on the clay layer and the thrust will occur downwards. In many mountains and steep areas, the conditions for slope failure may be available in terms of the slope angle, the type of soil and the presence of clay layers. But in the absence of sufficient soil moisture, this phenomenon is not observed. Landslides occur whenever rainfall happens and water penetrates the clay layer. Cutting down forest trees, destroying vegetation and pastures, along with possible rainfall and soil moisture, cam cause landslides on steep slopes. In fact, land use changes contribute to landslides. By examining the statistics over the last three decades in the northern provinces of Iran, it can be seen that landslides were far less likely when there was proper vegetation. The occurrence of heavy rains can cause failure in a large number of soil slopes. During these heavy rainfalls, the underground water level rises and increases the pore water pressure and reduces the stability of the soil. The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in pore water pressure and the factor of safety for slope stability. The flow of water inside the soil is numerically modeled as a two-dimensional, saturated-unsaturated, unsteady flow. The finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the pore water pressure and the limit equilibrium method is used to determine the factor of safety for slope stability. To simulate the unsteady flow, time duration of 4 days is used with a time step of 0.1 days. The rainfall duration was assumed to be 24 hours. The intensities of different rainfalls are used as the input flux on the soil surface. The soil moisture curve, which shows the relationship between suction-moisture content and suction-hydraulic conductivity, is used. The results show that different rainfall intensities have different effects on soil moisture profile. As the intensity of precipitation increase, the factor of safety of slope stability decreases. This decrease is steeper for the first 24 hours of rainfall and over the three days after the rain stopped, its slope decreased. For example, for a rainfall intensity of 2.04 mm/hour and the duration of one day, resulted in a factor of safety of slope stability equal to 1.853, and at the end of the fourth day, it was 1.743. In other words, the factor of safety decreased by 5.9%.
 

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Study area is located in West of Iran with relatively rough topography. Lithologic units in the region belong from Jurassic and Cretaccous till recent era. The study area of the Alvand mountain region is related to the tectonic zone of the Sanandaj-Sirjan region and the area dominant neo-tectonic regime appears to be compressional-extensional type. One of the identification tools to find out the existence of recent neotectonic activities is tectonic geomorphology evaluation. In this study, we tried to measure the required parameters using topographic maps with scales of 1:50000 utilizing AutoCAD software. In order to identifying the morphologic landform anomalies we use asymmetry factor, transverse topographic symmetry factor and mountain-front sinuosity index. The neotectonic activity of the study area investigated by considering geologic, seismic and remote sensing evidences and with establishing relationship between these evidences and morphologic landforms. Results indicated that tilting occurred around NW-SE axis. There is a remarkable correlation between active mountain front, fault and cleavage identified (from satellite images) and position of earthquake epicenters of study area. Hence all of these evidence indicating the activity of the study area from neotectonic and instability of sub watersheds point of view.

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Dispersion type of layered clay plated in aqueous media creates different structures and affects the final properties of its suspension. On the other hand, the presence of different electrolytes in some industrial applications affects the stability of clay suspensions. Considering the application of clay nanoparticles in various industries and the importance of this subject, in this research, the effect of preparation method, nanoparticle concentration, type and ionic strength of electrolytic medium and time elapsed on the stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions were studied. The results showed that preparing of the suspensions indirectly, results in more stable samples. It was observed that with increasing of sodium chloride concentration, the repulsion between the clay plates decreased and the phase separation and instability of the suspensions increased at higher NaCl concentrations. Furthermore, it was seen that in all electrolyte media, gel-like structure develop with increasing of nanoparticle concentration. In presence of bi-valance CaCl2 salt, most of suspensions were unstable and have two phases and increasing of this salt concentration had not significant effect on their stability. In electrolyte media containing mono- and bi- valance salts (studied in this research), concentration of calcium cation determines the type of stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions.

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Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of simultaneous eight-week stretching and strengthening trainings and exercises with core stability exercises on the flat foot deformity of female students with the age ranges from 9 to 13 years.
Methods and Materials: In the present Quasi-experimental study on 130 female students, 60 girls with flat feet and the age ranges from 9 to 13, were selected randomly and divided into two experimental groups (n = 20 in each group) and one control group (n = 20). The samples were selected using Navi loss, and then Staheliarch index was evaluated. The experimental groups received the treatment (one group received stretching and strengthening exercises and the other group received core stability exercises for 45 minutes, three times a week) for 8 weeks, but the control group received no treatment and was engaged in daily routine activities. The data were analyzed through analysis of independent samples t-test at the significance level of P ≤.05.
Results: Post-test of arch corrective exercises revealed a significant difference among the three groups so that the subjects of both the experimental groups, compared to the control group, had a significant decrease in the angle of the back nut side while the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant (P < .001). Also, in the second experimental group, exercises influence on the arch more than that of the first experimental group (P < .001).
Conclusions: It seems that the eight-week correction training program with emphasis on compound exercises (core stability) as a non-invasive method had a good effect in the treatment of the female students suffering from flat foot deformity with the age ranges from 9 to 13 years.

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In recent years, with the advancement of nanoscience, many scientists have used nano materials to solve existing problems in various sectors of oil industry. Nanofluids made with these materials can facilitate the separation of oil and gas in a reservoir and increase oil recovery factor compared to current methods. Therefore, in this work, the effect of clay nanoparticles on oil recovery factor was investigated. For this purpose, two different base fluids, water and ethanol, were used to disperse the nanoparticles. The effect of adding clay nanoparticles on viscosity changes and interfacial surface tension was determined. Also, in order to investigate the effect of nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid on the ultimate oil recovery factor, nanofluids with 3 and 5 wt% were prepared. Results show that oil recovery factor increases significantly in these conditions by adding them into the base fluid, though nanofluids included clay nanoparticles have less stability. Also, the effect of these nanoparticles dispersed in water is greater than in ethanol. For example, at 5 wt%, oil recovery factor for water based nanofluid was 49.7% and for ethanol based nanofluid was 46%.

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In this study, three different size (100-300-500 µm) of the rubber powder (waste tire) were used in the formulation of epoxy- phenolic adhesive. Rubber powder was modified with grafting method by acrylamide monomer. In order to prevent any loss in properties such as modulus and strength of the adhesive, which is due to the addition of rubber powder to the adhesive, the micro particles of silica were used in formulation of epoxy- phenolic adhesive.  The experiment was designed by Taguchi method, and in the experiment, the effect of the composition of rubber powder, size of rubber powder, composition of silica filler and phenolic resin on mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy adhesives were investigated. To study the mechanical properties of adhesives and adhesion properties, dumbbell-shaped specimens and single edge lap bonds that have been made of metal (stainless steel) to composite (epoxy resin / carbon fiber) were prepared and subjected to tensile test. Thermal stability and interfacial interaction between epoxy and filler in adhesive formulation were explored by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, respectively.  Tensile test results showed that for lap- joint bonding with the addition of each factor in its optimal level into epoxy adhesive, strength, modulus and toughness increase by 7.5%, 27.56% and 114% respectively in comparison with  the samples bonded with the neat  epoxy adhesive. A significant increase was obtained in thermal stability for formulated adhesive samples compared with neat epoxy adhesive.
 
 

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Literature of resistance has both human and world face. Efforts by a generation of fighters for liberation of land, religion, culture and traditions from the shackles of aggressors to national privacy and human values are done, which everyone can draw poetic and literary expression. Events such as occupied Palestine and Iraq’s attack on Iran caused the creation of unique works of the resistance literature of nations. Works of the poet of Palestinian resistance, “Smyah Alqasem”, poets of Iranian’s Sacred Defense, “Hosseini Hassan” and “Kaiser Amin Pour” are valuable legacy in the realm of the resistance poetry of the two territories. The present study is to investigate homology and differences in the poetry of resistance by relying on the works of two poets of the country. Research findings showed that sense of belonging to the land, disposal of foreign invasion and occupation are among the main factors in the incidence of resistance elements of Samyh, Husseini and Aminpour poetry. Land, war victims, rebellion against the aggressor, religious and ethnic motivations of struggle, martyrdom, the enemy, oriented ideals and values to override objections by flow resistance are the main themes of the poets.

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Background:Knee osteoarthritis is a common disease that causes pain and impairment of normal performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the three combined training methods on pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Methods and Materials:This study is a semi-experimental research, and it makes use of pretest and posttest methods in which 30 male patients were selected and randomly assigned into three groups, namely the experimental group 1, the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3. The groups underwent an 8-week period of training. Pain severity and functions were measured via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function through Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) (P < 0.05).
Results: The ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between groups about pain (F(2, 27) = 35.12, (P < 0.01) and function (F(2, 27) = 32.7, (P < 0.01)). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between experimental groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05) and experimental groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.01) regarding pain and function, but there was no significant difference between experimental group 2 and 3 for pain and function (P > 0.05).
Conclusion:Following the intervention, three groups showed a reduction in pain and improvement in function. The rate of recovery in the first experimental group was higher than other groups, and that a new approach in the treatment of patients suffering from severe pains was introduced in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

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This article tries to identify the common stability themes and factors in the poems of Shamlu and Darvish. For doing so, the poems of these poets were investigated in descriptive and analytical way. Comparative study of Shamlu and Darvish poems in the scope of stability poetry and explaining the common elements and analysis of the stability themes from content and linguistic perspective will be effective in analysis of the stability poetry in the world literature. In addition, this analysis helps us to identify these poets’ ideology and thoughts in detail. Therefore, the common elements of stability poetry in the world literature are recognized by broad research on the resistance literature of the nations. The poems of Mahmud Darvish and Ahmad Shamlu contain numerous common themes on resistance literature such as patriotism, confronting oppression and liberty and etc. The conditions of both poets have influenced their poetry and both of them have expressed their ideals ideologically because of tyranny and suffocation.

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The stability of recombinant proteins has become an increasingly important as more protein therapeutics are developed.In this study, the stability of recombinant human interferon gamma was investigated under storage condition for 0-9 months after production time at 4 and 25℃. The evaluation of biological activity, covalent dimerization, deamidation and oxidation of protein was done by cell culture, HPLC and SDS- PAGE. The results showed represents that antiviral activity was not decreased at 4℃ but decreased as temperature increased to 25℃. The inormation rate of deamidated and oxidized forms and covalent dimers at 25℃ was more rapid than 4℃. Therefore, rhIFN-γ has high stability at 4℃ comparing to 25℃.

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Papain (EC2.22.4.3) is a thiol protease with high level of activity that has widespread industrial applications. The use of immobilized papain provides many advantages over its free form. In many applications, cysteine must be added as an activator. On the other hand, certain bivalent metal ions including Ca²⁺ behave as the inhibitors of papaein. In the present study, after preparation of Sepharose 6B with CNBr, a 5 mg/ml-protein solution was added to activate the gel for covalent attachment of enzyme and, subsequently, 2M glycine solution was added to block the remaining active groups on the gel.  The immobilization process brought about significant enhancement of storage, thermal stability, stability at extreme pHs, and resistance against the inhibitory effect of bivalent metal ions with respect to papain. The optimum temperature of papain was increased by 20 °C (from 60 to 80 °C) and its optimum pH was shifted from 7 to 8.0 upon immobilization. Also k_m and k_cat of the enzyme altered due to the immobilization process.These results are important in particular if one considers that the major problem in enzyme immobilization is the loss of enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency.

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In the  Bacillusamyloliquefaciens α-amylase (BAA), the loop (residues from 177-185; region І) is the constructive part of the cage responsible for attachment to calcium. It has two more amino acid residues than the α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA). Arg176 in this region makes an ionic interaction with Glu126 from region ІІ (residues 118-131) but this interaction is lost in BLA due to substitution of R176Q and E126V. It is the common feature of α-amylases that calcium ion is required for their thermal stability. The present work quantitatively estimates the effect of ionic interaction on the overall stability of the enzyme. To clarify the functional and structural significance of corresponding salt bridge, first an automated homology model of the mutant enzyme (∆E126) was built by the Swiss-Model Protein Modeling Server.  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase (3BH4.pdb) was used as the template and examined by GETAREA and WHAT IF programs, then Glu126 was deleted (∆E126) by site-directed mutagenesis and the thermostability was examined for the wild-type and mutant enzymes. Modeling results showed that deletion of salt bridge affected on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues orientation of two discussed regions (Ι, ΙΙ). The mutant enzyme also exhibited lower thermostability relative to the wild-type enzyme. Thus, it may be suggested that salt bridge could affect on accessible surface area of the discussed regions, decrease water diffusion,  prevent diffusion of cations and improve the thermostability of the whole protein.

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The aim of this project is the design and optimization of the formulation of epoxy adhesives for bonding metal to composite parts . This joints are most widely used in the aerospace industry to reduce stress concentration at a point. Joints for single edge joining include stainless steel metal with commercial code 316L and composite epoxy resin / carbon fiber. In this study, the effect of three types of additives: filler (alumina micro-particles), nylon 6.6 and phenolic resin (type of resin) on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy adhesive have been investigated. Tensile test results showed that increasing alumina fillers increases the tensile strength and overlap shear adhesive samples, respectively, in single lap joint dumbbells and elderly. The test showed that increasing the amount of nylon 6.6 When is slightly higher due to a sharp drop in tensile strength and overlap shear, respectively, in both cases is dog bone and single lap joint adhesives. This limit depends on the capacity epoxy ring to absorb amide hydrogens. The test for thermal properties (TGA) showed that increasing the amount of phenolic thermal stability is improved. High-temperature tensile test of appropriateness is also increasing impact of phenolic resin. Finally, the adhesive properties built with the similar adhesive (UHU) were compared. Results showed superiority in single lap joint metal to composite adhesive is made in the study.

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Research Subject: Poor mechanical strengths and lack of thermal stabilities of hydrogels confine their extensive practical applications in many areas. The growing scientific need for solving this problem and achievement to the hydrogels with improved properties has led to the design and production of the nanocomposite hydrogels.
Research Approach: The polymeric networks of nanocomposite hydrogels compared to the ordinary hydrogels have improved elasticity and rheological properties. Other points that increase the importance of structural studies of nanocomposite hydrogels are the high strength of these materials versus the application of external forces, as well as maintaining its structure against increasing of temperatures. In this regard, the type and amounts of nanomaterial, the preparation method and formation of hydrogel network have a significant role in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of hydrogels, and, it must be noted that these parameters will depend on the application of nanocomposite hydrogels. This also highlights the need for the production of nanocomposite tailored hydrogels. Therefore, orientation of the range of nanomaterials, the preparation method and product identification, along with sufficient information on the application of these materials, might have an important role in ensuring the success of these materials, requiring comprehensive library research and studies on polymerization processes, morphology and rheology.
Main Results: In this review article, the scientific advances in the field of nanocomposite hydrogels, focusing on its types based on the type of nanoparticles, its properties, preparation methods, identification methods with a new perspective on rheology, thermal analysis and morphology is investigated. Finally, the applicability of these materials is collected in a comprehensive table in various fields such as tissue engineering, enhanced oil recovery, agriculture, and etc…

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The appearance of sowbugs (Hemilepistus shirazi Schuttz) in the sedimentation basins of the artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG) systems in the Gareh Bygone Plain (GBP) in southern Iran is considered an ecological breakthrough in desertification control. This study was performed at the Kowsar Floodwater Spreading and Aquifer Management Research, Training and Extension Station in GBP, 200 km from the south east of Shiraz, Iran, on the alluvial fan of Bisheh Zard River. Invasion of sowbug to sedimentation of basin due to water increasing persuade us to study about this crustacean. To determine aggregate size distribution, the soil samples were dried, and then the soil was sieved through a set of sieves (8, 4.75, 2.8, 2.0, 1.0, 0.8., 0.3 and

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Thermolysin is a thermostable protease produced by Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. This enzyme is industrially applicable especially for peptide synthesis. Due to industrial applications, numerous investigations have been performed on thermolysin. In the present study, the role of calcium on thermal, acidic pH, denaturant (urea and SDS) and salt stabilities was studied. In the absence of calcium, t1/2 at 80, 85 and 90 ÛC was 7, 3 and 1 min, respectively. However, in the presence of 10 mM calcium, t1/2 at the same temperatures was >95, 45 and 16 min, respectively. On the other hand, calcium had marginal effect on the pH stability of enzyme. The analyses revealed that SDS and urea contrarily affect on the enzyme stability. The concentration of SDS by which the enzyme activity diminished by half was 0.1 and 0.9 (%W/V) in the presence and absence of calcium, respectively. Oppositely, urea did not reduced and even promoted the enzyme activity in both conditions. Stability of thermolysin in NaCl up to 3M was slightly increased in the presence of calcium while slightly decreased in the absence of calcium. At higher concentrations of NaCl, however, the stability was decreased in both conditions. These results reveal that thermal and SDS stability of thermolysin are strongly Ca-dependent, stability against NaCl and urea are moderately Ca-dependent, and its acidic pH stability is Ca-independent.

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 Maltogenic Amylases (MAase) are a subfamily of Į-amylase family that can hydrolyze multiple substrates including starch, pullulan and cyclodextrins however, they prefer cyclodextrins to others, and unlike other Į-amylases, they are intracellular. This enzyme has the potential for use in many industrial processes such as food, fermentation and pharmacy. The effect of different concentrations of Ca2+ and K+ ions on irreversible thermoinactivation of the enzyme at 65 ÛC showed that Ca2+ and K+ decreased and increased its thermal stability. The CD spectra of the enzyme in the presence and absence of metal ions were measured to detect changes in the secondary structure contents. The spectra showed a decrease in the Į-helix content in the presence of 1 and 10 mM of Ca2+, but in the presence of 5 mM, a drastic increase in Į-helix content of the enzyme was witnessed. In the presence of 1 and 5 mM of Na+ the Į-helix content decreased, while it was increased in the presence of 10 mM. The results from intrinsic fluorescence of the protein (excitation at 280 nm) indicated that Ca2+ ion at 1 and 5 mM caused an increase in tertiary structure of the enzyme; however, at 10 mM, a decrease was observed in its tertiary structure. K+ ion at all concentrations increased the tertiary structure of the enzyme. These spectroscopic results are in a good agreement with the thermostability data. It was shown that destabilizing effect of calcium was enthalpic (decrease in ǻH#) whereas the stabilizing effect of potassium was entropic (decrease in ǻS#).

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Oxidative stability of oils, fats and fatty food products can be affected by many factors such as oxygen, light, heat, metal ions and enzymes used and finally it brings about oxidative corruption. This study has been done to survey the role of Dorema aucheri extract in oxidative stability of fish oil (under microwave heating) and comparising that with BHT synthetic antioxidant. Concentrations of 250 and 500 ppm extracts of Dorema auchri and BHT 200 ppm were added to fish oil and a fish oil sample without the addition of antioxidant was considered as control, Then they were sampled after putting in microwave at time periods 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 minutes. Chemical oxidative indicators (peroxide, free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid) were surveyed. According to the results, in all times putting in microwave the amount of peroxide, free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid  in the treatments that contained extract, were lower than the control treatment, but were higher than the treatment that contained  BHT. A significant difference wasn^'t seen among the treatment that contained 250 ppm of extract and the treatment that contained BHT (p>0/05). According to the results, because of significant difference of samples contained extract with control sample and the lack of significant difference sample containd 250 ppm extract with BHT, it would be expected that Dorema aucheri  extract as antioxidant can be used  in food industry in maintenace of fish oil.

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Research subject: Polymer nanofibers have attracted much industrial interest over the past decade. In general, these fibers are suitable for a variety of applications including medical applications, insulation, capacitors, advanced aerospace technologies, and so on. Specifically in aerospace technology, the used materials must be thermally stable with suitable electrical conductivity. However, many of these polymer nanofibers suffer from low temperature degradation and low electrical conductivity, limiting their use in many potential applications. Graphite has unique properties such as high conductivity and high thermal stability. This exceptional material can be included as a nanoparticle in polymer nanofibers to modify electrical and thermal properties.The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of addition of graphite nanoparticle on thermal and electrical propertiesof polymer fibers.
Research approach:  For this purpose, polyvinyl alcohol 72000 (PVA) as a non-conductive polymer and graphite nanoparticles were used. Polyvinyl alcohol-graphite nanofibers were synthesized method by electrospinning technique under optimized parameters. The optimum conditions for the electrospinning process were: PVA concentration of 8%, applied voltage of 22 Kv, flow rate of 10 ml and tip/collector distance of 20 cm.
Main results:  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that produced PVA fibers were smooth, continuous without any bead, with a diameter of about 350 nm. The PVA / graphite nanofibers were also smooth but much thinner (about 200 nm) than PVA fibers at the same processing parameters. Moreover, X-ray patterns of PVA/graphite nanofibers include peaks of graphite particles in the structure and slso the suppression of crystallinity.  According to the results of 4 point probe teste, by increasing weight percentage of graphite in the fibers, electrical conductivity increased up to 0.5 . The thermal behavior of PVA nanofibers after mixing with graphite was also investigated by differential calorimetry analysis (DSC) and TGA. It was demonstrated that PVA / graphite nanofibers are thermally stable up to 300 ° C.

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  Low stability in vegetable oils has been a quality problem. On the other hand the stability of vegetable oils depends on the composition of fatty acids especially oleic and linoleic acids. The aim of this study is finding one or more optimum ratio of the mixture of sunflower and canola oils that have good stability as well as suitable amount of essential fatty acids. The other aim is survey of dependence of stability to the amount of fatty acids in the mixture of sunflower and canola oils. In this study 7 samples of deodorized (and without any synthetic antioxidant) oils were prepared from several ratios of sunflower and canola mixtures. Metrohm rancimat was employed to evaluate the stability of the samples at 110°c. Fatty acids composition was determined with GC and peroxide ,iodine value and refractive index at 40◦c be measured. There was a strong straight linear correlation between stability and the amount of oleic acid ( r=0.988 , P-Value=0) but there was a straight reverse correlation between stability and the amount of linoleic acid ( r= -0.988 , P-Value=0). Results showed that the canola oil in spite of its higher linolenic acid, had higher stability than sunflower oil. Between the amount of canola oil in mixture (with sunflower oil) and iodine value (r=-1, P-Value=0) and refractive index (r=-1, P-Value=0) there were reverse correlation. Results demonstrated that sunflower oil, in spite of its lower linolenic acid, had very lower stability than canola oil. The reason may be that sunflower oil has high content of linoleic acid, while canola oil has high content of oleic acid.  With the considering the results, it is recommended that canola oil can be added to sunflower oil to increase its stability and nutritional values. Moreover two formulas "70% canola oil+ 30% sunflower oil" and "50% canola oil+ 50% sunflower oil" proposed as suitable blends.